{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,19]],"date-time":"2026-05-19T13:47:31Z","timestamp":1779198451860,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":87,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"9360","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2003,3,1]],"date-time":"2003-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1046476800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["The Lancet"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2003,3]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/s0140-6736(03)12705-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2003,3,25]],"date-time":"2003-03-25T16:52:06Z","timestamp":1048611126000},"page":"799-808","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1420,"title":["Efficacy and safety of electroconvulsive therapy in depressive disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"361","member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)12705-5_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1038\/35002188","article-title":"ECT damage is easy to find if you look for it","volume":"403","author":"Sterling","year":"2000","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)12705-5_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"826","DOI":"10.1038\/35002776","article-title":"ECT has proved effective in treating depression","volume":"403","author":"Fink","year":"2000","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)12705-5_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.160.5.621","article-title":"Audit of electroconvulsive treatment in two national health service regions","volume":"160","author":"Pippard","year":"1992","journal-title":"Br J Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)12705-5_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"869","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.152.6.869","article-title":"Variation in ECT use in the United States","volume":"152","author":"Hermann","year":"1995","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)12705-5_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"989","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.322.7292.989","article-title":"Interpreting the results of secondary end points and subgroup analyses in clinical trials: should we lock the crazy aunt in the attic?","volume":"322","author":"Freemantle","year":"2001","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)12705-5_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2685","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.4780142408","article-title":"Bayesian approaches to random-effects meta-analysis: a comparative study","volume":"14","author":"Smith","year":"1995","journal-title":"Stat Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)12705-5_bib7","series-title":"Statistical methods for meta-analysis","author":"Hedges","year":"1985"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)12705-5_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1016\/0197-2456(86)90046-2","article-title":"Meta-analysis in clinical trials","volume":"7","author":"DerSimonian","year":"1986","journal-title":"Control Clin Trials"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)12705-5_bib9","first-page":"1905","article-title":"ICH harmonized tripartite guideline: statistical principles for clinical trials","volume":"18","year":"1999","journal-title":"Stat Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)12705-5_bib10","first-page":"331","article-title":"A controlled study of treatments of depression","volume":"4","author":"Wilson","year":"1963","journal-title":"J Neuropsychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)12705-5_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.282.6261.355","article-title":"Electric convulsion therapy in depression: a double-blind controlled trial","volume":"282","author":"West","year":"1981","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)12705-5_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"738","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(78)90857-7","article-title":"Double-blind controlled trial of electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) and simulated ECT in depressive illness","volume":"1","author":"Freeman","year":"1978","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)12705-5_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"520","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.146.5.520","article-title":"The Nottingham ECT Study: a double-blind comparison of bilateral, unilateral and simulated ECT in depressive illness","volume":"146","author":"Gregory","year":"1985","journal-title":"Br J Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)12705-5_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1317","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(80)92393-4","article-title":"The Northwick Park electroconvulsive therapy trial","volume":"2","author":"Johnstone","year":"1980","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)12705-5_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"514","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.133.6.514","article-title":"A controlled comparison of simulated and real ECT","volume":"133","author":"Lambourn","year":"1978","journal-title":"Br J Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)12705-5_bib16","first-page":"655","article-title":"Failure of L-triiodothyronine (T3) to potentiate tricyclic antidepressant response","volume":"23","author":"Steiner","year":"1978","journal-title":"Curr Ther Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)12705-5_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1978.01770290121011","article-title":"A comparison of electroconvulsive therapy and combined phenelzine-amitriptyline in refractory depression","volume":"35","author":"Davidson","year":"1978","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)12705-5_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1427","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.122.12.1427","article-title":"A controlled comparison of amitriptyline and electroconvulsive therapy in the treatment of depression","volume":"122","author":"McDonald","year":"1966","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)12705-5_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.141.4.367","article-title":"Comparison of electroconvulsive therapy with imipramine in endogenous depression: a double blind study","volume":"141","author":"Gangadhar","year":"1982","journal-title":"Br J Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)12705-5_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"510","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(75)90594-2","article-title":"Treatment of unipolar depression","volume":"2","author":"MacSweeney","year":"1975","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)12705-5_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0447.1989.tb01306.x","article-title":"A comparison of electroconvulsive therapy with a combined lithium and tricyclic combination among