{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,2]],"date-time":"2026-04-02T11:56:55Z","timestamp":1775131015817,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2001,1,1]],"date-time":"2001-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":978307200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Agricultural and Forest Meteorology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2001,1]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/s0168-1923(00)00199-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2002,7,25]],"date-time":"2002-07-25T21:05:18Z","timestamp":1027631118000},"page":"153-168","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":619,"title":["A comparison of methods for determining forest evapotranspiration and its components: sap-flow, soil water budget, eddy covariance and catchment water balance"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"106","author":[{"given":"Kell B","family":"Wilson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Paul J","family":"Hanson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Patrick J","family":"Mulholland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Dennis D","family":"Baldocchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Stan D","family":"Wullschleger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/S0168-1923(00)00199-4_BIB1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Adams, M.B., Kochenderfer, J.N., Wood, F., Wood, T.R., Edwards, P., 1994. Forty years of hydrometerological data from the Fernow Experimental Forest, West Virginia. USDA, Forest Service, Northeastern Forest Experiment Station, General Technical Report NE-184.","DOI":"10.2737\/NE-GTR-184"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0168-1923(00)00199-4_BIB2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00119815","article-title":"An open path, fast response infrared absorption gas analyzer for H2O and CO2","volume":"59","author":"Auble","year":"1992","journal-title":"Boundary-Layer Meteorol."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0168-1923(00)00199-4_BIB3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1000472717236","article-title":"Flux footprints within and over forest canopies","volume":"85","author":"Baldocchi","year":"1997","journal-title":"Boundary-Layer Meteorol."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0168-1923(00)00199-4_BIB4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7271","DOI":"10.1029\/91JD00269","article-title":"Trace gas exchange at the floor of a deciduous forest. I. Evaporation and CO2 efflux","volume":"96","author":"Baldocchi","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0168-1923(00)00199-4_BIB5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1331","DOI":"10.2307\/1941631","article-title":"Measuring biosphere-atmosphere exchanges of biologically related gases with micrometeorological methods","volume":"69","author":"Baldocchi","year":"1988","journal-title":"Ecology"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0168-1923(00)00199-4_BIB6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1002497616547","article-title":"On measuring net ecosystem carbon exchange over tall vegetation on complex terrain","volume":"96","author":"Baldocchi","year":"2000","journal-title":"Boundary-Layer Meteorol."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0168-1923(00)00199-4_BIB7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1071\/BT9960249","article-title":"Transpiration by trees from contrasting forest types","volume":"44","author":"Barrett","year":"1996","journal-title":"Aust. J. Bot."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0168-1923(00)00199-4_BIB8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00582233","article-title":"Transpiration of a 64-year old maritime pine stand in Portugal. 2. Evapotranspiration and canopy stomatal conductance measured by and eddy covariance technique","volume":"107","author":"Berbigier","year":"1996","journal-title":"Oecologia"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0168-1923(00)00199-4_BIB9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-1694(82)90117-2","article-title":"A review of catchment experiments to determine the effect of vegetation changes on water yield and evapotranspiration","volume":"55","author":"Bosch","year":"1982","journal-title":"J. Hydrol."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0168-1923(00)00199-4_BIB10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1093\/treephys\/18.8-9.625","article-title":"Water use by forests, limits and controls","volume":"18","author":"Calder","year":"1998","journal-title":"Tree Physiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0168-1923(00)00199-4_BIB11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-1694(86)90132-0","article-title":"Investigation into the use of deuterium as a tracer for measuring transpiration from eucalyptus","volume":"84","author":"Calder","year":"1986","journal-title":"J. Hydrol."