{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,25]],"date-time":"2026-02-25T05:35:14Z","timestamp":1771997714096,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":16,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1998,12,1]],"date-time":"1998-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":912470400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[1998,12,1]],"date-time":"1998-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":912470400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[1999,1,11]],"date-time":"1999-01-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":916012800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":41,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Signal Processing"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1998,12]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/s0165-1684(98)00140-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2002,7,25]],"date-time":"2002-07-25T11:39:01Z","timestamp":1027597141000},"page":"131-139","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":528,"title":["Generalized gradient vector flow external forces for active contours"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"71","author":[{"given":"Chenyang","family":"Xu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Jerry L.","family":"Prince","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/S0165-1684(98)00140-6_BIB1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"A.J. Abrantes, J.S. Marques, A class of constrained clustering algorithms for object boundary extraction, IEEE Trans. Image Process 5 (November 1996) 1507\u20131521.","DOI":"10.1109\/83.541421"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0165-1684(98)00140-6_BIB2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"I. Carlbom, D. Terzopoulos, K.M. Harris, Computer-assisted registration, segmentation, and 3D reconstruction from images of neuronal tissue sections, IEEE Trans. Med. Imaging 13 (June 1994) 351\u2013362.","DOI":"10.1109\/42.293928"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0165-1684(98)00140-6_BIB3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"L.D. Cohen, On active contour models and balloons, CVGIP: Image Understanding 53 (March 1991) 211\u2013218.","DOI":"10.1016\/1049-9660(91)90028-N"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0165-1684(98)00140-6_BIB4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"L.D. Cohen, I. Cohen, Finite-element methods for active contour models and balloons for 2-D and 3-D images, IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Machine Intell. 15 (November 1993) 1131\u20131147.","DOI":"10.1109\/34.244675"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0165-1684(98)00140-6_BIB5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"C. Davatzikos, J.L. Prince, An active contour model for mapping the cortex, IEEE Trans. Med. Imaging 14 (March 1995) 65\u201380.","DOI":"10.1109\/42.370403"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0165-1684(98)00140-6_BIB6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01898405","article-title":"Dynamic contour: a texture approach and contour operations","volume":"11","author":"Durikovic","year":"1995","journal-title":"Visual Comput."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0165-1684(98)00140-6_BIB7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"F.P. Ferrie, J. Lagarde, P. Whaite, Darboux frames, snakes, and super-quadrics: Geometry from the bottom up, IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Machine Intell. 15 (August 1993) 771\u2013784.","DOI":"10.1109\/34.236252"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0165-1684(98)00140-6_BIB8","series-title":"Fundamentals of Digital Image Processing","author":"Jain","year":"1989"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/S0165-1684(98)00140-6_BIB9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00133570","article-title":"Snakes: Active contour models","volume":"1","author":"Kass","year":"1987","journal-title":"Internat. J. Comput. Vision"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/S0165-1684(98)00140-6_BIB10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1109\/34.216733","article-title":"Tracking deformable objects in the plane using an active contour model","volume":"15","author":"Leymarie","year":"1993","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Machine Intell."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0165-1684(98)00140-6_BIB11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"S. Lobregt, M.A. Viergever, A discrete dynamic contour model, IEEE Trans. Medical Imaging 14 (March 1995) 12\u201324.","DOI":"10.1109\/42.370398"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/S0165-1684(98)00140-6_BIB12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/0895-6111(94)00040-9","article-title":"A dynamic finite element surface model for segmentation and tracking in multidiemnsional medical images with application to cardiac 4D image analysis","volume":"19","author":"McInerney","year":"1995","journal-title":"Comput. Med. Imaging Graph."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0165-1684(98)00140-6_BIB13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01908877","volume":"4","author":"Terzopoulos","year":"1988","journal-title":"Deformable models, Visual Comput."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0165-1684(98)00140-6_BIB14","series-title":"Artificial Intelligence","first-page":"3","article-title":"Tracking with Kalman snakes","author":"Terzopoulos","year":"1992"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0165-1684(98)00140-6_BIB15","unstructured":"C. Xu, J.L. Prince, Gradient vector flow: A new external force for snakes, IEEE Proc. Conf. on Comput. Vis. Patt. Recog. (CVPR) 1997, pp. 66\u201371."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0165-1684(98)00140-6_BIB16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"C. Xu, J. L. Prince, Snakes, shapes, and gradient vector flow, IEEE Trans. on Image Process. (March 1998) 359\u2013369.","DOI":"10.1109\/83.661186"}],"container-title":["Signal Processing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0165168498001406?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0165168498001406?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,28]],"date-time":"2025-09-28T04:16:48Z","timestamp":1759033008000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0165168498001406"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1998,12]]},"references-count":16,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1998,12]]}},"alternative-id":["S0165168498001406"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0165-1684(98)00140-6","relation":{},"ISSN":["0165-1684"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0165-1684","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1998,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Generalized gradient vector flow external forces for active contours","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Signal Processing","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0165-1684(98)00140-6","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"converted-article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Copyright \u00a9 1998 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}