{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,27]],"date-time":"2026-05-27T19:47:04Z","timestamp":1779911224843,"version":"3.53.1"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1999,1,1]],"date-time":"1999-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":915148800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Trends in Genetics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1999,1]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/s0168-9525(98)01636-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2002,7,26]],"date-time":"2002-07-26T01:14:54Z","timestamp":1027646094000},"page":"34-37","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":534,"title":["The DNA methylation paradox"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Peter A.","family":"Jones","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/S0168-9525(98)01636-9_BIB1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-2836(87)90689-9","article-title":"CpG islands in vertebrate genomes","volume":"196","author":"Gardiner-Garden","year":"1987","journal-title":"J. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0168-9525(98)01636-9_BIB2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1095","DOI":"10.1016\/0888-7543(92)90024-M","article-title":"CpG islands as gene markers in the human genome","volume":"13","author":"Larsen","year":"1992","journal-title":"Genomics"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0168-9525(98)01636-9_BIB3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.1016\/0168-9525(87)90294-0","article-title":"CpG islands as gene markers in the vertebrate nucleus","volume":"3","author":"Bird","year":"1987","journal-title":"Trends Genet."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0168-9525(98)01636-9_BIB4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1159\/000130315","article-title":"X inactivation, differentiation, and DNA methylation","author":"Riggs","year":"1975","journal-title":"Cytogenet"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0168-9525(98)01636-9_BIB5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1111098","article-title":"DNA modification mechanisms and gene activity during development","volume":"187","author":"Holliday","year":"1975","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0168-9525(98)01636-9_BIB6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"386","DOI":"10.1038\/30764","article-title":"Transcriptional repression by the methyl-CpG-binding protein MeCP2 involves a histone deacetylase complex","volume":"393","author":"Nan","year":"1998","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0168-9525(98)01636-9_BIB7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1038\/561","article-title":"Methylated DNA and MeCP2 recruit histone deacetylase to repress transcription","volume":"19","author":"Jones","year":"1998","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0168-9525(98)01636-9_BIB8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6150","DOI":"10.1128\/MCB.15.11.6150","article-title":"Transcriptional activation of the Epstein\u2013Barr virus latency C promoter after 5-azacytidine treatment: evidence that demethylation at a single CpG site is crucial","volume":"15","author":"Robertson","year":"1995","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0168-9525(98)01636-9_BIB9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5487","DOI":"10.1128\/MCB.14.8.5487","article-title":"Dependence of transcriptional repression on CpG methylation density","volume":"14","author":"Hsieh","year":"1994","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0168-9525(98)01636-9_BIB10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5897","DOI":"10.1128\/MCB.17.10.5897","article-title":"Stability of patch methylation and its impact in regions of transcriptional initiation and elongation","volume":"17","author":"Hsieh","year":"1997","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0168-9525(98)01636-9_BIB11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7372","DOI":"10.1128\/MCB.13.12.7372","article-title":"Inactive chromatin spreads from a focus of methylation","volume":"13","author":"Kass","year":"1993","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0168-9525(98)01636-9_BIB12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2383","DOI":"10.1101\/gad.11.18.2383","article-title":"DNA methylation inhibits elongation but not initiation of transcription in Neurospora crassa","volume":"11","author":"Rountree","year":"1997","journal-title":"Genes Dev."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0168-9525(98)01636-9_BIB13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"743","DOI":"10.1016\/S0959-437X(96)80030-X","article-title":"The origin of interspersed repeats in the human genome","volume":"6","author":"Smit","year":"1996","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Genet. Dev."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0168-9525(98)01636-9_BIB14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1006\/jmbi.1996.0246","article-title":"The rate of CpG mutation in Alu repetitive elements within the p53 tumor suppressor gene in the primate germline","volume":"258","author":"Yang","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0168-9525(98)01636-9_BIB15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-9525(97)01181-5","article-title":"Cytosine methylation and the ecology of intragenomic parasites","volume":"13","author":"Yoder","year":"1997","journal-title":"Trends Genet."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0168-9525(98)01636-9_BIB16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4225","DOI":"10.1128\/MCB.14.6.4225","article-title":"Ubiquitous and tenacious methylation of the CpG site in codon 248 of the p53 gene may explain its frequent appearance as a mutational hotspot in human cancer","volume":"14","author":"Magewu","year":"1994","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0168-9525(98)01636-9_BIB17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"745","DOI":"10.1038\/39631","article-title":"Imprinted expression of the Igf2r gene depends on an intronic CpG island","volume":"389","author":"Wutz","year":"1997","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0168-9525(98)01636-9_BIB18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"536","DOI":"10.1038\/ng0894-536","article-title":"Methylation of the oestrogen receptor CpG island links ageing and neoplasia in human colon","volume":"7","author":"Issa","year":"1994","journal-title":"Nature Genet."