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0168-1923(00)00199-4_BIB12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00202020","article-title":"Gas-exchange and sap flow measurements of Salix viminalis trees in short-rotation forest","volume":"9","author":"Cienciala","year":"1995","journal-title":"Trees"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0168-1923(00)00199-4_BIB13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"681","DOI":"10.1093\/treephys\/19.10.681","article-title":"Potential errors in measurement of nonuniform sap flow using heat dissipation probes","volume":"19","author":"Clearwater","year":"1999","journal-title":"Tree Physiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0168-1923(00)00199-4_BIB14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cuenca, R.H., Stangel, D.E., Kelly, S.F., 1997. Soil water balance in a boreal forest. J Geophys. Res. (D4) 29355\u201329365.","DOI":"10.1029\/97JD02312"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0168-1923(00)00199-4_BIB15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1016\/0168-1923(93)90002-Y","article-title":"Use of microlysimeters to measure evaporation from sandy soils","volume":"65","author":"Daamen","year":"1993","journal-title":"Agric. For. Meteorol."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0168-1923(00)00199-4_BIB16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-1694(93)90130-2","article-title":"Measuring water use efficiency of eucalypt trees with chambers and micrometeorological techniques","volume":"150","author":"Denmead","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Hydrol."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0168-1923(00)00199-4_BIB17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00036046","article-title":"Extrapolation of \u2018point\u2019 measurements of evaporation: some issues of scale","volume":"91","author":"Dunin","year":"1991","journal-title":"Vegetatio"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0168-1923(00)00199-4_BIB18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1016\/0168-1923(88)90043-3","article-title":"The effect of tree spacing on evaporation from an agroforestry experiment","volume":"42","author":"Eastham","year":"1988","journal-title":"Agric. For. Meteorol."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0168-1923(00)00199-4_BIB19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1093\/treephys\/1.2.127","article-title":"Precision weighing lysimetry for trees, using a simplified tared-balance design","volume":"1","author":"Edwards","year":"1986","journal-title":"Tree Physiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0168-1923(00)00199-4_BIB20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1093\/treephys\/3.4.309","article-title":"Evaluation of transpiration in a Douglass-fir stand by means of sap flow measurements","volume":"3","author":"Granier","year":"1987","journal-title":"Tree Physiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0168-1923(00)00199-4_BIB21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1016\/0168-1923(90)90115-M","article-title":"Vapour flux density and transpiration rate comparisons in a stand of Maritime pine (Pinus pinaster Ait.) in Les Landes forest","volume":"51","author":"Granier","year":"1990","journal-title":"Agric. For. Meteorol."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0168-1923(00)00199-4_BIB22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-1923(99)00151-3","article-title":"Water balance, transpiration and canopy conductance in two beech stands","volume":"100","author":"Granier","year":"2000","journal-title":"Agric. For. Meteorol."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0168-1923(00)00199-4_BIB23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2486.1996.tb00071.x","article-title":"Seasonal variations of CO2 and water vapour exchange rates over a temperate deciduous forest","volume":"2","author":"Greco","year":"1996","journal-title":"Global Change Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0168-1923(00)00199-4_BIB24","unstructured":"Grimmond, C.S.B., Hanson, P.J., Cropley, F., Schmid, H.P., Wullschleger, S., 2000. Evapotranspiration rates at the Morgan Monroe State Forest Ameriflux site: a comparison of results from eddy covariance turbulent flux measurements and sap flow techniques. In: 15th Conference on Hydrology, American Meteorological Society, Long Beach, CA, pp. 158\u2013161."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0168-1923(00)00199-4_BIB25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28929","DOI":"10.1029\/96JD03881","article-title":"A comparison of sap flow and eddy fluxes of water vapor from a boreal deciduous forest","volume":"102","author":"Hogg","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0168-1923(00)00199-4_BIB26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00119817","article-title":"Footprint estimation for scalar flux measurements in the atmospheric boundary layer","volume":"59","author":"Horst","year":"1992","journal-title":"Boundary-Layer Meteorol."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0168-1923(00)00199-4_BIB27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Huff, D.D., Luxmoore R.J., Begovich, C., 1977. TEHM: A terrestrial ecosystem hydrology model. ORNL\/NSL\/EATC-27. Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN.","DOI":"10.2172\/7313500"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0168-1923(00)00199-4_BIB28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.2307\/2260387","article-title":"The architecture of a deciduous forest canopy in eastern Tennessee USA","volume":"74","author":"Hutchison","year":"1986","journal-title":"J. Ecol."