{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,21]],"date-time":"2026-04-21T04:20:12Z","timestamp":1776745212513,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2000,10,1]],"date-time":"2000-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":970358400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Systems and Software"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2000,10]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/s0164-1212(00)00033-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2003,4,5]],"date-time":"2003-04-05T02:09:52Z","timestamp":1049508592000},"page":"137-157","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["An experimental investigation of the impact of individual, program, and organizational characteristics on software maintenance effort"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"54","author":[{"given":"Sam","family":"Ramanujan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Richard W.","family":"Scamell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Jaymeen R.","family":"Shah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/S0164-1212(00)00033-9_BIB1","unstructured":"ANSI\/IEEE Standard 729, 1983. An American National Standard IEEE Standard Glossary of Software Engineering Terminology"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0164-1212(00)00033-9_BIB2","series-title":"Theories in Cognitive Psychology: The Loyola Symposium","article-title":"Search processes in recognition memory","author":"Atkinson","year":"1974"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0164-1212(00)00033-9_BIB3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Atkinson, R., Shiffrin, R., 1968. Human memory: a proposed system and its control process. In: Spence, K.W., Spence, J.D. (Eds.), Advances of Psychological Theory of Learning and Motivation Research and Theory, vol. 2. Academic Press, New York","DOI":"10.1016\/S0079-7421(08)60422-3"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0164-1212(00)00033-9_BIB4","unstructured":"Banker, R. and Slaughter, S., 1994. In search of software maintenance productivity and quality: Does software complexity matter? In: Proceedings of the 15th International Conference on Information Systems. pp. 455\u2013456"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/S0164-1212(00)00033-9_BIB5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1145\/163359.163375","article-title":"Software complexity and maintenance costs","volume":"36","author":"Banker","year":"1993","journal-title":"Communications of the ACM"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0164-1212(00)00033-9_BIB6","unstructured":"Banker, R., Datar, S. and Kemerer, C., 1988. Factors affecting software maintenance productivity: an exploratory study. In: Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Information Systems. pp. 160\u2013174"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/S0164-1212(00)00033-9_BIB7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1145\/69605.2085","article-title":"Software errors and complexity: an empirical investigation","volume":"27","author":"Bassili","year":"1984","journal-title":"Communications of the ACM"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0164-1212(00)00033-9_BIB8","unstructured":"Belady, L., 1979. On software complexity. In: Proceedings of the Workshop Quantitative Software Models for Reliability, Complexity, and Cost. pp. 90\u201394"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/S0164-1212(00)00033-9_BIB9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/0020-7373(92)90051-L","article-title":"The role of program structure in software maintenance","volume":"36","author":"Boehm-Davis","year":"1992","journal-title":"International Journal of Man-Machine Studies"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0164-1212(00)00033-9_BIB10","first-page":"169","article-title":"Program comprehension","volume":"44","author":"Canfora","year":"1999","journal-title":"The Journal of Systems and Software"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0164-1212(00)00033-9_BIB11","series-title":"Handbook of Industrial and Organizational Psychology","first-page":"697","article-title":"Engineering psychology","author":"Chapanis","year":"1983"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0164-1212(00)00033-9_BIB12","series-title":"Aspects of Theory of Syntax","author":"Chomsky","year":"1965"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0164-1212(00)00033-9_BIB13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295X.82.6.407","article-title":"A spreading activation theory of semantic processing","volume":"82","author":"Collins","year":"1975","journal-title":"Psychology Review"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0164-1212(00)00033-9_BIB14","unstructured":"Curtis, B., 1980. In search of software complexity. In: Proceedings of the Workshop on Quantitative Models for Reliability, Complexity and Cost. IEEE, New York"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0164-1212(00)00033-9_BIB15","unstructured":"Curtis, B., Sheppard, S., and Millman, P., 1979a. Third time charm: Stronger prediction of programmer performance by software complexity metrics. In: Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Software Engineering. pp. 356\u2013360"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/S0164-1212(00)00033-9_BIB16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1109\/TSE.1979.234165","article-title":"Measuring the psychological complexity of software maintenance tasks with the Halstead and McCabe metrics","volume":"5","author":"Curtis","year":"1979","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering SE"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0164-1212(00)00033-9_BIB17","series-title":"Thought and Choice in Chess","author":"de Groot","year":"1965"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/S0164-1212(00)00033-9_BIB18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.2307\/249533","article-title":"The influence of the information systems development approach