{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,8]],"date-time":"2025-11-08T12:26:42Z","timestamp":1762604802712},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"1-2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1998,10,1]],"date-time":"1998-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":907200000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Speech Communication"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1998,10]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/s0167-6393(98)00047-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2003,4,5]],"date-time":"2003-04-05T03:57:58Z","timestamp":1049515078000},"page":"5-21","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Performative faces"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Isabella","family":"Poggi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Catherine","family":"Pelachaud","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/S0167-6393(98)00047-8_BIB1","unstructured":"Argyle, M., Cook, M., 1976. Gaze and Mutual Gaze. Cambridge University Press, London"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0167-6393(98)00047-8_BIB2","unstructured":"Austin, J.L., 1962. How to do Thinks with Words. Oxford University Press, London"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0167-6393(98)00047-8_BIB3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Beattie, G.W., 1981. Sequential temporal patterns of speech and gaze in dialogue. In: Sebeok, T.A., Umiker-Sebeok, J. (Eds.), Nonverbal Communication, Interaction, and Gesture. The Hague, New York, pp. 297\u2013320","DOI":"10.1515\/9783110880021.297"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0167-6393(98)00047-8_BIB4","unstructured":"Beskow, J., McGlashan, S., 1997. Olga \u2013 A conversational agent with gestures. In: Proceedings of the IJCAI'97 Workshop on Animated Interface Agents \u2013 Making them Intelligent. Nagoya, Japan, August 1997"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0167-6393(98)00047-8_BIB5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cassell, J., Pelachaud, C., Badler, N., Steedman, M., Achorn, B., Becket, T., Douville, B., Prevost, S., Stone, M., 1994. Animated conversation: Rule-based generation of facial expression, gesture and spoken intonation for multiple conversational agents. Computer Graphics Annual Conference Series, pp. 413\u2013420","DOI":"10.1145\/192161.192272"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0167-6393(98)00047-8_BIB6","unstructured":"Castelfranchi, C., 1990. Social power: a point missed in Multi-Agent, DAI, and HCI. In: Demazeau, Y., Muller, J.P. (Eds.), Decentralized A. I. North-Holland, Amsterdam"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0167-6393(98)00047-8_BIB7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Castelfranchi, C., Poggi, I., 1990. Blushing as a discourse: was Darwin wrong? In: Crozier, R. (Ed.), Shyness and Embarrassment. Perspective from Social Psychology. Cambridge University Press, London","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511571183.009"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0167-6393(98)00047-8_BIB8","unstructured":"Castelfranchi, C., de Rosis, F., Falcone, R., Pizzutilo, S., 1997. A testbed for investigating personality-based multiagent cooperation. In: Proceedings of the Symposium on Logical Approaches to Agent Modeling and Design, Aix-en-Provence, August 1997, pp. 18\u201322"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/S0167-6393(98)00047-8_BIB9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01672216","article-title":"Social determinants of facial displays","volume":"15","author":"Chovil","year":"1991","journal-title":"Journal of Nonverbal Behavior"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0167-6393(98)00047-8_BIB10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cohen, M.M., Massaro, D.W., 1993. Modeling coarticulation in synthetic visual speech. In: Magnenat-Thalmann, M., Thalmann, D. (Eds.), Models and Techniques in Computer Animation. Springer, Tokyo","DOI":"10.1007\/978-4-431-66911-1_13"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0167-6393(98)00047-8_BIB11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cohen, P.R., Levesque, H.J., 1990. Performatives in a rationally based speech act theory. In: Proceedings of the 28th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics, pp. 79\u201388","DOI":"10.3115\/981823.981834"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0167-6393(98)00047-8_BIB12","unstructured":"Cohen, P.R., Levesque, H.J., 1995. Communicative actions for artificial agents. In: Proceedings of the International Conference on Multi-Agent Systems. AAAI Press, San Francisco, June 1995"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0167-6393(98)00047-8_BIB13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cohen, P.R., Perrault C.R., 1979. Elements of a plan-based theory of speech acts. Cognitive Science 3 (3), 177\u2013212; reprinted In: Grosz, B.J., Sparck-Jones, K., Webber, B.L. (Eds.), 1986. Readings in Natural Language Processing. Morgan-Kaufman, Los Altos; Gasser, L., Huhns, M. (Eds.), 1988. Readings in Distributed Artificial Intelligence. Morgan-Kaufman, Los Altos","DOI":"10.1207\/s15516709cog0303_1"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0167-6393(98)00047-8_BIB14","unstructured":"Conte, R., Castelfranchi, C., 1995. Cognitive and Social Action. University College, London"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0167-6393(98)00047-8_BIB15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Davis, J., Hirschberg, J., 1988. Assigning intonational features in synthesized spoken discourse. In: ACL88. Buffalo, pp. 187\u2013193","DOI":"10.3115\/982023.982046"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0167-6393(98)00047-8_BIB16","unstructured":"Duncan, S., 1974. Some signals and rules for taking speaking turns in conversations. In: Weitz, S. (Ed.), Nonverbal Communication. Oxford University Press, London"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0167-6393(98)00047-8_BIB17","unstructured":"Ekman, P., 1979. About brows: Emotional and conversational signals. In: von Cranach, M., Foppa, K., Lepenies, W., Ploog, D. (Eds.), Human Ethology: Claims and Limits of a New Disipline: Contributions to the Colloquium. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 169\u2013248"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0167-6393(98)00047-8_BIB18","unstructured":"Ekman, P., 1982. Emotion in the Human Face. Cambridge University Press, New York"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0167-6393(98)00047-8_BIB19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ekman, P., Friesen, W., 1978. Facial Action Coding System. Consulting Psychologists Press","DOI":"10.1037\/t27734-000"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0167-6393(98)00047-8_BIB20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guiard-Marigny, T., Tsingos, N., Adjoudani, A., Benoit C., Gascuel, M.-P., 1996. 3D Models of the lips for realistic speech animation. Computer Animation'96, 3\u20134 June 1996. IEEE Computer Society Press, Geneva, pp. 80\u201389","DOI":"10.1109\/CA.1996.540490"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0167-6393(98)00047-8_BIB21","unstructured":"Kalra, P., Gobbetti, E., Magnenat-Thalmann, N., Thalmann, D., 1993. A multimedia testbed for facial animation control. In: Chua, T.S., Kunii, T.L. (Eds.), International Conference of Multi-Media Modeling, MMM'93, Singapore, 9\u201312 November 1993, pp. 59\u201372"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/S0167-6393(98)00047-8_BIB22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.68.3.441","article-title":"Signs of appeasement: Evidence for the distinct displays of embarrassment, amusement, and shame","volume":"68","author":"Keltner","year":"1995","journal-title":"Journal of Personality and Social Psychology"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0167-6393(98)00047-8_BIB23","unstructured":"Kendon, A., 1990. Conducting Interaction: Pattern of Behavior in Focused Encounter. Cambridge University Press, London"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0167-6393(98)00047-8_BIB24","unstructured":"Ladd, D.R., Scherer, K., Silverman, K.E.A., 1985. Intonation in discourse. In: Johns-Lewis, C. (Ed.), An Integrated Approach to Studying Intonation and Attitude."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0167-6393(98)00047-8_BIB25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee, Y., Terzopoulos, D., Waters, K., 1995. Realistic modeling for facial animation. Computer Graphics Annual Conference Series, pp. 55\u201362","DOI":"10.1145\/218380.218407"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0167-6393(98)00047-8_BIB26","unstructured":"Magno Caldognetto, E., Poggi, I., 1997. Micro- and macro- bimodality. In: Campbell, R., Benoit, C. (Eds.), Proceedings of the AVSP, Rhodes, Greece, 26\u201327 September 1997"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0167-6393(98)00047-8_BIB27","unstructured":"Monaghan, A., 1991. Intonation in a text-to-speech conversion system. Ph.D. thesis, University of Edinburgh"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0167-6393(98)00047-8_BIB28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pakosz, M., 1983. Attitudinal judgements in intonation: Some evidence for a theory. Journal of Psychology Research 12 (3)","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01067673"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0167-6393(98)00047-8_BIB29","unstructured":"Pelachaud, C., Prevost, S., 1994. Sight and sound: Generating facial expressions and spoken intonation from context. In: Proceedings of the ESCA\/AAAI\/IEEE workshop on Speech Synthesis, New Paltz, New York, September 1994"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/S0167-6393(98)00047-8_BIB30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1207\/s15516709cog2001_1","article-title":"Generating facial expressions for speech","volume":"20","author":"Pelachaud","year":"1996","journal-title":"Cognitive Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0167-6393(98)00047-8_BIB31","unstructured":"Pezzato, N., Poggi, I., 1998. The alphabet and the lexicon of eyes. In: Proceedings of the 6th International Pragmatics Conference, Reims, France, 19\u201324 July 1998"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0167-6393(98)00047-8_BIB32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pierrehumbert, J., Hirschberg, J., 1990. The meaning of intonational contours in the interpretation of discourse. In: Cohen, P., Morgan, J., Pollack, M., (Eds.), Intentions in Communication. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, pp. 271\u2013312","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/3839.003.0016"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0167-6393(98)00047-8_BIB33","unstructured":"Platt, S.M., 1985. A structural model of the human face. Ph.D. thesis, University of Pennsylvania, Department of Computer and Information Science, Philadelphia, PA"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0167-6393(98)00047-8_BIB34","unstructured":"Poggi, I., 1987. Le parole nella testa. Guida a un'educazione linguistica cognitivista. Il Mulino, Bologna"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0167-6393(98)00047-8_BIB35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Poggi, I., Castelfranchi, C., 1990. Dare consigli. Bollettino Di.L.It., no. 3, pp. 