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0168-1923(00)00199-4_BIB29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-1923(96)02372-6","article-title":"Twenty years of heat and water balance climatology at the Hartheim pine forest Germany","volume":"84","author":"Jaeger","year":"1997","journal-title":"Agric. For. Meteorol."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0168-1923(00)00199-4_BIB30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Johnson, D.W., Lindberg, S.E. (Eds.), 1992. Atmospheric Deposition and Nutrient Cycling in Forest Ecosystems. Springer, New York.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4612-2806-6"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0168-1923(00)00199-4_BIB31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Johnson, D.W., Van Hook, R.I. (Eds.), 1989. Analysis of Biogeochemical Cycling Processes in Walker Branch Watershed. Springer, New York.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4612-3512-5"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0168-1923(00)00199-4_BIB32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1004352008490","article-title":"Impacts of long-term water input manipulations on fine root production and mortality in mature hardwood forests","volume":"204","author":"Joslin","year":"1998","journal-title":"Plant Soil"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0168-1923(00)00199-4_BIB33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.1093\/treephys\/18.10.697","article-title":"A comparison of heat pulse and deuterium tracing techniques for estimating sap flow in Eucalyptus trees","volume":"18","author":"Kalma","year":"1998","journal-title":"Tree Physiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0168-1923(00)00199-4_BIB34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/0168-1923(92)90005-O","article-title":"Evaporation, xylem sap flow, and tree transpiration in a New Zealand broad-leaved forest","volume":"62","author":"Kelliher","year":"1992","journal-title":"Agric. For. Meteorol."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0168-1923(00)00199-4_BIB35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00317623","article-title":"Transpiration and canopy conductance in a pristine broad-leaved forest of Nothfagus: an analysis of xylem sap flow and eddy correlation measurements","volume":"91","author":"K\u00f6stner","year":"1992","journal-title":"Oecologia"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0168-1923(00)00199-4_BIB36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/0168-1923(95)02310-0","article-title":"Carbon dioxide exchange and nocturnal processes over a mixed deciduous forest","volume":"81","author":"Lee","year":"1996","journal-title":"Agric. For. Meteorol."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0168-1923(00)00199-4_BIB37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"785","DOI":"10.2136\/sssaj1983.03615995004700040034x","article-title":"Water budget of an eastern deciduous forest stand","volume":"47","author":"Luxmoore","year":"1983","journal-title":"Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0168-1923(00)00199-4_BIB38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Luxmoore, R.J., Huff, D.D., 1989. Water. In: Johnson, D.W., Van Hook, R.I. (Eds.), Analysis of Biogeochemical Cycling Processes in Walker Branch Watershed. Springer, New York, pp. 164\u2013196.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4612-3512-5_5"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0168-1923(00)00199-4_BIB39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"692","DOI":"10.2136\/sssaj1981.03615995004500040004x","article-title":"Hydraulic properties of Fullerton cherty silt loam","volume":"45","author":"Luxmoore","year":"1981","journal-title":"Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0168-1923(00)00199-4_BIB40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0450(1996)035<0122:SVIRAT>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Season variation in radiative and turbulent exchange at a deciduous forest in central Massachusetts","volume":"35","author":"Moore","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Appl. Meteorol."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0168-1923(00)00199-4_BIB41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moore, K.E., Fitzjarrald, D.R., Sakai, R.K., Freedman, J.M., 2000. Growing season water balance at a boreal Jack Pine forest. Water Resour. Res., in press.","DOI":"10.1029\/1999WR900275"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0168-1923(00)00199-4_BIB42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Paw U, K.T., Baldocchi, D.D., Meyers, T.P., Wilson, K.B., 2000. Correction of eddy-covariance measurements incorporating both advective effects and density fluxes. Boundary-Layer Meteorol., in press.","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1002786702909"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0168-1923(00)00199-4_BIB43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"983","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3040.1996.tb00463.x","article-title":"Radial patterns of xylem sap flow in non- or diffuse- and ring-porous species","volume":"19","author":"Phillips","year":"1996","journal-title":"Plant Cell Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0168-1923(00)00199-4_BIB44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0493(1972)100<0081:OTAOSH>2.3.CO;2","article-title":"On the assessment of surface heat flux and evaporation using large-scale parameters","volume":"100","author":"Priestly","year":"1972","journal-title":"Monthly Weather Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0168-1923(00)00199-4_BIB45","unstructured":"Rutter, A.J. 1968. Water consumption by forests. In: Kozlowski, T.T. (Ed.), Water Deficits and Plant Growth. Academic Press, New York, Chapter 2, pp. 23\u201384."