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0168-9525(98)01636-9_BIB19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11757","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.93.21.11757","article-title":"Switch from monoallelic to biallelic human IGF2 promoter methylation during aging and carcinogenesis","volume":"93","author":"Issa","year":"1996","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0168-9525(98)01636-9_BIB20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10722","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.91.22.10722","article-title":"Progressive de novo DNA methylation at the bcr-abl locus in the course of chronic myelogenous leukemia","volume":"91","author":"Zion","year":"1994","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0168-9525(98)01636-9_BIB21","first-page":"4531","article-title":"Methylation of the 5\u2032 CpG island of the p16\/CDKN2 tumor suppressor gene in normal and transformed human tissues correlates with gene silencing","volume":"55","author":"Gonzalez-Zulueta","year":"1995","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0168-9525(98)01636-9_BIB22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1006\/geno.1998.5502","article-title":"DNA methylation differences associated with tumor tissues identified by genome scanning analysis","volume":"53","author":"Liang","year":"1998","journal-title":"Genomics"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0168-9525(98)01636-9_BIB23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-230X(08)60702-2","article-title":"Alterations in DNA methylation: a fundamental aspect of neoplasia","volume":"72","author":"Baylin","year":"1998","journal-title":"Adv. Cancer Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0168-9525(98)01636-9_BIB24","first-page":"2463","article-title":"DNA methylation errors and cancer","volume":"56","author":"Jones","year":"1996","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0168-9525(98)01636-9_BIB25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6870","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.95.12.6870","article-title":"Incidence and functional consequences of hMLH1 promoter hypermethylation in colorectal carcinoma","volume":"95","author":"Herman","year":"1998","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0168-9525(98)01636-9_BIB26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1038\/25779","article-title":"DNA hypomethylation leads to elevated mutation rates","volume":"395","author":"Chen","year":"1998","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0168-9525(98)01636-9_BIB27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"915","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(92)90611-F","article-title":"Targeted mutation of the DNA methyltransferase gene results in embryonic lethality","volume":"69","author":"Li","year":"1992","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0168-9525(98)01636-9_BIB28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"775","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/2.6.775","article-title":"A methylated CpG island 3\u2032 in the apolipoprotein-E gene does not repress its transcription","volume":"2","author":"Larsen","year":"1993","journal-title":"Hum. Mol. Genet."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0168-9525(98)01636-9_BIB29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1432-1033.1995.tb20698.x","article-title":"Overexpression of DNA methyltransferase in myoblast cells accelerates myotube formation","volume":"231","author":"Takagi","year":"1995","journal-title":"Eur. J. Biochem."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0168-9525(98)01636-9_BIB30","first-page":"1245","article-title":"The role of DNA methylation in expression of the p19\/p16 locus in human bladder cancer cell lines","volume":"58","author":"Gonzalgo","year":"1998","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0168-9525(98)01636-9_BIB31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"914","DOI":"10.1128\/MCB.6.3.914","article-title":"Methylation of the mouse hprt gene differs on the active and inactive X chromosomes","volume":"6","author":"Lock","year":"1986","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0168-9525(98)01636-9_BIB32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6457","DOI":"10.1128\/MCB.18.11.6457","article-title":"The human ARF cell cycle regulatory gene promoter is a CpG island which can be silenced by DNA methylation and down regulated by wild-type p53","volume":"18","author":"Robertson","year":"1998","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0168-9525(98)01636-9_BIB33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6117","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.87.16.6117","article-title":"De novo methylation of the MyoD1 CpG island during the establishment of immortal cell lines","volume":"87","author":"Jones","year":"1990","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A."}],"container-title":["Trends in Genetics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0168952598016369?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0168952598016369?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,16]],"date-time":"2019-04-16T00:54:24Z","timestamp":1555376064000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0168952598016369"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1999,1]]},"references-count":33,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1999,1]]}},"alternative-id":["S0168952598016369"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0168-9525(98)01636-9","relation":{},"ISSN":["0168-9525"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0168-9525","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1999,1]]}}}