on maintenance","volume":"16","author":"Dekleva","year":"1992","journal-title":"MIS Quarterly"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0164-1212(00)00033-9_BIB19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Detienne, F., 1990. Expert programming knowledge: a schema-based approach. In: Hoc, J.M., Green, T.R.G., Sumurcay, Gilmore, Psychology of Programming. Academic Press, London","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-350772-3.50018-5"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0164-1212(00)00033-9_BIB20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1037\/h0093599","article-title":"On problem solving","volume":"58","author":"Duncker","year":"1945","journal-title":"Psychology Monograph"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/S0164-1212(00)00033-9_BIB21","first-page":"17","article-title":"Firm fires shots at legacy systems","volume":"19","author":"Eastwood","year":"1993","journal-title":"Computing Canada"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0164-1212(00)00033-9_BIB22","series-title":"Models of Memory","article-title":"Information processing and memory","author":"Feigenbaum","year":"1970"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0164-1212(00)00033-9_BIB23","unstructured":"Fitos, G., 1982. Software science counting rules: Issues and observations. In: Presentation SCORE82"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/S0164-1212(00)00033-9_BIB24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1145\/240455.240458","article-title":"The relationship between theory and practice in software engineering","volume":"39","author":"Glass","year":"1996","journal-title":"Communications of the ACM"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0164-1212(00)00033-9_BIB25","series-title":"Contemporary Issues in Congnitive Psychology: The Loyola Symposium","article-title":"The structure of memory and the process of solving problems","author":"Greeno","year":"1973"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/S0164-1212(00)00033-9_BIB26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"826","DOI":"10.1145\/358198.358228","article-title":"Determinants of program repair maintenance requirements","volume":"27","author":"Gremillion","year":"1984","journal-title":"Communications of the ACM"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0164-1212(00)00033-9_BIB27","series-title":"Elements of Software Science","author":"Halstead","year":"1977"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0164-1212(00)00033-9_BIB28","series-title":"Multivariate Data Analysis","author":"Hair","year":"1992"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0164-1212(00)00033-9_BIB29","unstructured":"Harris, K., 1998. FSIs and the Year 2000 crisis: Challenge or opportunity? Gartner Analytics. K-03-6736, 13 February"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0164-1212(00)00033-9_BIB30","series-title":"Readings in Statistics and Research","author":"Huck","year":"1974"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0164-1212(00)00033-9_BIB31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-7206(94)90048-5","article-title":"Decision making under time pressure: a model for information systems research","volume":"27","author":"Hwang","year":"1994","journal-title":"Information and Management"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0164-1212(00)00033-9_BIB32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02249043","article-title":"Software complexity and software maintenance: a survey of empirical research","volume":"1","author":"Kemerer","year":"1995","journal-title":"Annals of Software Engineering"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0164-1212(00)00033-9_BIB33","unstructured":"Kirsner, S., 1997. Bringing the top brass on board for Y2K. CIO Journal 11 (3), 32\u201338"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/S0164-1212(00)00033-9_BIB34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-7206(90)90067-R","article-title":"Cost comparison for the development and maintenance of application systems in third and fourth generation languages","volume":"18","author":"Lehner","year":"1990","journal-title":"Information and Management"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0164-1212(00)00033-9_BIB35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Levin, S., 1997. User-developed applications: The forgotten year 2000 cost. Gartner Analytics. MRR-0497-05, 1 April","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-4068(97)00801-X"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/S0164-1212(00)00033-9_BIB36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1109\/TSE.1976.233837","article-title":"A complexity measure","volume":"2","author":"McCabe","year":"1976","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering SE"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0164-1212(00)00033-9_BIB37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1037\/h0043158","article-title":"The magical number seven, plus or minus two: some limits in our capacity for processing information","volume":"63","author":"Miller","year":"1956","journal-title":"Psychology Review"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0164-1212(00)00033-9_BIB38","series-title":"Psychometric Theory","author":"Nunnaly","year":"1978"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0164-1212(00)00033-9_BIB39","unstructured":"Oliver, P., 1979. Handbook of Converting Estimation Costs of Large Business Programs. ADPESO, US Navy, Washington, DC"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0164-1212(00)00033-9_BIB40","series-title":"Imagery and Verbal Processes","author":"Paivio","year":"1971"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0164-1212(00)00033-9_BIB41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1016\/0010-0285(87)90007-7","article-title":"Stimulus structures and mental representation in expert comprehension of computer programs","volume":"19","author":"Pennington","year":"1978","journal-title":"Cognitive