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0168-1923(00)00199-4_BIB46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1093\/treephys\/17.8-9.511","article-title":"Transpiration of a boreal pine forest measured by branch bag, sap flow and micrometerological methods","volume":"17","author":"Saugier","year":"1997","journal-title":"Tree Physiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0168-1923(00)00199-4_BIB47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1833","DOI":"10.1093\/jxb\/47.12.1833","article-title":"Measurement of sap flow in plant stems","volume":"47","author":"Smith","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Exp. Bot."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0168-1923(00)00199-4_BIB48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Swift Jr., L.W., Cunningham, G.B., Douglass, J.E., 1988. Climate and hydrology. In: Swank, W.T., Crossley Jr., D.A. (Eds.), Forest Hydrology and Ecology at Coweeta. Springer, New York.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4612-3732-7_3"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0168-1923(00)00199-4_BIB49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1093\/treephys\/16.1-2.273","article-title":"Water use by Pinus radiata trees in a plantation","volume":"16","author":"Teskey","year":"1996","journal-title":"Tree Physiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0168-1923(00)00199-4_BIB50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-1923(99)00088-X","article-title":"Seasonal and interannual variability of energy fluxes over a broadleaved temperate deciduous forest in North America","volume":"100","author":"Wilson","year":"2000","journal-title":"Agric. For. Meteorol."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0168-1923(00)00199-4_BIB51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wilson, K.B., Meyers, T.P., 2000. The spatial variability of energy and carbon fluxes at the floor of a deciduous forest. Boundary-Layer Meteorol., in press.","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1018779506973"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0168-1923(00)00199-4_BIB52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-1923(00)00124-6","article-title":"Factors controlling evaporation and energy partitioning beneath a deciduous forest over an annual cycle","volume":"102","author":"Wilson","year":"2000","journal-title":"Agric. For. Meteorol."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0168-1923(00)00199-4_BIB53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1093\/treephys\/20.9.565","article-title":"Spatial and seasonal variability of photosynthetic parameters and their relationship to leaf nitrogen in a deciduous forest","volume":"20","author":"Wilson","year":"2000","journal-title":"Tree Physiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0168-1923(00)00199-4_BIB54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"787","DOI":"10.1093\/treephys\/20.12.787","article-title":"Quantifying stomatal and non-stomatal limitations to carbon assimilation rate as a result of leaf aging and drought in mature deciduous tree species","volume":"20","author":"Wilson","year":"2000","journal-title":"Tree Physiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0168-1923(00)00199-4_BIB55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1093\/treephys\/18.8-9.499","article-title":"A review of whole-plant water use studies in trees","volume":"18","author":"Wullschleger","year":"1998","journal-title":"Tree Physiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0168-1923(00)00199-4_BIB56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wullschleger, S.D., Hanson, P.J., Todd, D.E., 2000a. Transpiration from a multi-species deciduous forest as estimated by xylem sap flow techniques. For. Ecol. Manage., in press.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-1127(00)00518-1"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0168-1923(00)00199-4_BIB57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-1923(00)00152-0","article-title":"Environmental control of whole-plant transpiration, canopy conductance and estimates of the decoupling coefficient for large red maple trees","volume":"104","author":"Wullschleger","year":"2000","journal-title":"Agric. For. Meteorol."}],"container-title":["Agricultural and Forest Meteorology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0168192300001994?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0168192300001994?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,13]],"date-time":"2023-04-13T15:38:18Z","timestamp":1681400298000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0168192300001994"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2001,1]]},"references-count":57,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2001,1]]}},"alternative-id":["S0168192300001994"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0168-1923(00)00199-4","relation":{},"ISSN":["0168-1923"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0168-1923","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2001,1]]}}}