depressed tricyclic nonresponders","volume":"80","author":"Dinan","year":"1989","journal-title":"Acta Psychiatr Scand"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)12705-5_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-0327(99)00079-8","article-title":"Antidepressant efficacy of sudarshan kriya yoga (sky) in melancholia: a randomized comparison with electroconvulsive therapy (ect) and imipramine","volume":"57","author":"Janakiramaiah","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)12705-5_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0447.1997.tb09926.x","article-title":"Electroconvulsive therapy vs paroxetine in treatment-resistant depression a randomized study","volume":"96","author":"Folkerts","year":"1997","journal-title":"Acta Psychiatr Scand"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)12705-5_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"731","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(74)90936-2","article-title":"Comparative trial of L-tryptophan and ECT in severe depressive illness","volume":"2","author":"Herrington","year":"1974","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)12705-5_bib25","first-page":"708","article-title":"A clinical comparison of phenelzine and electro-convulsive therapy in the treatment of depressive illness","volume":"108","author":"Stanley","year":"1962","journal-title":"Br J Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)12705-5_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"881","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.1.5439.881","article-title":"Cinical trial of the treatment of depressive illness","volume":"1","year":"1965","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)12705-5_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"935","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.120.10.935","article-title":"Differential response of hospitalized depressed patients to somatic therapy","volume":"120","author":"Greenblatt","year":"1964","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)12705-5_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2044-8260.1965.tb00442.x","article-title":"A synonym learning test for use with elderly psychiatric subjects: a validation study","volume":"4","author":"Kendrick","year":"1965","journal-title":"Br J Soc Clin Psychol"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)12705-5_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.117.1.76","article-title":"Fitzpatrick G, et al. A comparative trial of ECT and Tofranil","volume":"117","author":"Bruce","year":"1960","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)12705-5_bib30","first-page":"324","article-title":"Evaluation of cognitive effects of ECT: preliminary observations","volume":"23","author":"Bagadia","year":"1981","journal-title":"Indian J Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)12705-5_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"536","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.109.461.536","article-title":"Treatment of depression: a comparative study of ECT and six drugs","volume":"109","author":"Hutchinson","year":"1963","journal-title":"Br J Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)12705-5_bib32","first-page":"217","article-title":"A controlled comparison of imipramine and electroplexy","volume":"108","author":"Robin","year":"1962","journal-title":"Br J Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)12705-5_bib33","first-page":"262","article-title":"Clinical efficacy of unilateral ECT","volume":"30","author":"Abrams","year":"1969","journal-title":"Dis Nerv Syst"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)12705-5_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"989","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.114.513.989","article-title":"A comparison of techniques in electro-convulsive therapy","volume":"114","author":"Valentine","year":"1968","journal-title":"Br J Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)12705-5_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0447.1980.tb00590.x","article-title":"Unilateral and bilateral ECT in elderly patients: a comparative study","volume":"62","author":"Fraser","year":"1980","journal-title":"Acta Psychiatr Scand"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)12705-5_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1016\/0010-440X(74)90021-2","article-title":"Electroconvulsive therapy and the diencephalon: a preliminary report","volume":"15","author":"Abrams","year":"1974","journal-title":"Compr Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)12705-5_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.116.530.69","article-title":"The amnesic and therapeutic effects of bilateral and unilateral ECT","volume":"116","author":"Costello","year":"1970","journal-title":"Br J Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)12705-5_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.127.4.430","article-title":"Horne Dd, Nair NP, Nott PN. Differential effect of unilateral and bilateral ECT","volume":"127","author":"Fleminger","year":"1970","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)12705-5_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.146.3.308","article-title":"Short-term cognitive effects of unilateral and bilateral ECT","volume":"146","author":"Taylor","year":"1985","journal-title":"Br J Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)12705-5_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"746","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1991.01810320070010","article-title":"Antidepressant effects of high-dose right unilateral electroconvulsive therapy","volume":"48","author":"Abrams","year":"1991","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)12705-5_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.114.509.459","article-title":"The clinical evaluation of unilateral electroconvulsive therapy","volume":"114","author":"Levy","year":"1968","journal-title":"Br J Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)12705-5_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1087","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.121.11.1087","article-title":"Clinical evaluation of unilateral EST","volume":"121","author":"Martin","year":"1965","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)12705-5_bib43","first-page":"77","article-title":"A controlled comparative trial of unilateral and bilateral sinusoidal and pulse ECT in endogenous depression","volume":"7","author":"Carney","year":"1976","journal-title":"PDM"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)12705-5_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1087","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1985.01790340065010","article-title":"Comparing bilateral to unilateral electroconvulsive therapy in a randomized study with electroencephalographic monitoring","volume":"42","author":"Horne","year":"1985","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)12705-5_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.140.4.463","article-title":"Bilateral