{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,21]],"date-time":"2025-10-21T14:51:38Z","timestamp":1761058298781},"reference-count":123,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2000,12,1]],"date-time":"2000-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":975628800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Psychiatric Clinics of North America"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2000,12]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/s0193-953x(05)70193-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,6,30]],"date-time":"2005-06-30T12:05:14Z","timestamp":1120133114000},"page":"713-729","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":39,"title":["CELLULAR MECHANISMS IN THE VULNERABILITY TO DEPRESSION AND RESPONSE TO ANTIDEPRESSANTS"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Richard C.","family":"Shelton","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/S0193-953X(05)70193-3_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-3223(89)90183-2","article-title":"Elevated CSF CRF in suicide victims","volume":"25","author":"Arato","year":"1989","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0193-953X(05)70193-3_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1677\/joe.0.1600001","article-title":"The role of corticotropin-releasing factor in depression and anxiety disorders","volume":"160","author":"Arborelius","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Endocrinol"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0193-953X(05)70193-3_bib3","series-title":"New Concepts in Depression","first-page":"161","article-title":"Is down-regulation of B-andrenocecptors necessary for antidepressant activity?","author":"Assie","year":"1988"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0193-953X(05)70193-3_bib4","first-page":"39","article-title":"Cerebrospinal fluid neuropeptides in mood disorder and dementia. J Affect","volume":"25","author":"Banki","year":"1992","journal-title":"Disord"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0193-953X(05)70193-3_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1016\/0166-2236(95)93942-Q","article-title":"Do antidepressants stabilize mood through actions on the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical system?","volume":"18","author":"Barden","year":"1995","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0193-953X(05)70193-3_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.cb.04.110188.002201","article-title":"Regulation of adenylate cyclase-coupled \u03b2-adrenergic receptors","volume":"4","author":"Benovic","year":"1988","journal-title":"Ann Rev Cell Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0193-953X(05)70193-3_bib7","first-page":"256","article-title":"Adrenergic serotonergic receptor binding in rat brain after chronic desmethylimipramine treatment","volume":"209","author":"Bergstrom","year":"1979","journal-title":"J Pharmacol Exp Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0193-953X(05)70193-3_bib8","first-page":"303","article-title":"Serotonin receptor sensitivity after acute and chronic treatment with mianserin","volume":"221","author":"Blackshear","year":"1982","journal-title":"J Pharmacol Exp Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0193-953X(05)70193-3_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-6147(94)90315-8","article-title":"Current advances and trends in the treatment of depression","volume":"15","author":"Blier","year":"1994","journal-title":"Trends Pharmacol Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0193-953X(05)70193-3_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02761776","article-title":"Chronic administration of imipramine and citalopram alters the expression of NMDA receptor subunit mRNA's in mouse brain","volume":"10","author":"Boyer","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Mol Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0193-953X(05)70193-3_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(92)90459-M","article-title":"The antidepressants fluoxetine, idazoxan and phenelzine alter corticotropin-releasing hormone and tyrosine hydroxylase mRNA levels in rat brain: Therapeutic implications","volume":"572","author":"Brady","year":"1992","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0193-953X(05)70193-3_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1016\/0361-9230(94)90168-6","article-title":"Stress, antidepressant drugs, and the locus coeruleus","volume":"35","author":"Brady","year":"1994","journal-title":"Brain Res Bull"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0193-953X(05)70193-3_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"831","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI115086","article-title":"Long-term antidepressant administration alters corticotropin releasing hormone, tyrosine hydroxylase and mineralocorticoid receptor gene expression in rate brain","volume":"87","author":"Brady","year":"1991","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0193-953X(05)70193-3_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7953","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.18-19-07953.1998","article-title":"Brain-derived neurotrophic factor and basic fibroblast growth factor down-regulate NMDA receptor function in cerebellar granule cells","volume":"18","author":"Brandoli","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0193-953X(05)70193-3_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.157.1.115","article-title":"Hippocampal volume reduction in major depression","volume":"157","author":"Bremner","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0193-953X(05)70193-3_bib16","first-page":"147","article-title":"The effect of chronic treatment with antidepressant drugs on the corticosteroid receptor levels