{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,25]],"date-time":"2025-09-25T16:00:25Z","timestamp":1758816025934},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1999,9,1]],"date-time":"1999-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":936144000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Data & Knowledge Engineering"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1999,9]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/s0169-023x(99)00022-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2003,4,5]],"date-time":"2003-04-05T00:18:15Z","timestamp":1049501895000},"page":"99-113","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Toward principles for the representation of hierarchical knowledge in formal ontologies"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"31","author":[{"given":"Dean M.","family":"Jones","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Ray C.","family":"Paton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/S0169-023X(99)00022-1_BIB1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"E.E. Abola, J.L. Sussman, J. Prilusky, N.O. Manning, Protein data bank archives of three dimensional macromolecular structures, in: C.W. Carter Jr., R.M. Sweet (Eds.), Methods in Enzymology, vol. 277, Academic Press, San Diego, 1997, pp. 556\u2013571","DOI":"10.1016\/S0076-6879(97)77031-9"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0169-023X(99)00022-1_BIB2","series-title":"Molecular biology of the cell","author":"Alberts","year":"1989"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0169-023X(99)00022-1_BIB3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03196968","article-title":"Ad hoc categories","volume":"11","author":"Barsalou","year":"1983","journal-title":"Memory and Cognition"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0169-023X(99)00022-1_BIB4","unstructured":"J. Bouaud, B. Bachimont, J. Charlet, P. Zweigenbaum, Acquisition and structuring of an ontology within conceptual graphs, in: Proceedings of the ICCS\u201994 Workshop on Knowledge Acquisition using Conceptual Graph Theory, University of Maryland, 1994, pp. 1\u201325"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0169-023X(99)00022-1_BIB5","unstructured":"M. Fern\u00e1ndez, A. G\u00f3mez-P\u00e9rez, N. Juristo, Methontology: from ontological art towards ontological engineering, AAAI-97 Spring Symposium on Ontological Engineering, Stanford University, 1997"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/S0169-023X(99)00022-1_BIB6","first-page":"53","article-title":"The state of the art in ontology design a survey and comparative review","volume":"18","author":"Fridman Noy","year":"1997","journal-title":"AI Magazine"},{"issue":"5\/6","key":"10.1016\/S0169-023X(99)00022-1_BIB7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"907","DOI":"10.1006\/ijhc.1995.1081","article-title":"Towards principles for the design of ontologies used for knowledge sharing","volume":"43","author":"Gruber","year":"1995","journal-title":"Int. J. Human-Computer Studies"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0169-023X(99)00022-1_BIB8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"N. Guarino, M. Carrara, P. Giaretta, An ontology of meta-level categories, in: D.J.E. Sandewall, P. Torasso (Eds.), Proceedings of the KR\u201994 Morgan Kaufmann, San Mateo, CA, 1994, pp. 270\u2013280","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-1-4832-1452-8.50121-4"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0169-023X(99)00022-1_BIB9","unstructured":"D.M. Jones, T.J.M. Bench-Caponand, P.R.S. Visser, Methodologies for ontology development, in: Proceedings of the IT and KNOWS Conference of the 15th FIP World Computer Congress, Chapman-Hall, London, 1998, pp. 270\u2013280"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0169-023X(99)00022-1_BIB10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"D.M. Jones, R.C. Paton, Acquisition of conceptual structure in scientific theories, in: Proceedings of the 10th EKAW-97 \u2013 European Knowledge Acquisition Workshop, Springer, Berlin, 1997, pp. 145\u2013158","DOI":"10.1007\/BFb0026783"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/S0169-023X(99)00022-1_BIB11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1469","DOI":"10.1037\/0003-066X.44.12.1469","article-title":"Concepts and conceptual structure","volume":"44","author":"Medin","year":"1989","journal-title":"Am. Psych."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0169-023X(99)00022-1_BIB12","series-title":"The Psychology of Computer Vision","first-page":"211","article-title":"A framework for representing knowledge","author":"Minsky","year":"1975"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0169-023X(99)00022-1_BIB13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"536","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-2836(05)80134-2","article-title":"SCOP: a structural classification of proteins database for the investigation of sequences and structures","volume":"247","author":"Murzin","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0169-023X(99)00022-1_BIB14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1006\/ijhc.1996.0094","article-title":"Impediments in the use of explicit ontologies for KBS development","volume":"46","author":"O\u2019Leary","year":"1997","journal-title":"Int. J. Human-Computer Studies"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/S0169-023X(99)00022-1_BIB15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1080\/0950069930150404","article-title":"Understanding biosystem organisation I: verbal relations","volume":"15","author":"Paton","year":"1993","journal-title":"Int. J. Sci. Ed."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0169-023X(99)00022-1_BIB16","unstructured":"R.C. Paton, S.C. Lynch, D.M. Jones, H.S. Nwana, T.J.M. Bench-Capon, M.J.R. Shave, Domain characterisation for knowledge based systems, in: Proc. A.I. 94 \u2013 14th International Avignon Conference, vol. 1, 1994, pp. 41\u201354"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0169-023X(99)00022-1_BIB17","series-title":"Realism and the Aim of Science","author":"Popper","year":"1983"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0169-023X(99)00022-1_BIB18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1037\/0096-3445.104.3.192","article-title":"Cognitive representation of semantic categories","volume":"104","author":"Rosch","year":"1975","journal-title":"J. Experimental Psychology"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0169-023X(99)00022-1_BIB19","unstructured":"G. Steve, A. Gangemi, D.M. Pisanelli, Integrating medical terminologies with onions methodology, in: H. Kangassalo, J.P. Charrel (Eds.), Information Modelling and Knowledge Bases VIII, IOS Press, Amsterdam, 1997"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0169-023X(99)00022-1_BIB20","series-title":"Individuals: An Essay in Descriptive Metaphysics","author":"Strawson","year":"1959"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0169-023X(99)00022-1_BIB21","first-page":"27","article-title":"A comparison of four ontologies for the design of legal knowledge systems","volume":"6","author":"Visser","year":"1999","journal-title":"AI and Law"}],"container-title":["Data & Knowledge Engineering"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0169023X99000221?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0169023X99000221?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,24]],"date-time":"2019-04-24T22:27:12Z","timestamp":1556144832000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0169023X99000221"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1999,9]]},"references-count":21,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1999,9]]}},"alternative-id":["S0169023X99000221"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0169-023x(99)00022-1","relation":{},"ISSN":["0169-023X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0169-023X","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1999,9]]}}}