{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,13]],"date-time":"2026-04-13T15:03:24Z","timestamp":1776092604570,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":101,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2003,1,1]],"date-time":"2003-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1041379200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2003,1]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/s0165-2427(02)00228-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2002,12,30]],"date-time":"2002-12-30T20:20:37Z","timestamp":1041279637000},"page":"1-12","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":312,"title":["TOLL-like receptors linking innate and adaptive immune response"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"91","author":[{"given":"Dirk","family":"Werling","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Thomas W.","family":"Jungi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/S0165-2427(02)00228-3_BIB1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1958","DOI":"10.1002\/1521-4141(200207)32:7<1958::AID-IMMU1958>3.0.CO;2-U","article-title":"Bacterial CpG-DNA and lipopolysaccharides activate TOLL-like receptors at distinct cellular compartments","volume":"32","author":"Ahmad-Nejad","year":"2002","journal-title":"Eur. J. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0165-2427(02)00228-3_BIB2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3471","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.164.7.3471","article-title":"Cutting edge: cell surface expression and lipopolysaccharide signaling via the TOLL-like receptor 4-MD-2 complex on mouse peritoneal macrophages","volume":"164","author":"Akashi","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0165-2427(02)00228-3_BIB3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"675","DOI":"10.1038\/90609","article-title":"TOLL-like receptors: critical proteins linking innate and acquired immunity","volume":"2","author":"Akira","year":"2001","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0165-2427(02)00228-3_BIB4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"732","DOI":"10.1038\/35099560","article-title":"Recognition of double-stranded RNA and activation of NF-kappaB by TOLL-like receptor 3","volume":"413","author":"Alexopoulou","year":"2001","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0165-2427(02)00228-3_BIB5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"736","DOI":"10.1126\/science.285.5428.736","article-title":"Cell activation and apoptosis by bacterial lipoproteins through TOLL-like receptor-2","volume":"285","author":"Aliprantis","year":"1999","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0165-2427(02)00228-3_BIB6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"737","DOI":"10.1093\/intimm\/12.6.737","article-title":"CpG motifs induce Langerhans cell migration in vivo","volume":"12","author":"Ban","year":"2000","journal-title":"Int. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0165-2427(02)00228-3_BIB7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1539","DOI":"10.1093\/intimm\/12.11.1539","article-title":"Necrotic but not apoptotic cell death releases heat shock proteins, which deliver a partial maturation signal to dendritic cells and activate the NF-kappaB pathway","volume":"12","author":"Basu","year":"2000","journal-title":"Int. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0165-2427(02)00228-3_BIB8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1485","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/8.7.1485","article-title":"Variable patterns of total DNA and rDNA methylation in animals","volume":"8","author":"Bird","year":"1980","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0165-2427(02)00228-3_BIB9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M109819200","article-title":"Role of interferon regulatory factor-1 in double-stranded RNA-induced iNOS expression by mouse islets","volume":"277","author":"Blair","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0165-2427(02)00228-3_BIB10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3427","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V99.9.3427","article-title":"Stimulation of TOLL-like receptor 4 expression in human mononuclear phagocytes by interferon-gamma: a molecular basis for priming and synergism with bacterial lipopolysaccharide","volume":"99","author":"Bosisio","year":"2002","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0165-2427(02)00228-3_BIB11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"732","DOI":"10.1126\/science.285.5428.732","article-title":"Host defense mechanisms triggered by microbial lipoproteins through TOLL-like receptors","volume":"285","author":"Brightbill","year":"1999","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0165-2427(02)00228-3_BIB12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-2427(99)00120-8","article-title":"Modulation of host immune responses by protozoal DNA","volume":"72","author":"Brown","year":"1999","journal-title":"Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0165-2427(02)00228-3_BIB13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"987","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.167.2.987","volume":"167","author":"Bulut","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0165-2427(02)00228-3_BIB14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"416","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.167.1.416","article-title":"Activation of TOLL-like receptor-2 by glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchors from a protozoan parasite","volume":"167","author":"Campos","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0165-2427(02)00228-3_BIB15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"909","DOI":"10.1016\/S0092-8674(00)00194-X","article-title":"DNA-PKcs is required for activation of innate immunity by immunostimulatory DNA","volume":"103","author":"Chu","year":"2000","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0165-2427(02)00228-3_BIB16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"538","DOI":"10.1189\/jlb.71.3.538","article-title":"TOLL-like receptor 9 mediates CpG-DNA signaling","volume":"71","author":"Chuang","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Leukoc. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0165-2427(02)00228-3_BIB17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4524","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.168.9.4524","article-title":"TOLL-like receptor 4 is required for optimal development of TH2 immune responses: role of dendritic cells","volume":"168","author":"Dabbagh","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0165-2427(02)00228-3_BIB18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-2427(01)00402-0","article-title":"Differential expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase is associated with differential TOLL-like receptor-4 expression in chicken macrophages from different genetic backgrounds","volume":"84","author":"Dil","year":"2002","journal-title":"Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0165-2427(02)00228-3_BIB19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1089\/088282402317340224","article-title":"PKR protection against intranasal vesicular stomatitis virus infection is mouse strain dependent","volume":"15","author":"Durbin","year":"2002","journal-title":"Viral Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0165-2427(02)00228-3_BIB20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1038\/35092578","article-title":"Mal (MyD88-adapter-like) is required for TOLL-like receptor-4 signal transduction","volume":"413","author":"Fitzgerald","year":"2001","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0165-2427(02)00228-3_BIB21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2064","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.164.4.2064","article-title":"Human TOLL-like receptor 2 mediates monocyte activation by Listeria monocytogenes, but not by group B streptococci or lipopolysaccharide","volume":"164","author":"Flo","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0165-2427(02)00228-3_BIB22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35489","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M201366200","article-title":"Involvement of TOLL-like receptor (TLR)2 and TLR4 in cell activation by mannuronic acid polymers","volume":"277","author":"Flo","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0165-2427(02)00228-3_BIB23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47143","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M103902200","article-title":"Molecular cloning and functional characterization of chicken TOLL-like receptors. A single chicken TOLL covers multiple molecular patterns","volume":"276","author":"Fukui","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0165-2427(02)00228-3_BIB24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1882","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.167.4.1882","article-title":"Cutting edge: bacterial flagellin activates basolaterally expressed TLR5 to induce epithelial proinflammatory gene expression","volume":"167","author":"Gewirtz","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0165-2427(02)00228-3_BIB25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-59672-8_5","article-title":"Signal transduction pathways activated by CpG-DNA","volume":"247","author":"Hacker","year":"2000","journal-title":"Curr. Top. Microbiol. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0165-2427(02)00228-3_BIB26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2567.1999.00681.x","article-title":"Local immune responses in afferent and efferent lymph","volume":"96","author":"Haig","year":"1999","journal-title":"Immunology"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0165-2427(02)00228-3_BIB27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.166.1.15","article-title":"Cutting edge: functional interactions between TOLL-like receptor (TLR)2 and TLR1 or TLR6 in response to phenol-soluble modulin","volume":"166","author":"Hajjar","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0165-2427(02)00228-3_BIB28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.1038\/ni777","article-title":"Human TOLL-like receptor 4 recognizes host-specific LPS modifications","volume":"3","author":"Hajjar","year":"2002","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0165-2427(02)00228-3_BIB29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9305","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.96.16.9305","article-title":"CpG-DNA: a potent signal for growth, activation, and maturation of human dendritic cells","volume":"96","author":"Hartmann","year":"1999","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0165-2427(02)00228-3_BIB30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1099","DOI":"10.1038\/35074106","article-title":"The innate immune response to bacterial flagellin is mediated by TOLL-like receptor 5","volume":"410","author":"Hayashi","year":"2001","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0165-2427(02)00228-3_BIB31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10730","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.75.22.10730-10737.2001","article-title":"Involvement of TOLL-like receptor 4 in innate immunity to respiratory syncytial virus","volume":"75","author":"Haynes","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0165-2427(02)00228-3_BIB32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"740","DOI":"10.1038\/35047123","article-title":"A TOLL-like receptor recognizes bacterial DNA","volume":"408","author":"Hemmi","year":"2000","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0165-2427(02)00228-3_BIB33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1038\/ni758","article-title":"Small anti-viral compounds activate immune cells via the TLR7 MyD88-dependent signaling pathway","volume":"3","author":"Hemmi","year":"2002","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0165-2427(02)00228-3_BIB34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"618","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.165.2.618","article-title":"Cutting edge: repurification of lipopolysaccharide eliminates signaling through both human and murine TOLL-like receptor 