{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,15]],"date-time":"2026-04-15T18:02:33Z","timestamp":1776276153990,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2003,8,1]],"date-time":"2003-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1059696000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2003,8]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/s0166-6851(03)00160-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2003,7,22]],"date-time":"2003-07-22T18:21:43Z","timestamp":1058898103000},"page":"65-74","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":283,"title":["Leishmania lipophosphoglycan (LPG) activates NK cells through toll-like receptor-2"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"130","author":[{"given":"Ingeborg","family":"Becker","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Norma","family":"Salaiza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Magdalena","family":"Aguirre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9","family":"Delgado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Nuria","family":"Carrillo-Carrasco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Laila Guti\u00e9rrez","family":"Kobeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Adriana","family":"Ruiz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Rocely","family":"Cervantes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Armando P\u00e9rez","family":"Torres","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Nallely","family":"Cabrera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Augusto","family":"Gonz\u00e1lez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Carmen","family":"Maldonado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Armando","family":"Isibasi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/S0166-6851(03)00160-9_BIB1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1016\/S0952-7915(97)80152-5","article-title":"Innate immunity: impact on the adaptive immune response","volume":"9","author":"Medzhitov","year":"1997","journal-title":"Curr. Op. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0166-6851(03)00160-9_BIB2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1016\/S0092-8674(00)80412-2","article-title":"Innate immunity: the virtues of a nonclonal system of recognition","volume":"91","author":"Medzhitov","year":"1997","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0166-6851(03)00160-9_BIB3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"416","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.167.1.416","article-title":"Activation of toll-like receptor-2 by glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchors from a protozoan parasite","volume":"167","author":"Campos","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0166-6851(03)00160-9_BIB4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2799","DOI":"10.1242\/jcs.112.17.2799","article-title":"The structure, biogenesis and functions of glucosylphosphatidylinositol anchors, and the contributions of trypanosome research","volume":"112","author":"Ferguson","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Cell. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0166-6851(03)00160-9_BIB5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1042\/bj2940305","article-title":"The structure, biosynthesis and function of glycosylated phosphatidylinositols in the parasitic protozoa and higher eukaryotes","volume":"294","author":"McConville","year":"1993","journal-title":"Biochem. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0166-6851(03)00160-9_BIB6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"807","DOI":"10.1042\/bj3100807","article-title":"Structure of Leishmania lipophosphoglycan: inter- and intra-specific polymorphism in Old World species","volume":"310","author":"McConville","year":"1995","journal-title":"Biochem. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0166-6851(03)00160-9_BIB7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1016\/S1471-4922(00)01863-8","article-title":"Leishmania virulence: it\u2019s a knock out","volume":"17","author":"Handman","year":"2001","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0166-6851(03)00160-9_BIB8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.mi.46.100192.000433","article-title":"The lipophosphoglycan of Leishmania parasites","volume":"46","author":"Turco","year":"1992","journal-title":"Ann. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0166-6851(03)00160-9_BIB9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.97.1.406","article-title":"The role of phosphoglycans in Leishmania-sand fly interactions","volume":"97","author":"Sacks","year":"2000","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0166-6851(03)00160-9_BIB10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1016\/0167-5699(93)90138-B","article-title":"Epidermal Langerhans cells are critical for immunoregulation of cutaneous leishmaniasis","volume":"14","author":"Moll","year":"1993","journal-title":"Immunol. Today"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0166-6851(03)00160-9_BIB11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2698","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.66.6.2698-2704.1998","article-title":"Indications of the protective role of natural killer cells in human cutaneous leishmaniasis in an area of endemicity","volume":"66","author":"Maasho","year":"1998","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0166-6851(03)00160-9_BIB12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/0952-7915(95)80026-3","article-title":"The role of natural killer cells in host-parasite interactions","volume":"7","author":"Scott","year":"1995","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0166-6851(03)00160-9_BIB13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3155","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.67.6.3155-3159.1999","article-title":"Early gene expression of NK cell-activating chemokines in mice resistant to Leishmania major","volume":"67","author":"Vester","year":"1999","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0166-6851(03)00160-9_BIB14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2220","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.1830250816","article-title":"Early parasite containment is decisive for resistance to Leishmania major infection","volume":"25","author":"Laskay","year":"1995","journal-title":"Eur. J. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0166-6851(03)00160-9_BIB15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1259","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.191.8.1259","article-title":"Turning on natural killer cells","volume":"191","author":"Lanier","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0166-6851(03)00160-9_BIB16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-5699(00)01622-4","article-title":"Perforin: more than just an effector molecule","volume":"21","author":"Stepp","year":"2000","journal-title":"Immunol. Today"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0166-6851(03)00160-9_BIB17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-5699(00)01673-X","article-title":"Human NK-cell receptors","volume":"21","author":"Moretta","year":"2000","journal-title":"Immunol. Today"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0166-6851(03)00160-9_BIB18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"516","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2249.1993.tb08227.x","article-title":"Natural and acquired resistance to Leishmania: cellular activation by Leishmania aethiopica of mononuclear cells from unexposed individuals is through stimulation of natural killer (NK) cells","volume":"94","author":"Akuffo","year":"1993","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0166-6851(03)00160-9_BIB19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3024.1995.tb00962.x","article-title":"Cytotoxicity in human mucosal and cutaneous leishmaniasis","volume":"17","author":"Barral-Netto","year":"1995","journal-title":"Parasite Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0166-6851(03)00160-9_BIB20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2249.2003.02096.x","article-title":"Live Leishmania promastigotes can directly activate primary human natural killer cells to produce interferon-gamma","volume":"131","author":"Nylen","year":"2003","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0166-6851(03)00160-9_BIB21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"564","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.135.1.564","article-title":"Identification of cell surface carbohydrate and antigenic changes between non-infective and infective developmental stages of Leishmania major promastigotes","volume":"135","author":"Sacks","year":"1985","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0166-6851(03)00160-9_BIB22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8941","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.84.24.8941","article-title":"Lipophosphoglycan of Leishmania major that vaccinates against cutaneous leishmaniasis contains an alkylglycerophosphoinositol lipid anchor","volume":"84","author":"McConville","year":"1987","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0166-6851(03)00160-9_BIB23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2091","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.188.11.2091","article-title":"Human toll-like receptor 2 confers responsiveness to bacterial lipopolysaccharide","volume":"188","author":"Kirschning","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0166-6851(03)00160-9_BIB24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31460","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M005231200","article-title":"CD43-mediated signals induce DNA binding activity of AP-1, NF-AT, and NF\u03baB transcription factors in human T lymphocytes","volume":"275","author":"Santana","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0166-6851(03)00160-9_BIB25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-2697(76)90527-3","article-title":"A rapid and sensitive method for the quantitation of microgram quantities of protein utilizing the principle of protein-dye binding","volume":"72","author":"Bradford","year":"1976","journal-title":"Anal. Biochem."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0166-6851(03)00160-9_BIB26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3593","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1460-2075.1992.tb05443.x","article-title":"Developmental modification of lipophosphoglycan during the differentiation of Leishmania major promastigotes to an infectious stage","volume":"11","author":"McConville","year":"1992","journal-title":"EMBO J."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0166-6851(03)00160-9_BIB27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1016\/0166-6851(90)90165-I","article-title":"Developmental modification of the lipophosphoglycan from Leishmania major promastigotes during metacyclogenesis","volume":"42","author":"Sacks","year":"1990","journal-title":"Mol. Biochem. Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0166-6851(03)00160-9_BIB28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.89.1.6","article-title":"Identification of a macrophage-binding determinant on lipophosphoglycan from Leishmania major promastigotes","volume":"89","author":"Kelleher","year":"1992","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0166-6851(03)00160-9_BIB29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4012","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.166.6.4012","article-title":"Rapidly fatal leishmaniasis in resistant C57BL\/6 mice lacking TNF","volume":"166","author":"Wilhelm","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0166-6851(03)00160-9_BIB30","first-page":"556","article-title":"Tumour necrosis factor (TNF-alpha) in leishmaniasis. II. TNF-alpha-induced macrophage leishmanicidal activity is mediated by nitric oxide from l-arginine","volume":"71","author":"Liew","year":"1990","journal-title":"Immunology"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0166-6851(03)00160-9_BIB31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1131","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.1830200528","article-title":"Tumor necrosis factor-alpha in combination with interferon-gamma, but not with interleukin 4 activates murine macrophages for elimination of Leishmania major amastigotes","volume":"20","author":"Bogdan","year":"1990","journal-title":"Eur. J. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0166-6851(03)00160-9_BIB32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10984","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.93.20.10984","article-title":"Regulation of the expression of nitric oxide synthase and leishmanicidal activity by glycoconjugates of Leishmania lipophosphoglycan in murine macrophages","volume":"93","author":"Proudfoot","year":"1996","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0166-6851(03)00160-9_BIB33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"444","DOI":"10.1016\/0169-4758(96)10067-3","article-title":"Exploitation of the complement system by Leishmania promastigotes","volume":"12","author":"Brittingham","year":"1996","journal-title":"Parasitol. Today"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0166-6851(03)00160-9_BIB34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14708","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.93.25.14708","article-title":"Lipophosphoglycan from Leishmania suppresses agonist-induced interleukin 1\u03b2 gene expression in human monocytes via a unique promoter sequence","volume":"93","author":"Hatzigeorgiou","year":"1996","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0166-6851(03)00160-9_BIB35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.183.2.515","article-title":"Leishmania promastigotes selectively inhibits interleukin-12 induction in bone marrow-derived macrophages from susceptible and resistant mice","volume":"183","author":"Carrera","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0166-6851(03)00160-9_BIB36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.1002\/jlb.65.5.543","article-title":"The taming of IL-12: suppressing the production of proinflammatory cytokines","volume":"65","author":"Sutterwala","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Leukoc. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0166-6851(03)00160-9_BIB37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1857","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.160.4.1857","article-title":"Leishmania lipophosphoglycan reduces monocyte transendothelial migration: modulation of cell adhesion molecules, intercellular junctional proteins and chemoattractants","volume":"160","author":"Lo","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0166-6851(03)00160-9_BIB38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"462","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2567.2001.01333.x","article-title":"Leishmania major lipophosphoglycan modulates the phenotype and inhibits migration of murine Langerhans cells","volume":"104","author":"Ponte-Sucre","year":"2001","journal-title":"Immunology"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0166-6851(03)00160-9_BIB39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4817","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.144.12.4817","article-title":"Lipophosphoglycan from Leishmania mexicana promastigotes binds to members of the CR3, p150, 95 and LFA-1 family of leukocyte integrins","volume":"144","author":"Talamas-Rohana","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0166-6851(03)00160-9_BIB40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2206","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.64.6.2206-2215.1996","article-title":"Leishmania major-human macrophage interactions: cooperation between Mac-1 (CD11b\/CD18) and complement receptor type 1 (CD35) in promastigote adhesion","volume":"64","author":"Rosenthal","year":"1996","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0166-6851(03)00160-9_BIB41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2061","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.185.12.2061","article-title":"Inhibition of phagolysosomal biogenesis by the Leishmania lipophosphoglycan","volume":"185","author":"Desjardins","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0166-6851(03)00160-9_BIB42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3008","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.149.9.3008","article-title":"Inhibition of macrophage protein kinase C-mediated protein phosphorylation by Leishmania donovani lipophosphoglycan","volume":"149","author":"Descoteaux","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0166-6851(03)00160-9_BIB43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2747","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.146.8.2747","article-title":"Leishmania donovani lipophosphoglycan selectively inhibits signal transduction in macrophages","volume":"146","author":"Descoteaux","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0166-6851(03)00160-9_BIB44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5998","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.164.11.5998","article-title":"Differential expression and regulation of toll-like receptors (TLR) in human leukocytes: selective expression of TLR3 in dendritic cells","volume":"164","author":"Muzio","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0166-6851(03)00160-9_BIB45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"474","DOI":"10.1189\/jlb.69.3.474","article-title":"Differential expression of toll-like receptor 2 in human cells","volume":"69","author":"Flo","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Leukoc. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0166-6851(03)00160-9_BIB46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6308","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.165.11.6308","article-title":"Regulation of toll-like receptor 2 expression by macrophages following Mycobacterium avium infection","volume":"165","author":"Wang","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0166-6851(03)00160-9_BIB47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"801","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-3156.1999.00491.x","article-title":"Treatment of patients with diffuse cutaneous leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania mexicana modifies the immunohistological profile but not the disease outcome","volume":"4","author":"Salaiza Suazo","year":"1999","journal-title":"Trop. Med. Int. Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0166-6851(03)00160-9_BIB48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"699","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/173.3.699","article-title":"Differential expression of chemokines in patients with localized and diffuse cutaneous American leishmaniasis","volume":"173","author":"Ritter","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0166-6851(03)00160-9_BIB49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"500","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2249.1993.tb05931.x","article-title":"Determination of the cytokine profile in American cutaneous leishmaniasis using polymerase chain reaction","volume":"91","author":"C\u00e1ceres-Dittmar","year":"1993","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0166-6851(03)00160-9_BIB50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"837","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.62.3.837-842.1994","article-title":"Increased expression of proinflammatory cytokines in chronic lesions of human cutaneous leishmaniasis","volume":"62","author":"Melby","year":"1994","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0166-6851(03)00160-9_BIB51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4638","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.70.8.4638-4642.2002","article-title":"Expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase in skin lesions of patients with American cutaneous leishmaniasis","volume":"70","author":"Qadoumi","year":"2002","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0166-6851(03)00160-9_BIB52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"951","DOI":"10.1126\/science.284.5416.951","article-title":"Requirement for type 2 NO synthase for IL-12 signalling in innate immunity","volume":"284","author":"Diefenbach","year":"1999","journal-title":"Science"}],"container-title":["Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0166685103001609?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0166685103001609?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,26]],"date-time":"2023-04-26T13:56:02Z","timestamp":1682517362000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0166685103001609"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2003,8]]},"references-count":52,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2003,8]]}},"alternative-id":["S0166685103001609"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0166-6851(03)00160-9","relation":{"has-review":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.3410\/f.1015259.195471","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["0166-6851"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0166-6851","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2003,8]]}}}