{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,27]],"date-time":"2026-03-27T16:53:58Z","timestamp":1774630438558,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2004,10,1]],"date-time":"2004-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1096588800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Decision Support Systems"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2004,10]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/s0167-9236(03)00096-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2003,9,3]],"date-time":"2003-09-03T15:09:00Z","timestamp":1062601740000},"page":"141-159","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["The economics of natural language interfaces: natural language processing technology as a scarce resource"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"38","author":[{"given":"Sumali J.","family":"Conlon","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"John R.","family":"Conlon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Tabitha L.","family":"James","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/S0167-9236(03)00096-4_BIB1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1080\/07421222.1994.11518042","article-title":"A form-based approach to natural language query processing","volume":"11","author":"Adam","year":"1994","journal-title":"Journal of Management Information Systems"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0167-9236(03)00096-4_BIB2","series-title":"Microsoft Access 2000","author":"Adamski","year":"2000"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/S0167-9236(03)00096-4_BIB3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1093\/ijl\/1.3.214","article-title":"Generating a relational lexicon from a machine readable dictionary","volume":"1","author":"Ahlswede","year":"1988","journal-title":"International Journal of Lexicography"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0167-9236(03)00096-4_BIB4","series-title":"Natural Language Understanding","author":"Allen","year":"1995"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/S0167-9236(03)00096-4_BIB5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1017\/S135132490000005X","article-title":"Natural language interfaces to databases-an introduction","volume":"1","author":"Androutsopoulos","year":"1995","journal-title":"Journal of Natural Language Engineering"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0167-9236(03)00096-4_BIB6","series-title":"English Syntax","author":"Baker","year":"1995"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0167-9236(03)00096-4_BIB7","series-title":"Syntactic Structures","author":"Chomsky","year":"1957"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0167-9236(03)00096-4_BIB8","series-title":"Aspects of the Theory of Syntax","author":"Chomsky","year":"1965"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/S0167-9236(03)00096-4_BIB9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1016\/0306-4573(93)90038-F","article-title":"Developing a large lexical database for information retrieval, parsing, and text generation systems","volume":"29","author":"Conlon","year":"1993","journal-title":"Information Processing and Management"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0167-9236(03)00096-4_BIB10","series-title":"Natural Language Processing for Prolog Programmers","author":"Covington","year":"1994"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0167-9236(03)00096-4_BIB11","series-title":"Prolog Programming in Depth","author":"Covington","year":"1988"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0167-9236(03)00096-4_BIB12","unstructured":"EasyAsk, Company Overview and Management Team (www.easyask.com, last viewed, May 7, 2003)."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/S0167-9236(03)00096-4_BIB13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1080\/07421222.1995.11518074","article-title":"Natural language access to multiple databases: a model and a prototype","volume":"12","author":"Ein-Dor","year":"1995","journal-title":"Journal of Management Information Systems"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0167-9236(03)00096-4_BIB14","unstructured":"ELF, About Us (www.elf-software.com\/about.htm, last viewed, May 7, 2003)."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0167-9236(03)00096-4_BIB15","unstructured":"ELF, Demos (www.elf-software.com\/demos.htm, last viewed, May 7, 2003)."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0167-9236(03)00096-4_BIB16","unstructured":"ELF, Store (www.elf-software.com\/store.htm, last viewed, May 7, 2003)."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/S0167-9236(03)00096-4_BIB17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1145\/3914.3985","article-title":"Transportable natural language processing through simplicity-the PRE system","volume":"3","author":"Epstein","year":"1985","journal-title":"ACM Transactions on Office Information Systems"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0167-9236(03)00096-4_BIB18","series-title":"WordNet: An Electronic Lexical Database","author":"Fellbaum","year":"1998"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/S0167-9236(03)00096-4_BIB19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/0004-3702(87)90011-7","article-title":"TEAM: an experiment in the design of transportable natural-language interfaces","volume":"32","author":"Grosz","year":"1987","journal-title":"Artificial Intelligence"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0167-9236(03)00096-4_BIB20","series-title":"Text-Based Intelligent Systems: Current Research and Practice in Information Extraction and Retrieval","year":"1992"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0167-9236(03)00096-4_BIB21","series-title":"Marketing Strategy and Uncertainty","author":"Jagpal","year":"1999"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/S0167-9236(03)00096-4_BIB22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1086\/466922","article-title":"Vertical integration, appropriable rents, and the competitive contracting process","volume":"21","author":"Klein","year":"1978","journal-title":"Journal of Law and Economics"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/S0167-9236(03)00096-4_BIB23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.2307\/3003636","article-title":"Quantity precommitment and bertrand competition yield cournot outcomes","volume":"14","author":"Kreps","year":"1983","journal-title":"Bell Journal of Economics"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0167-9236(03)00096-4_BIB24","unstructured":"Language Industry Monitor, TM\/2: Tip of the Iceberg? (www.lim.nl\/monitor\/ibm-tm2-2.html, 1993, last viewed, May 7, 2003)."