2","volume":"165","author":"Hirschfeld","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0165-2427(02)00228-3_BIB35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1477","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.69.3.1477-1482.2001","article-title":"Signaling by TOLL-like receptor 2 and 4 agonists results in differential gene expression in murine macrophages","volume":"69","author":"Hirschfeld","year":"2001","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0165-2427(02)00228-3_BIB36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"835","DOI":"10.1038\/ni0901-835","article-title":"TIRAP: an adapter molecule in the TOLL signaling pathway","volume":"2","author":"Horng","year":"2001","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0165-2427(02)00228-3_BIB37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12654","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.231471798","article-title":"Drosophila MyD88 is an adapter in the TOLL signaling pathway","volume":"98","author":"Horng","year":"2001","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."},{"issue":"vii","key":"10.1016\/S0165-2427(02)00228-3_BIB38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1016\/S0891-5520(05)70078-7","article-title":"Lipopolysaccharide recognition, CD14, and lipopolysaccharide receptors","volume":"13","author":"Ingalls","year":"1999","journal-title":"Infect. Dis. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0165-2427(02)00228-3_BIB39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3388","DOI":"10.1002\/1521-4141(200111)31:11<3388::AID-IMMU3388>3.0.CO;2-Q","article-title":"Specialization and complementarity in microbial molecule recognition by human myeloid and plasmacytoid dendritic cells","volume":"31","author":"Jarrossay","year":"2001","journal-title":"Eur. J. Immunol."},{"issue":"Suppl 3","key":"10.1016\/S0165-2427(02)00228-3_BIB40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"iii6","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.60.90003.iii6","article-title":"Differential roles of TOLL-like receptors in the elicitation of proinflammatory responses by macrophages","volume":"60","author":"Jones","year":"2001","journal-title":"Ann. Rheum. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0165-2427(02)00228-3_BIB41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1038\/ni0602-499","article-title":"Human TLR7 or TLR8 independently confer responsiveness to the antiviral compound R-848","volume":"3","author":"Jurk","year":"2002","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0165-2427(02)00228-3_BIB42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"863","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.194.6.863","article-title":"Subsets of human dendritic cell precursors express different TOLL-like receptors and respond to different microbial antigens","volume":"194","author":"Kadowaki","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0165-2427(02)00228-3_BIB43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-1135(00)00300-X","article-title":"Response of porcine peripheral blood mononuclear cells to CpG-containing oligodeoxynucleotides","volume":"78","author":"Kamstrup","year":"2001","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0165-2427(02)00228-3_BIB44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5887","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.167.10.5887","article-title":"Lipopolysaccharide stimulates the MyD88-independent pathway and results in activation of IFN-regulatory factor 3 and the expression of a subset of lipopolysaccharide-inducible genes","volume":"167","author":"Kawai","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0165-2427(02)00228-3_BIB45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2251","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.275.4.2251","article-title":"Mouse TOLL-like receptor 4.MD-2 complex mediates lipopolysaccharide-mimetic signal transduction by Taxol","volume":"275","author":"Kawasaki","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0165-2427(02)00228-3_BIB46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1078\/1438-4221-00128","article-title":"TOLL-like receptors: cellular signal transducers for exogenous molecular patterns causing immune responses","volume":"291","author":"Kirschning","year":"2001","journal-title":"Int. J. Med. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0165-2427(02)00228-3_BIB47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1038\/416194a","article-title":"RICK\/Rip2\/CARDIAK mediates signalling for receptors of the innate and adaptive immune systems","volume":"416","author":"Kobayashi","year":"2002","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0165-2427(02)00228-3_BIB48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/S0952-7915(99)00048-5","article-title":"The role of CpG motifs in innate immunity","volume":"12","author":"Krieg","year":"2000","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0165-2427(02)00228-3_BIB49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3026","DOI":"10.1002\/1521-4141(2001010)31:10<3026::AID-IMMU3026>3.0.CO;2-H","article-title":"TOLL-like receptor expression reveals CpG-DNA as a unique microbial stimulus for plasmacytoid dendritic cells which synergizes with CD40 ligand to induce high amounts of IL-12","volume":"31","author":"Krug","year":"2001","journal-title":"Eur. J. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0165-2427(02)00228-3_BIB50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.1038\/80833","article-title":"Pattern recognition receptors TLR4 and CD14 mediate response to respiratory syncytial virus","volume":"1","author":"Kurt-Jones","year":"2000","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0165-2427(02)00228-3_BIB51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"973","DOI":"10.1016\/S0092-8674(00)80172-5","article-title":"The dorsoventral regulatory gene cassette spatzle\/TOLL\/cactus controls the potent antifungal response in Drosophila adults","volume":"86","author":"Lemaitre","year":"1996","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0165-2427(02)00228-3_BIB52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI8541","article-title":"TOLL-like receptor 4 imparts ligand-specific recognition of bacterial lipopolysaccharide","volume":"105","author":"Lien","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0165-2427(02)00228-3_BIB53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"991","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.iy.12.040194.005015","article-title":"Tolerance, danger, and the extended family","volume":"12","author":"Matzinger","year":"1994","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0165-2427(02)00228-3_BIB54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3920","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.163.7.3920","article-title":"Human TOLL-like receptors mediate cellular activation by Mycobacterium tuberculosis","volume":"163","author":"Means","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0165-2427(02)00228-3_BIB55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4074","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.166.6.4074","article-title":"Differential effects of a TOLL-like receptor antagonist on Mycobacterium tuberculosis-induced macrophage responses","volume":"166","author":"Means","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0165-2427(02)00228-3_BIB56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1016\/S0092-8674(00)80412-2","article-title":"Innate immunity: the virtues of a non-clonal system of recognition","volume":"91","author":"Medzhitov","year":"1997","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0165-2427(02)00228-3_BIB57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.1038\/41131","article-title":"A human homologue of the Drosophila TOLL protein signals activation of adaptive immunity","volume":"388","author":"Medzhitov","year":"1997","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0165-2427(02)00228-3_BIB58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4424","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.69.7.4424-4429.2001","article-title":"Activation of interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase by gram-negative flagellin","volume":"69","author":"Moors","year":"2001","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0165-2427(02)00228-3_BIB59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5998","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.164.11.5998","article-title":"Differential expression and regulation of TOLL-like receptors (TLR) in human leukocytes: selective expression of TLR3 in dendritic cells","volume":"164","author":"Muzio","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0165-2427(02)00228-3_BIB60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1093\/dnares\/1.1.27","article-title":"Prediction of the coding sequences of unidentified human genes. Part I. The coding sequences of 40 new genes (KIAA0001-KIAA0040) deduced by analysis of randomly sampled cDNA clones from human immature myeloid cell line KG-1","volume":"1","author":"Nomura","year":"1994","journal-title":"DNA Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0165-2427(02)00228-3_BIB61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"558","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.164.2.558","article-title":"Cutting edge: heat shock protein 60 is a putative endogenous ligand of the TOLL-like receptor-4 complex","volume":"164","author":"Ohashi","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0165-2427(02)00228-3_BIB62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10229","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M100099200","article-title":"The extra domain A of fibronectin activates TOLL-like receptor 4","volume":"276","author":"Okamura","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0165-2427(02)00228-3_BIB63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1016\/S1471-4906(02)02222-6","article-title":"TOLL-like receptor signal transduction and the tailoring of innate immunity: a role for Mal?","volume":"23","author":"O\u2019Neill","year":"2002","journal-title":"Trends Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0165-2427(02)00228-3_BIB64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13766","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.250476497","article-title":"The repertoire for pattern recognition of pathogens by the innate immune system is defined by cooperation between TOLL-like receptors","volume":"97","author":"Ozinsky","year":"2000","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0165-2427(02)00228-3_BIB65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2085","DOI":"10.1126\/science.282.5396.2085","article-title":"Defective LPS signaling in C3H\/HeJ and C57BL\/10ScCr mice: mutations in TLR4 gene","volume":"282","author":"Poltorak","year":"1998","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0165-2427(02)00228-3_BIB66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2163","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.040565397","article-title":"Physical contact between lipopolysaccharide and TOLL-like receptor 4 revealed by genetic complementation","volume":"97","author":"Poltorak","year":"2000","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0165-2427(02)00228-3_BIB67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2106","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.167.4.2106","article-title":"A point mutation in the IL-12R beta 2 gene underlies the IL-12 unresponsiveness of Lps-defective C57BL\/10ScCr mice","volume":"167","author":"Poltorak","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0165-2427(02)00228-3_BIB68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-2427(01)00379-8","article-title":"Monocytes are required for optimum in vitro stimulation of bovine peripheral blood mononuclear cells by non-methylated CpG motifs","volume":"84","author":"Pontarollo","year":"2002","journal-title":"Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0165-2427(02)00228-3_BIB69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1086\/317647","article-title":"A lipopolysaccharide-deficient mutant of Neisseria meningitidis elicits attenuated cytokine release by human macrophages and signals via TOLL-like receptor (TLR) 2 but not via TLR4\/MD2","volume":"183","author":"Pridmore","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0165-2427(02)00228-3_BIB70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1089\/108729001753231713","article-title":"CpG motif identification for veterinary and laboratory species demonstrates that sequence recognition is highly conserved","volume":"11","author":"Rankin","year":"2001","journal-title":"Antisense Nucl. Acid Drug Dev."