{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,8]],"date-time":"2026-01-08T08:39:41Z","timestamp":1767861581922,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2001,3,1]],"date-time":"2001-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":983404800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2001,3]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/s0166-6851(01)00211-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2002,7,25]],"date-time":"2002-07-25T14:39:58Z","timestamp":1027607998000},"page":"157-169","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":76,"title":["Initiator and upstream elements in the \u03b12-tubulin promoter of Giardia lamblia"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"113","author":[{"given":"Heidi G","family":"Elmendorf","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Steven M","family":"Singer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Jessica","family":"Pierce","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"James","family":"Cowan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Theodore E","family":"Nash","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/S0166-6851(01)00211-0_BIB1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1128\/MMBR.62.2.465-503.1998","article-title":"Molecular genetics of the RNA polymerase II general transcriptional machinery","volume":"62","author":"Hampsey","year":"1998","journal-title":"Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0166-6851(01)00211-0_BIB2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1016\/0168-9525(96)10034-2","article-title":"Core promoters and transcriptional control","volume":"12","author":"Novina","year":"1996","journal-title":"Trends Genet."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0166-6851(01)00211-0_BIB3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(89)90176-1","article-title":"The \u2018initiator\u2019 as a transcription control element","volume":"57","author":"Smale","year":"1989","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0166-6851(01)00211-0_BIB4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1101\/sqb.1998.63.41","article-title":"Transcription in Archaea","volume":"63","author":"Bell","year":"1998","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harb. Symp. Quant. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0166-6851(01)00211-0_BIB5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-2836(91)90492-O","article-title":"Control regions of an archaeal gene. A TATA box and an initiator element promote cell-free transcription of the tRNA(Val) gene of Methanococcus vannielii","volume":"222","author":"Hausner","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0166-6851(01)00211-0_BIB6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9509","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.87.24.9509","article-title":"Mutational analysis of an archaebacterial promoter: essential role of a TATA box for transcription efficiency and start-site selection in vitro","volume":"87","author":"Reiter","year":"1990","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0166-6851(01)00211-0_BIB7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(87)90154-1","article-title":"Inactivation of transcription by UV irradiation of T. brucei provides evidence for a multicistronic transcription unit including a VSG gene","volume":"51","author":"Johnson","year":"1987","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0166-6851(01)00211-0_BIB8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1460-2075.1988.tb02833.x","article-title":"Polygene transcripts are precursors to calmodulin mRNAs in trypanosomes","volume":"7","author":"Tschudi","year":"1988","journal-title":"EMBO J."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0166-6851(01)00211-0_BIB9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3837","DOI":"10.1128\/MCB.8.9.3837","article-title":"Polycistronic transcripts in trypanosomes and their accumulation during heat shock: evidence for a precursor role in mRNA synthesis","volume":"8","author":"Muhich","year":"1988","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0166-6851(01)00211-0_BIB10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4022","DOI":"10.1128\/MCB.9.9.4022","article-title":"Trypanosoma brucei: enrichment by UV of intergenic transcripts from the variable surface glycoprotein gene expression site","volume":"9","author":"Coquelet","year":"1989","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0166-6851(01)00211-0_BIB11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.micro.51.1.463","article-title":"Transcription of protein-coding genes in trypanosomes by RNA polymerase I","volume":"51","author":"Lee","year":"1997","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0166-6851(01)00211-0_BIB12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2902","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.96.6.2902","article-title":"Leishmania major Friendlin chromosome 1 has an unusual distribution of protein-coding genes","volume":"96","author":"Myler","year":"1999","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0166-6851(01)00211-0_BIB13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1503","DOI":"10.1590\/S0100-879X1998001200001","article-title":"Control of gene expression in Trypanosomatidae","volume":"31","author":"Teixeira","year":"1998","journal-title":"Braz. J. Med. Biol. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0166-6851(01)00211-0_BIB14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4579","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.91.10.4579","article-title":"Similarity between a ubiquitous promoter element in an ancient eukaryote and mammalian initiator elements","volume":"91","author":"Quon","year":"1994","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0166-6851(01)00211-0_BIB15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2380","DOI":"10.1128\/MCB.19.3.2380","article-title":"Analysis of a ubiquitous promoter element in a primitive eukaryote: early evolution of the initiator element","volume":"19","author":"Liston","year":"1999","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0166-6851(01)00211-0_BIB16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8812","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.94.16.8812","article-title":"Transcription initiation is controlled by three core promoter elements in the hg15 gene of the protozoan parasite Entamoeba histolytica","volume":"94","author":"Singh","year":"1997","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0166-6851(01)00211-0_BIB17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"706","DOI":"10.1128\/MR.55.4.706-732.1991","article-title":"The biology of Giardia spp","volume":"55","author":"Adam","year":"1991","journal-title":"Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0166-6851(01)00211-0_BIB18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-308X(08)60207-9","article-title":"Giardia and giardiasis","volume":"32","author":"Thompson","year":"1993","journal-title":"Adv. Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0166-6851(01)00211-0_BIB19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1126\/science.2911720","article-title":"Phylogenetic meaning of the kingdom concept: an unusual ribosomal RNA from Giardia lamblia","volume":"243","author":"Sogin","year":"1989","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0166-6851(01)00211-0_BIB20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02202103","article-title":"Molecular phylogeny of the free-living archezoan Trepomonas agilis and the nature of the first eukaryote","volume":"43","author":"Cavalier-Smith","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Mol. Evol."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0166-6851(01)00211-0_BIB21","first-page":"65","article-title":"Protein phylogeny gives a robust estimation for early divergences of eukaryotes: phylogenetic place of a mitochandria-lacking protozoan, Giardia lamblia","volume":"11","author":"Hashimoto","year":"1994","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Evol."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0166-6851(01)00211-0_BIB22","first-page":"782","article-title":"Phylogenetic place of mitochondrion-lacking protozoan, Giardia lamblia, inferred from amino acid sequences of elongation factor 2","volume":"12","author":"Hashimoto","year":"1995","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Evol."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0166-6851(01)00211-0_BIB23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2414","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.87.7.2414","article-title":"A clonal theory of parasitic protozoa: the population structures of Entamoeba, Giardia, Leishmania, Naegleria, Plasmodium, and Trypanosoma and their medical and taxonomical consequences","volume":"87","author":"Tibayrenc","year":"1990","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0166-6851(01)00211-0_BIB24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.2307\/3283818","article-title":"Genetic characterization of isolates of Giardia duodenalis by enzyme electrophoresis: implications for reproductive biology, population structure, taxonomy, and epidemiology","volume":"81","author":"Meloni","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0166-6851(01)00211-0_BIB25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1905","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/19.8.1905","article-title":"Giardia lamblia: haploid genome size determined by pulsed field gel electrophoresis is less than 12 Mb","volume":"19","author":"Fan","year":"1991","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0166-6851(01)00211-0_BIB26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4555","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/16.10.4555","article-title":"The Giardia lamblia trophozoite contains sets of closely related chromosomes","volume":"16","author":"Adam","year":"1988","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0166-6851(01)00211-0_BIB27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1016\/S0166-6851(98)00150-9","article-title":"Structural basis of karyotype heterogeneity in Giardia lamblia","volume":"97","author":"Le Blancq","year":"1998","journal-title":"Mol. Biochem. Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0166-6851(01)00211-0_BIB28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"526","DOI":"10.1038\/369526a0","article-title":"Origin of introns \u2014 early or late","volume":"369","author":"Logsdon","year":"1994","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0166-6851(01)00211-0_BIB29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1016\/S0166-6851(98)00113-3","article-title":"Sequence survey of the Giardia lamblia genome","volume":"95","author":"Smith","year":"1998","journal-title":"Mol. Biochem. Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0166-6851(01)00211-0_BIB30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/S0166-6851(97)00225-9","article-title":"Episomal and integrated maintenance of foreign DNA in Giardia lamblia","volume":"92","author":"Singer","year":"1998","journal-title":"Mol. Biochem. Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0166-6851(01)00211-0_BIB31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19699","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.274.28.19699","article-title":"Identification and characterization of a ran gene promoter in the protozoan pathogen Giardia lamblia","volume":"274","author":"Sun","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0166-6851(01)00211-0_BIB32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2958.1999.01602.x","article-title":"Developmental gene regulation in Giardia lamblia: first evidence for an encystation-specific promoter and differential 5\u2032 mRNA processing","volume":"34","author":"Knodler","year":"1999","journal-title":"Mol. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0166-6851(01)00211-0_BIB33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2945","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/23.15.2945","article-title":"Analysis of consensus sequence patterns in Giardia cytoskeleton gene promoters","volume":"23","author":"Holberton","year":"1995","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0166-6851(01)00211-0_BIB34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"759","DOI":"10.1016\/S0723-2020(11)80350-4","article-title":"The NADP-dependent glutamate dehydrogenase of Giardia lamblia: a study of function, gene structure and expression system","volume":"16","author":"Yee","year":"1994","journal-title":"Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0166-6851(01)00211-0_BIB35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11432","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.275.15.11432","article-title":"Transcriptional analysis of the glutamate dehydrogenase gene in the primitive eukaryote, Giardia lamblia. Identification of a primordial gene promoter","volume":"275","author":"Yee","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0166-6851(01)00211-0_BIB36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5615","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.92.12.5615","article-title":"Transient transfection and expression of firefly luciferase in Giardia lamblia","volume":"92","author":"Yee","year":"1995","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0166-6851(01)00211-0_BIB37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(83)90120-7","article-title":"Axenic culture of Giardia lamblia in TYI-S-33 medium supplemented with bile","volume":"77","author":"Keister","year":"1983","journal-title":"Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0166-6851(01)00211-0_BIB38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/0166-6851(89)90204-1","article-title":"Evidence for unusually short tubulin mRNA leaders and characterization of tubulin genes in Giardia lamblia","volume":"36","author":"Kirk-Mason","year":"1989","journal-title":"Mol. Biochem. Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0166-6851(01)00211-0_BIB39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7177","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/16.14.7177","article-title":"Sequence of a giardin subunit cDNA from Giardia lamblia","volume":"16","author":"Baker","year":"1988","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0166-6851(01)00211-0_BIB40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/0166-6851(92)90247-H","article-title":"Nucleotide sequence of a second \u03b1-giardin gene and molecular analysis of the \u03b1-giardin genes and transcripts in Giardia lamblia","volume":"50","author":"Alonso","year":"1992","journal-title":"Mol. Biochem. Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0166-6851(01)00211-0_BIB41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29307","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.270.49.29307","article-title":"Identification of a novel Giardia lamblia cyst wall protein with leucine-rich repeats. Implications for secrertory granule formation and protein assembly into the cyst wall","volume":"270","author":"Lujan","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0166-6851(01)00211-0_BIB42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-4894(92)90250-E","article-title":"Identification and characterization of a Giardia lamblia group-specific gene","volume":"75","author":"Nash","year":"1992","journal-title":"Exp. Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0166-6851(01)00211-0_BIB43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/S0166-6851(97)00239-9","article-title":"Stable DNA transfection of the primitive protozoan pathogen Giardia lamblia","volume":"92","author":"Sun","year":"1998","journal-title":"Mol. Biochem. Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0166-6851(01)00211-0_BIB44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"841","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00173163","article-title":"The Giardia lamblia actin gene and the phylogeny of eukaryotes","volume":"41","author":"Drouin","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Mol. Evol."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0166-6851(01)00211-0_BIB45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1987.36.325","article-title":"Comparison of two antigenically distinct Giardia lamblia isolates in gerbils","volume":"36","author":"Aggarwal","year":"1987","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0166-6851(01)00211-0_BIB46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7539","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)42550-1","article-title":"Isolation and characterization of a NADP-dependent glutamate dehydrogenase gene from the primitive eucaryote Giardia lamblia","volume":"267","author":"Yee","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0166-6851(01)00211-0_BIB47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17297","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(17)32554-1","article-title":"Molecular cloning and characterization of a ras-related gene of ran\/tc4\/spil subfamily in Giardia lamblia","volume":"269","author":"Chen","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0166-6851(01)00211-0_BIB48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/S0166-6851(99)00163-2","article-title":"Development of a tetracyclin controlled gene expression system in the parasitic protozoan Giardia lamblia","volume":"105","author":"Sun","year":"2000","journal-title":"Mol. Biochem. Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0166-6851(01)00211-0_BIB49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.micro.50.1.679","article-title":"Cell biology of the primitive eukaryote Giardia lamblia","volume":"50","author":"Gillin","year":"1996","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0166-6851(01)00211-0_BIB50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1016\/0166-6851(92)90072-R","article-title":"Characterization of a Giardia lamblia variant-specific surface protein (VSP) gene from isolate GS\/M and estimation of the VSP gene repertoire size","volume":"51","author":"Nash","year":"1992","journal-title":"Mol. Biochem. Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0166-6851(01)00211-0_BIB51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-4781(96)00206-0","article-title":"Transcription initiation from TATA-less promoters within eukaryotic protin-coding genes","volume":"1351","author":"Smale","year":"1997","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0166-6851(01)00211-0_BIB52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1128\/MCB.14.1.116","article-title":"DNA sequence requirements for transcriptional initiator activity in mammalian cells","volume":"14","author":"Javahery","year":"1994","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Biol."}],"container-title":["Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0166685101002110?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0166685101002110?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,7]],"date-time":"2021-05-07T06:45:57Z","timestamp":1620369957000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0166685101002110"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2001,3]]},"references-count":52,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2001,3]]}},"alternative-id":["S0166685101002110"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0166-6851(01)00211-0","relation":{},"ISSN":["0166-6851"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0166-6851","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2001,3]]}}}