versus unilateral electroconvulsive therapy: efficacy in melancholia","volume":"140","author":"Abrams","year":"1983","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)12705-5_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"997","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.114.513.997","article-title":"A comparison of the effects on depression and memory of bilateral ECT and unilateral ECT to the dominant and non-dominant hemispheres","volume":"114","author":"Halliday","year":"1968","journal-title":"Br J Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)12705-5_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1986.tb51239.x","article-title":"The efficacy of electroconvulsive therapy: dose-response interactions with modality","volume":"462","author":"Malitz","year":"1986","journal-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)12705-5_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1449","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.144.11.1449","article-title":"Effects of electrode placement on the efficacy of titrated, low-dose ECT","volume":"144","author":"Sackeim","year":"1987","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)12705-5_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291700028452","article-title":"Therapeutic advantage of bifrontal electrode placement in ECT","volume":"23","author":"Letemendia","year":"1993","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)12705-5_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0447.1970.tb01093.x","article-title":"Comparison of electroconvulsive therapy with unilateral and bilateral stimulation, II: therapeutic efficacy in endogenous depression","volume":"215","author":"d'Elia","year":"1970","journal-title":"Acta Psychiatr Scand"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)12705-5_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.57.5.425","article-title":"A prospective, randomized, double-blind comparison of bilateral and right unilateral electroconvulsive therapy at different stimulus intensities","volume":"57","author":"Sackeim","year":"2000","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)12705-5_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"839","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199303253281204","article-title":"Effects of stimulus intensity and electrode placement on the efficacy and cognitive effects of electroconvulsive therapy","volume":"328","author":"Sackeim","year":"1993","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)12705-5_bib53","first-page":"8","article-title":"Unilateral versus bilateral electroconvulsive therapy: investigations into the therapeutic effect in endogenous depression","volume":"240","author":"Stromgren","year":"1973","journal-title":"Acta Psychiatr Scand Suppl"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)12705-5_bib54","first-page":"31","article-title":"Efficacy of ECT in the treatment of depression: wave form and electrode placement considerations","volume":"18","author":"Welch","year":"1982","journal-title":"Psychopharmacol Bull"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)12705-5_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1623","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.141.12.1623","article-title":"Increases in prolactin levels following bilateral and unilateral ECT","volume":"141","author":"Papakostas","year":"1984","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)12705-5_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-3223(92)90249-Y","article-title":"EEG evidence of more \u2018intense\u2019 seizure activity with bilateral ECT","volume":"31","author":"Krystal","year":"1992","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)12705-5_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.145.4.394","article-title":"Perceptual learning with right unilateral versus bilateral electroconvulsive therapy","volume":"145","author":"Daniel","year":"1984","journal-title":"Br J Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)12705-5_bib58","first-page":"1","article-title":"Unilateral and bilateral ECT: a psychiatric and psychological study of therapeutic effect and side effects","volume":"275","author":"Heshe","year":"1978","journal-title":"Acta Psychiatr Scand Suppl"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)12705-5_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"737","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.127.6.737","article-title":"Bilateral and unilateral ECT: follow-up study and critique","volume":"127","author":"Bidder","year":"1970","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)12705-5_bib60","first-page":"47","article-title":"Decina P, et al. Low dosage ECT: electrode placement and acute physiological and cognitive side effects","volume":"4","author":"Malitz","year":"1984","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)12705-5_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1986.tb51267.x","article-title":"Cognitive consequences of low-dosage electroconvulsive therapy","volume":"462","author":"Sackeim","year":"1986","journal-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)12705-5_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1986.tb51266.x","article-title":"Effects of stimulus parameters on cognitive side effects","volume":"462","author":"Weiner","year":"1986","journal-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)12705-5_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"466","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0447.1973.tb04439.x","article-title":"The effects of unilateral and bilateral electroconvulsive therapy on memory","volume":"49","author":"Fromholt","year":"1973","journal-title":"Acta Psychiatr Scand"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)12705-5_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0447.1970.tb01094.x","article-title":"Comparison of electroconvulsive therapy with unilateral and bilateral stimulation, III: anterograde amnesia","volume":"212","author":"d'Elia","year":"1970","journal-title":"Acta Psychiatr Scand Suppl"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)12705-5_bib65","first-page":"245","article-title":"Weekly ECT in geriatric depression","volume":"8","author":"Kellner","year":"1992","journal-title":"Convulsive Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)12705-5_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0447.1998.tb10090.x","article-title":"Once vs three times weekly ECT in melancholia: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"98","author":"Janakiramaiah","year":"1998","journal-title":"Acta Psychiatr Scand"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)12705-5_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-0327(93)90051-K","article-title":"Twice versus thrice weekly ECT in melancholia: a double-blind prospective comparison","volume":"27","author":"Gangadhar","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)12705-5_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.172.1.44","article-title":"Cost and