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0165-2427(02)00228-3_BIB71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37692","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M105927200","article-title":"TOLL-like receptor 2 (TLR2) and TLR4 differentially activate human dendritic cells","volume":"276","author":"Re","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0165-2427(02)00228-3_BIB72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-5699(98)01427-3","article-title":"Coordinated events during bacteria-induced DC maturation","volume":"20","author":"Rescigno","year":"1999","journal-title":"Immunol. Today"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0165-2427(02)00228-3_BIB73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1006629328178","article-title":"Molecular events of bacterial-induced maturation of dendritic cells","volume":"20","author":"Rescigno","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0165-2427(02)00228-3_BIB74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1617","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1521-4141(199905)29:05<1617::AID-IMMU1617>3.0.CO;2-3","article-title":"Distinct patterns and kinetics of chemokine production regulate dendritic cell function","volume":"29","author":"Sallusto","year":"1999","journal-title":"Eur. J. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0165-2427(02)00228-3_BIB75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17406","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.274.25.17406","article-title":"Peptidoglycan- and lipoteichoic acid-induced cell activation is mediated by TOLL-like receptor 2","volume":"274","author":"Schwandner","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0165-2427(02)00228-3_BIB76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4692","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.75.10.4692-4698.2001","article-title":"Noncytopathic bovine viral diarrhea virus inhibits double-stranded RNA-induced apoptosis and interferon synthesis","volume":"75","author":"Schweizer","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0165-2427(02)00228-3_BIB77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1777","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.189.11.1777","article-title":"MD-2, a molecule that confers lipopolysaccharide responsiveness on TOLL-like receptor 4","volume":"189","author":"Shimazu","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0165-2427(02)00228-3_BIB78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.167.1.66","article-title":"Novel roles of CpG oligodeoxynucleotides as a leader for the sampling and presentation of CpG-tagged antigen by dendritic cells","volume":"167","author":"Shirota","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0165-2427(02)00228-3_BIB79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1189\/jlb.70.1.103","article-title":"Immunostimulatory CpG-modified plasmid DNA enhances IL-12, TNF-alpha, and NO production by bovine macrophages","volume":"70","author":"Shoda","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Leukoc. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0165-2427(02)00228-3_BIB80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2162","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.69.4.2162-2171.2001","article-title":"DNA from protozoan parasites Babesia bovis, Trypanosoma cruzi, and T. brucei is mitogenic for B lymphocytes and stimulates macrophage expression of interleukin-12, tumor necrosis factor alpha, and nitric oxide","volume":"69","author":"Shoda","year":"2001","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0165-2427(02)00228-3_BIB81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2045","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1521-4141(199806)28:06<2045::AID-IMMU2045>3.0.CO;2-8","article-title":"Bacterial DNA and immunostimulatory CpG oligonucleotides trigger maturation and activation of murine dendritic cells","volume":"28","author":"Sparwasser","year":"1998","journal-title":"Eur. J. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0165-2427(02)00228-3_BIB82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3591","DOI":"10.1002\/1521-4141(200012)30:12<3591::AID-IMMU3591>3.0.CO;2-J","article-title":"Bacterial CpG-DNA activates dendritic cells in vivo: T helper cell-independent cytotoxic T cell responses to soluble proteins","volume":"30","author":"Sparwasser","year":"2000","journal-title":"Eur. J. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0165-2427(02)00228-3_BIB83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"725","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(91)90381-8","article-title":"The polarity of the dorsoventral axis in the Drosophila embryo is defined by an extracellular signal","volume":"65","author":"Stein","year":"1991","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0165-2427(02)00228-3_BIB84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4130","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.66.9.4130-4136.1998","article-title":"Stimulation of nitric oxide production in macrophages by Babesia bovis","volume":"66","author":"Stich","year":"1998","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0165-2427(02)00228-3_BIB85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3555","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.167.7.3555","article-title":"Cutting edge: role of TOLL-like receptor 9 in CpG-DNA-induced activation of human cells","volume":"167","author":"Takeshita","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0165-2427(02)00228-3_BIB86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1016\/S1567-5769(01)00010-8","article-title":"TOLL-like receptors; their physiological role and signal transduction