29\u201349","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511571183.009"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0167-6393(98)00047-8_BIB36","unstructured":"Poggi, I., Magno Caldognetto, E., 1996. A score for the analysis of gestures in multimodal communication. In: Messing, L. (Ed.), Proceedings of the Workshop on the Integration of Gesture and Language in Speech. Applied Science and Engineering Laboratories, Newark and Wilmington, Del., pp. 235\u2013244"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0167-6393(98)00047-8_BIB37","unstructured":"Poggi, I., Magno Caldognetto, E., 1997. Mani che parlano. Gesti e Psicologia della comunicazione, Unipress, Padova"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0167-6393(98)00047-8_BIB38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1016\/0167-6393(94)90048-5","article-title":"Specifying intonation from context for speech synthesis","volume":"15","author":"Prevost","year":"1994","journal-title":"Speech Communication"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0167-6393(98)00047-8_BIB39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rist, T., Andre, E., Mueller, J., 1997. Adding animated presentation agents to the interface. Intelligent User Interface. pp. 79\u201386","DOI":"10.1145\/238218.238298"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0167-6393(98)00047-8_BIB40","unstructured":"Scherer, K., 1980. The functions of nonverbal signs in conversation. In: Giles, H., St. Clair, R. (Ed.), The Social and Physiological Contexts of Language. Lawrence Erlbaum, London, pp. 225\u2013243"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0167-6393(98)00047-8_BIB41","unstructured":"Scherer, K., 1981. Speech behavior and personality. In: Darby, R. (Ed.), Speech Evaluation in Psychiatry. Grune and Stratton, New York, pp. 189\u2013220"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0167-6393(98)00047-8_BIB42","unstructured":"Scherer, K., 1988. Facets of Emotion: Recent Research. Lawrence Erlbaum, Hillsdale, NJ"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0167-6393(98)00047-8_BIB43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Searle, J.R., 1969. Speech Acts. Cambridge University Press, London","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9781139173438"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0167-6393(98)00047-8_BIB44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Takeuchi, A., Nagao, K., 1993. Communicative facial displays as a new conversational modality. ACM\/IFIP INTERCHI'93, Amsterdam","DOI":"10.1145\/169059.169156"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0167-6393(98)00047-8_BIB45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Terzopoulos, D., Waters, K., 1991. Techniques for realistic facial modelling and animation. In: Magnenat-Thalmann, N., Thalmann, D. (Eds.), Computer Animation '91. Springer, Tokyo, pp. 45\u201358","DOI":"10.1007\/978-4-431-66890-9_5"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0167-6393(98)00047-8_BIB46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Thorisson, K., 1997. Layered action control in communicative humanoids. In: Proceedings of Computer Graphics Europe'97, 5\u20137 June 1997, Ginevra","DOI":"10.1109\/CA.1997.601055"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0167-6393(98)00047-8_BIB47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1177\/002383096000300403","article-title":"Attitudinal meanings conveyed by intonation contours","volume":"3","author":"Uldall","year":"1960","journal-title":"Language and Speech"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0167-6393(98)00047-8_BIB48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vatikiotis-Bateson, E., Munhall, K.G., Hirayama, M., Lee, Y.V., Terzopoulos, D., 1996. The dynamics of audiovisual behavior in speech. In: Stork, D.G., Hennecke, M.E. (Eds.), Speechreading by Humans and Machines, Models, Systems, and Applications. Computer and Systems Sciences, Vol. 150. NATO ASI Series, Springer, Berlin, pp. 221\u2013232","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-662-13015-5_16"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/S0167-6393(98)00047-8_BIB49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1145\/37402.37405","article-title":"A muscle model for animating three-dimensional facial expressions","volume":"21","author":"Waters","year":"1987","journal-title":"Computer Graphics"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/S0167-6393(98)00047-8_BIB50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00986872","article-title":"Judgements of facial expressions of emotion predicted from facial behavior","volume":"7","author":"Wiggers","year":"1982","journal-title":"Journal of Nonverbal Behavior"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0167-6393(98)00047-8_BIB51","unstructured":"Williams, C., Stevens, K., 1981. Vocal correlates of emotional states. In: Darby, R. (Ed.), Speech Evaluation in Psychiatry. Grune and Stratton, New York"}],"container-title":["Speech Communication"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0167639398000478?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0167639398000478?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,2]],"date-time":"2024-01-02T00:27:18Z","timestamp":1704155238000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0167639398000478"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1998,10]]},"references-count":51,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1-2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1998,10]]}},"alternative-id":["S0167639398000478"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0167-6393(98)00047-8","relation":{},"ISSN":["0167-6393"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0167-6393","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1998,10]]}}}