Psychology"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0164-1212(00)00033-9_BIB42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1002\/job.4030050406","article-title":"The relationship between time pressure and performance: a field test of Parkinson\u2019s law","volume":"5","author":"Peters","year":"1984","journal-title":"Journal of Occupational Behavior"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/S0164-1212(00)00033-9_BIB43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1016\/0305-0483(94)90078-7","article-title":"A human information processing perspective on software maintenance","volume":"22","author":"Ramanujan","year":"1994","journal-title":"OMEGA \u2013 International Journal of Management Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0164-1212(00)00033-9_BIB44","series-title":"Human Information Processing: Individuals and Group Functioning in Complex Social Situations","author":"Schroeder","year":"1967"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/S0164-1212(00)00033-9_BIB45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020-7373(77)80014-X","article-title":"Measuring computer program quality and comprehension","volume":"9","author":"Shneiderman","year":"1977","journal-title":"International Journal of Man-Machine Studies"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0164-1212(00)00033-9_BIB46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shneiderman, B., McKay, D., 1976. Experimental investigations of computer program debugging and modification. In: Proceedings of the Sixth International Congress of International Ergonomics Association. pp. 97\u2013103","DOI":"10.1177\/154193127602002401"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/S0164-1212(00)00033-9_BIB47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1109\/TSE.1987.233161","article-title":"The state of software engineering","volume":"13","author":"Schneidewind","year":"1987","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering SE"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0164-1212(00)00033-9_BIB48","first-page":"623","article-title":"The fine structure of psychological time","volume":"131","author":"Stroud","year":"1966","journal-title":"The Annals of New York Academy of Sciences"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/S0164-1212(00)00033-9_BIB49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.2307\/249004","article-title":"Reconstructing the systems development organization","volume":"13","author":"Swanson","year":"1990","journal-title":"MIS Quarterly"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0164-1212(00)00033-9_BIB50","series-title":"Organization and Memory","article-title":"Episodic and semantic memory","author":"Tulving","year":"1972"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/S0164-1212(00)00033-9_BIB51","first-page":"128","article-title":"Towards a theory of computer program bugs: an empirical test","volume":"21","author":"Vessey","year":"1989","journal-title":"International Journal of Man-Machine Studies"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/S0164-1212(00)00033-9_BIB52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1145\/358024.358057","article-title":"Some factors affecting program repair maintenance: an empirical study","volume":"26","author":"Vessey","year":"1983","journal-title":"Communications of the ACM"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0164-1212(00)00033-9_BIB53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1016\/S0164-1212(98)10056-0","article-title":"Assessing the maintenance process through replicated, controlled experiments","volume":"44","author":"Visaggio","year":"1999","journal-title":"The Journal of Systems and Software"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/S0164-1212(00)00033-9_BIB54","first-page":"61","article-title":"Leveraging the information systems investment","volume":"3","author":"Welsh","year":"1991","journal-title":"CIO Journal"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0164-1212(00)00033-9_BIB55","series-title":"Productive Thinking","author":"Werthheimer","year":"1959"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/S0164-1212(00)00033-9_BIB56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/08874417.1997.11647301","article-title":"Software maintenance: an empirical study of the influence of maintenance characteristics on user information satisfaction","volume":"38","author":"White","year":"1997","journal-title":"Journal of Computer Information Systems"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0164-1212(00)00033-9_BIB57","series-title":"How to Solve Problems","author":"Wickelgren","year":"1974"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/S0164-1212(00)00033-9_BIB58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1145\/362575.362577","article-title":"Program development by stepwise refinement","volume":"14","author":"Wirth","year":"1971","journal-title":"Communications of the ACM"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/S0164-1212(00)00033-9_BIB59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/0164-1212(81)90029-7","article-title":"A study of several metrics in programming effort","volume":"9","author":"Woodfield","year":"1981","journal-title":"Systems and Software"}],"container-title":["Journal of Systems and Software"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0164121200000339?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0164121200000339?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,4]],"date-time":"2024-12-04T03:02:11Z","timestamp":1733281331000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0164121200000339"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2000,10]]},"references-count":59,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2000,10]]}},"alternative-id":["S0164121200000339"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0164-1212(00)00033-9","relation":{},"ISSN":["0164-1212"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0164-1212","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2000,10]]}}}