benefit in the choice of ECT schedule: twice versus three times weekly ECT","volume":"172","author":"Shapira","year":"1998","journal-title":"Br J Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)12705-5_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"564","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.152.4.564","article-title":"Antidepressant and cognitive effects of twice- versus three-times-weekly ECT","volume":"152","author":"Lerer","year":"1995","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)12705-5_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1080\/09638239818003","article-title":"A trial to determine any difference between two and three times a week ECT in the rate of recovery from depression","volume":"7","author":"Vieweg","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Ment Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)12705-5_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1097\/00019442-199503040-00006","article-title":"Comparison of the efficacy of titrated, moderate-dose and fixed, high-dose right unilateral ECT in elderly patients","volume":"3","author":"McCall","year":"1995","journal-title":"Am J Geriatr Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)12705-5_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"438","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.57.5.438","article-title":"Titrated moderately suprathreshold vs fixed high-dose right unilateral electroconvulsive therapy: acute antidepressant and cognitive effects","volume":"57","author":"McCall","year":"2000","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)12705-5_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.144.4.370","article-title":"Memory test performance under three different waveforms of ECT for depression","volume":"144","author":"Warren","year":"1984","journal-title":"Br J Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)12705-5_bib74","first-page":"13","article-title":"The relative ability of three ictal EEG frequency bands to differentiate ECT seizures on the basis of electrode placement, stimulus intensity, and therapeutic response","volume":"12","author":"Krystal","year":"1996","journal-title":"Convuls Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)12705-5_bib75","first-page":"525","article-title":"A comparison of standard alternating current and low-energy brief-pulse electrotherapy","volume":"12","author":"Weaver","year":"1977","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)12705-5_bib76","first-page":"297","article-title":"A double blind comparison of sinusoidal wave and brief pulse electroconvulsive therapy in endogenous depression","volume":"4","author":"Andrade","year":"1988","journal-title":"Convulsive Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)12705-5_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.160.3.360","article-title":"Is old-fashioned electroconvulsive therapy more efficacious? A randomised comparative study of bilateral brief-pulse and bilateral sine-wave treatments","volume":"160","author":"Scott","year":"1992","journal-title":"Br J Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)12705-5_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1984.01790140036005","article-title":"Epidemiologic considerations in electroconvulsive therapy","volume":"41","author":"Babigian","year":"1984","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)12705-5_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1029","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1976.01770090019001","article-title":"Mortality in depressed patients treated with electroconvulsive therapy and antidepressants","volume":"33","author":"Avery","year":"1976","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)12705-5_bib80","first-page":"390","article-title":"Effect of ECT on mortality and clinical outcome in geriatric unipolar depression","volume":"56","author":"Philibert","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Clin Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)12705-5_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.3109\/10401238909149975","article-title":"Does treatment influence mortality in depressives? A follow-up of 1076 patients with major affective disorders","volume":"1","author":"Black","year":"1989","journal-title":"Ann Clin Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)12705-5_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0447.1986.tb02661.x","article-title":"Computed tomographic scans in ECT-patients","volume":"73","author":"Kolbeinsson","year":"1986","journal-title":"Acta Psychiatr Scand"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)12705-5_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"442","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0447.1981.tb00803.x","article-title":"ECT and cerebral atrophy: a computed tomographic study","volume":"64","author":"Calloway","year":"1981","journal-title":"Acta Psychiatr Scand"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)12705-5_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-3223(94)00174-2","article-title":"Subcortical hyperintensities on magnetic resonance imaging: clinical correlates and prognostic significance in patients with severe depression","volume":"37","author":"Hickie","year":"1995","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)12705-5_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.288.6410.22","article-title":"Electroconvulsive therapy: results in depressive illness from the Leicestershire trial","volume":"288","author":"Brandon","year":"1984","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)12705-5_bib86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1299","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.285.10.1299","article-title":"Continuation pharmacotherapy in the prevention of relapse following electroconvulsive therapy a randomized controlled trial","volume":"285","author":"Sackeim","year":"2001","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)12705-5_bib87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.172.5.401","article-title":"Auditing electroconvulsive therapy: the third cycle","volume":"72","author":"Duffett","year":"1998","journal-title":"Br J Psychiatry"}],"container-title":["The Lancet"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0140673603127055?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0140673603127055?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,13]],"date-time":"2018-07-13T23:16:00Z","timestamp":1531523760000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0140673603127055"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2003,3]]},"references-count":87,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9360","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2003,3]]}},"alternative-id":["S0140673603127055"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0140-6736(03)12705-5","relation":{},"ISSN":["0140-6736"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0140-6736","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2003,3]]}}}