system","volume":"1","author":"Takeuchi","year":"2001","journal-title":"Int. Immunopharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0165-2427(02)00228-3_BIB87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1016\/S1074-7613(00)80119-3","article-title":"Differential roles of TLR2 and TLR4 in recognition of gram-negative and gram-positive bacterial cell wall components","volume":"11","author":"Takeuchi","year":"1999","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0165-2427(02)00228-3_BIB88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"554","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.164.2.554","article-title":"Cutting edge: preferentially the R-stereoisomer of the mycoplasmal lipopeptide macrophage-activating lipopeptide-2 activates immune cells through a TOLL-like receptor 2- and MyD88-dependent signaling pathway","volume":"164","author":"Takeuchi","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0165-2427(02)00228-3_BIB89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"933","DOI":"10.1093\/intimm\/13.7.933","article-title":"Discrimination of bacterial lipoproteins by TOLL-like receptor 6","volume":"13","author":"Takeuchi","year":"2001","journal-title":"Int. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0165-2427(02)00228-3_BIB90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.169.1.10","article-title":"Cutting edge: role of TOLL-like receptor 1 in mediating immune response to microbial lipoproteins","volume":"169","author":"Takeuchi","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0165-2427(02)00228-3_BIB91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10520","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.180130797","article-title":"TOLL-related receptors and the control of antimicrobial peptide expression in Drosophila","volume":"97","author":"Tauszig","year":"2000","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0165-2427(02)00228-3_BIB92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"811","DOI":"10.1038\/44605","article-title":"The TOLL-like receptor 2 is recruited to macrophage phagosomes and discriminates between pathogens","volume":"401","author":"Underhill","year":"1999","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0165-2427(02)00228-3_BIB93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1006\/cimm.2001.1899","article-title":"Plasmid DNA induces increased lymphocyte trafficking: a specific role for CpG motifs","volume":"214","author":"Uwiera","year":"2001","journal-title":"Cell Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0165-2427(02)00228-3_BIB94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31332","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M103217200","article-title":"Endocytosed HSP60s use TOLL-like receptor 2 (TLR2) and TLR4 to activate the TOLL\/interleukin-1 receptor signaling pathway in innate immune cells","volume":"276","author":"Vabulas","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0165-2427(02)00228-3_BIB95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15107","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M111204200","article-title":"HSP70 as endogenous stimulus of the TOLL\/interleukin-1 receptor signal pathway","volume":"277","author":"Vabulas","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0165-2427(02)00228-3_BIB96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.166.1.249","article-title":"Regulation of TOLL-like receptors in human monocytes and dendritic cells","volume":"166","author":"Visintin","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0165-2427(02)00228-3_BIB97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1016\/S1369-5274(02)00287-4","article-title":"Interactions between bacterial CpG-DNA and TLR9 bridge innate and adaptive immunity","volume":"5","author":"Wagner","year":"2002","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0165-2427(02)00228-3_BIB98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6244","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.165.11.6244","article-title":"APC stimulated by CpG oligodeoxynucleotide enhance activation of MHC class I-restricted T cells","volume":"165","author":"Warren","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0165-2427(02)00228-3_BIB99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7125","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.165.12.7125","article-title":"Evidence for an accessory protein function for TOLL-like receptor 1 in anti-bacterial responses","volume":"165","author":"Wyllie","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0165-2427(02)00228-3_BIB100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"554","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.168.2.554","article-title":"Tissue expression of human TOLL-like receptors and differential regulation of TOLL-like receptor mRNAs in leukocytes in response to microbes, their products, and cytokines","volume":"168","author":"Zarember","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0165-2427(02)00228-3_BIB101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"871","DOI":"10.1089\/107999001753238123","article-title":"Induction of interleukin-6 and interleukin-12 in bovine B lymphocytes, monocytes, and macrophages by a CpG oligodeoxynucleotide (ODN 2059) containing the GTCGTT motif","volume":"21","author":"Zhang","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Interferon. Cytokine Res."}],"container-title":["Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0165242702002283?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0165242702002283?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,10]],"date-time":"2024-12-10T21:01:28Z","timestamp":1733864488000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0165242702002283"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2003,1]]},"references-count":101,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2003,1]]}},"alternative-id":["S0165242702002283"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0165-2427(02)00228-3","relation":{},"ISSN":["0165-2427"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0165-2427","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2003,1]]}}}