{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,14]],"date-time":"2026-04-14T23:50:20Z","timestamp":1776210620363,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"9046","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1997,1,1]],"date-time":"1997-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":852076800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["The Lancet"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1997,1]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/s0140-6736(96)05265-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2002,7,25]],"date-time":"2002-07-25T21:04:53Z","timestamp":1027631093000},"page":"163-166","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":31,"title":["Vector-parasite transmission complexes for onchocerciasis in West Africa"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"349","author":[{"given":"Laurent","family":"To\u00e9","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Jianming","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Christian","family":"Back","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Charles R","family":"Katholi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Thomas R","family":"Unnasch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(96)05265-8_bib1","series-title":"OCP: 1974\u20131994","author":"Christensen","year":"1994"},{"issue":"suppl","key":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(96)05265-8_bib2","first-page":"721","article-title":"Progress in controlling the reinvasion of windborne vectors into the western area of Onchocerciasis Control Programme in West Africa","volume":"B328","author":"Baker","year":"1990","journal-title":"Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(96)05265-8_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/166.1.15","article-title":"Modern medicine versus an ancient scourge: progress toward control of onchocerciasis","volume":"166","author":"Greene","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(96)05265-8_bib4","first-page":"348","article-title":"Ocular onchocerciasis and intensity of infection in the community II. West African rainforest foci of the vector","volume":"40","author":"Dadzie","year":"1989","journal-title":"Simulium yahense. Trop Med Parasitol"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(96)05265-8_bib5","first-page":"340","article-title":"Ocular onchocerciasis and intensity of infection in the community I. West African savannah","volume":"40","author":"Remme","year":"1989","journal-title":"Trop Med Parasitol"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(96)05265-8_bib6","first-page":"179","article-title":"Geographical aspects of onchocerciasis","volume":"61","author":"Duke","year":"1981","journal-title":"Ann Belg Soc Trop Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(96)05265-8_bib7","first-page":"341","article-title":"Preliminary data on the genetic differentiation of Onchocerca volvulus in Africa (Nematoda: Filarioidea)","volume":"42","author":"Cianchi","year":"1985","journal-title":"Act Trop"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(96)05265-8_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(86)90037-4","article-title":"Onchocerca volvulus: enzyme polymorphism in relation to the differentiation of the forest and savannah strains of this parasite","volume":"80","author":"Flockhart","year":"1986","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(96)05265-8_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3024.1985.tb00080.x","article-title":"Immunochemical comparison between worm extracts of Onchocerca volvulus in Africa from savanna and rain forest","volume":"7","author":"Lobos","year":"1985","journal-title":"Parasite Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(96)05265-8_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1038\/327415a0","article-title":"A DNA sequence specific for forest form","volume":"327","author":"Erttmann","year":"1987","journal-title":"Onchocerca volvulus. Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(96)05265-8_bib11","first-page":"384","article-title":"Recent evolutionary history of American Onchocerca volvulus, based on analysis of a tandemly repeated DNA sequence family","volume":"11","author":"Zimmerman","year":"1994","journal-title":"Mol Biol Evol"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(96)05265-8_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1051\/parasite\/1980552239","article-title":"Le polymorphism des onchocercoses humaines ouest- Africaines","volume":"55","author":"Prost","year":"1980","journal-title":"Ann Parasitol"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(96)05265-8_bib13","first-page":"75","article-title":"Ocular onchocerciasis and intensity of infection in the community IV. The degraded forest of Sierra Leone","volume":"43","author":"Dadzie","year":"1992","journal-title":"Trop Med Parasitol"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(96)05265-8_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"964","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/165.5.964","article-title":"Onchocerca volvulus DNA probe classification correlates with epidemiological patterns of blindness","volume":"165","author":"Zimmerman","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(96)05265-8_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1080\/00034983.1987.11812110","article-title":"A taxa summary for the Simulium damnosum complex, with special reference to distribution outside the control areas of West Africa","volume":"871","author":"Crosskey","year":"1987","journal-title":"Ann Trop Med Parasitol"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(96)05265-8_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1080\/00034983.1966.11686422","article-title":"Onchocerca-Simulium complexes I. transmission of forest and Sudan-savannah strains of Onchocerca volvulus, from Cameroon, by Simulium damnosum from various West African bioclimatic zones","volume":"60","author":"Duke","year":"1966","journal-title":"Ann Trop Med Parasitol"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(96)05265-8_bib17","first-page":"17","article-title":"Studies on biting Simulium damnosum s l at a breeding site in the Onchocerciasis Control Programme area during and after an interruption of insecticidal treatments","volume":"32","author":"Davies","year":"1981","journal-title":"Trop Med Parasitol"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(96)05265-8_bib18","first-page":"95","article-title":"Maintenance of effective control of Simulium damnosum in the face of insecticide resistance","volume":"59","author":"Kurtak","year":"1990","journal-title":"Acta Leiden"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(96)05265-8_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2583.1995.tb00011.x","article-title":"The Simulium damnosum species complex: phylogenetic analysis and molecular identification based upon mitochondrially encoded gene sequences","volume":"4","author":"Tang","year":"1995","journal-title":"Insect Mol Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(96)05265-8_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"676","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1994.51.676","article-title":"DNA probe based classification of Simulium damnosum s l borne and human derived filarial parasites in the Onchocerciasis Control Programme area","volume":"51","author":"To\u00e9","year":"1994","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(96)05265-8_bib21","series-title":"Pest and vector management in the tropics","first-page":"93","article-title":"Sampling simuliid black flies","author":"Walsh","year":"1983"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(96)05265-8_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-4894(91)90105-6","article-title":"Onchocerca volvulus: application of the polymerase chain reaction to identification and strain differentiation of the parasite","volume":"73","author":"Meredith","year":"1991","journal-title":"Exp Parasitol"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(96)05265-8_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1016\/0166-6851(93)90047-2","article-title":"Design of onchocerca DNA probes based upon analysis of a repeated sequence family","volume":"58","author":"Zimmerman","year":"1993","journal-title":"Mol Biochem Parasitol"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(96)05265-8_bib24","first-page":"253","article-title":"Isolation and characterisation of form specific DNA sequences of","volume":"59","author":"Erttmann","year":"1990","journal-title":"O volvulus. Acta Leiden"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(96)05265-8_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1080\/00034983.1993.11812739","article-title":"Multivariate morphotaxonomy in the identification of adult females of the Simulium damnosum Theobald complex (Diptera: Simuliidae) in the Onchocerciasis Control Programme area of West Africa","volume":"87","author":"Wilson","year":"1993","journal-title":"Ann Trop Med Parasitol"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(96)05265-8_bib26","series-title":"Third Report","year":"1987"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(96)05265-8_bib27","first-page":"72","article-title":"Distribution of Simulium yahense after larviciding activities in the southern extension of the Onchocerciasis Control Programme","volume":"43","author":"Fiasorgbor","year":"1992","journal-title":"Trop Med Parasitol"}],"container-title":["The Lancet"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0140673696052658?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0140673696052658?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,16]],"date-time":"2019-04-16T01:23:27Z","timestamp":1555377807000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0140673696052658"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1997,1]]},"references-count":27,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9046","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1997,1]]}},"alternative-id":["S0140673696052658"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0140-6736(96)05265-8","relation":{},"ISSN":["0140-6736"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0140-6736","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1997,1]]}}}