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0167-9236(03)00096-4_BIB25","series-title":"Re-thinking the Network Economy","author":"Liebowitz","year":"2002"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0167-9236(03)00096-4_BIB26","series-title":"Proceedings of the Eighth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intellegence, Karlsruhe, West Germany","article-title":"Transportability and Generality in a Natural-Language Interface System","author":"Martin","year":"1983"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/S0167-9236(03)00096-4_BIB27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.2307\/2555674","article-title":"Monopoly with incomplete information","volume":"15","author":"Maskin","year":"1984","journal-title":"Rand Journal of Economics"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0167-9236(03)00096-4_BIB28","unstructured":"Microsoft, English Query (www.microsoft.com\/sql\/evaluation\/features\/english.asp, last viewed, May 7, 2003)."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/S0167-9236(03)00096-4_BIB29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1093\/ijl\/3.4.235","article-title":"WordNet: an on-line lexical database","volume":"3","author":"Miller","year":"1990","journal-title":"International Journal of Lexicography"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/S0167-9236(03)00096-4_BIB30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1145\/219717.219748","article-title":"WordNet: a lexical database for English","volume":"38","author":"Miller","year":"1995","journal-title":"Communications of the ACM"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0167-9236(03)00096-4_BIB31","series-title":"Enhanced Guide to Oracle8i","author":"Morrison","year":"2002"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/S0167-9236(03)00096-4_BIB32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1080\/07421222.1995.11518088","article-title":"Requirements validation via automated natural language processing","volume":"12","author":"Nanduri","year":"1996","journal-title":"Journal of Management Information Systems"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/S0167-9236(03)00096-4_BIB33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.2307\/1881841","article-title":"A Disneyland Dilemma: two part tariffs for a Mickey Mouse monopoly","volume":"85","author":"Oi","year":"1971","journal-title":"Quarterly Journal of Economics"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0167-9236(03)00096-4_BIB34","series-title":"The Oracle Edge: How Oracle Corporation's Take No Prisoners Strategy Has Created an $8 Billion Software Powerhouse","author":"Read","year":"2000"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0167-9236(03)00096-4_BIB35","series-title":"Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach","author":"Russell","year":"1995"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0167-9236(03)00096-4_BIB36","series-title":"Automatic Text Processing: The Transformation, Analysis, and Retrieval of Information by Computer","author":"Salton","year":"1989"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0167-9236(03)00096-4_BIB37","series-title":"Information Rules: A Strategic Guide to the Network Economy","author":"Shapiro","year":"1999"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0167-9236(03)00096-4_BIB38","series-title":"Industrial Organization, Theory and Practice","author":"Shy","year":"1995"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0167-9236(03)00096-4_BIB39","series-title":"The Economics of Network Industries","author":"Shy","year":"2001"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0167-9236(03)00096-4_BIB40","series-title":"The Theory of Industrial Organization","author":"Tirole","year":"1988"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/S0167-9236(03)00096-4_BIB41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"526","DOI":"10.1145\/359545.359550","article-title":"An english language question answering system for a large relational database","volume":"21","author":"Waltz","year":"1978","journal-title":"Communication of the ACM"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/S0167-9236(03)00096-4_BIB42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1002\/asi.4630360102","article-title":"Relational thesauri in information retrieval","volume":"36","author":"Wang","year":"1985","journal-title":"Journal of the American Society for Information Science"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/S0167-9236(03)00096-4_BIB43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"574","DOI":"10.1145\/358080.358101","article-title":"Talking to UNIX in english: an overview of UC","volume":"27","author":"Wilensky","year":"1984","journal-title":"Communications of the ACM"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/S0167-9236(03)00096-4_BIB44","first-page":"1537","article-title":"The modern corporation: origins, evolution, attributes","volume":"19","author":"Williamson","year":"1981","journal-title":"Journal of Economic Literature"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/S0167-9236(03)00096-4_BIB45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.1145\/355598.362773","article-title":"Transition network grammars for natural language analysis","volume":"13","author":"Woods","year":"1970","journal-title":"Communications of the ACM"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0167-9236(03)00096-4_BIB46","article-title":"Semantics and quantification in natural language question answering","volume":"vol. 17","author":"Woods","year":"1978"}],"container-title":["Decision Support Systems"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0167923603000964?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0167923603000964?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,25]],"date-time":"2019-02-25T11:57:11Z","timestamp":1551095831000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0167923603000964"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2004,10]]},"references-count":46,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2004,10]]}},"alternative-id":["S0167923603000964"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0167-9236(03)00096-4","relation":{},"ISSN":["0167-9236"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0167-9236","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2004,10]]}}}