in the rat hippocampus","volume":"46","author":"Budziszewska","year":"1994","journal-title":"Pol J Pharmacol"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0193-953X(05)70193-3_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1965.01730060001001","article-title":"Norepinephrine in depressive reactions: A review","volume":"13","author":"Bunney","year":"1965","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0193-953X(05)70193-3_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"683","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.ph.51.030189.003343","article-title":"Regulation of gene expression by glucocorticoids","volume":"51","author":"Burnstein","year":"1989","journal-title":"Ann Rev Physiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0193-953X(05)70193-3_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1231","DOI":"10.1002\/jps.2600841016","article-title":"I-Aminocyclopropanecarboxylic acid; mouse to man interspecies pharmacokinetic comparisons and allometric relationships","volume":"84","author":"Cherkofsky","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Pharm Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0193-953X(05)70193-3_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1244","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1992.03480090092034","article-title":"The concepts of stress and stress system disorders","volume":"267","author":"Chrousos","year":"1992","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0193-953X(05)70193-3_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1237","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.113.504.1237","article-title":"The biochemistry of affective disorders","volume":"113","author":"Coppen","year":"1967","journal-title":"Br J Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0193-953X(05)70193-3_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.902740107","article-title":"Anatomical specificity of noradrenergic inputs to the paraventricular and supraoptic nuclei of the rat hypothalamus","volume":"274","author":"Cunningham","year":"1988","journal-title":"J Comp Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0193-953X(05)70193-3_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1016\/0361-9230(94)90172-4","article-title":"Corticotropin-releasing factor neurotransmission in locus coeruleus: A possible site of antidepressant action","volume":"35","author":"Curtis","year":"1994","journal-title":"Brain Res Bull"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0193-953X(05)70193-3_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02244985","article-title":"Binding of antidepressants to human brain receptors: Focus on newer generation compounds","volume":"114","author":"Cusack","year":"1994","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0193-953X(05)70193-3_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"608","DOI":"10.2165\/00003495-199753040-00006","article-title":"Nefazodone: A review of its pharmacology and clinical efficacy in the management of major depression","volume":"53","author":"Davis","year":"1997","journal-title":"Drugs"},{"issue":"suppl 4","key":"10.1016\/S0193-953X(05)70193-3_bib26","first-page":"19","article-title":"The pharmacologic profile of mirtazapine","volume":"57","author":"de Boer","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Clin Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0193-953X(05)70193-3_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-2999(91)90284-W","article-title":"The novel antidepressant, Tianeptine, reduces stress-evoked stimulation of the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis","volume":"202","author":"Delbende","year":"1991","journal-title":"Eur J Pharmacol"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0193-953X(05)70193-3_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.164.3.365","article-title":"Glucocorticoids and the genesis of depressive illness: A psychobiological perspective","volume":"164","author":"Dinan","year":"1994","journal-title":"Br J Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0193-953X(05)70193-3_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-5793(96)00748-X","article-title":"Down-regulation of the protein kinase: A pathway by activators of protein kinase C and intracellular Ca2+ in fibroblast cells","volume":"391","author":"Dobbeling","year":"1996","journal-title":"FEBS Lett"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0193-953X(05)70193-3_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1181","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(99)00177-8","article-title":"Neural plasticity to stress and antidepressant treatment","volume":"46","author":"Duman","year":"1999","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0193-953X(05)70193-3_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1997.01830190015002","article-title":"A molecular and cellular theory of depression","volume":"54","author":"Duman","year":"1997","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0193-953X(05)70193-3_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(98)00031-6","article-title":"Novel therapeutic approaches beyond the serotonin receptor","volume":"44","author":"Duman","year":"1998","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0193-953X(05)70193-3_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"692","DOI":"10.1097\/00005053-199412000-00003","article-title":"Molecular psychiatry: Adaptations of receptor-coupled signal transduction pathways underlying stress- and drug-induced neural plasticity","volume":"182","author":"Duman","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Nerv Ment Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0193-953X(05)70193-3_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1990.tb48360.x","article-title":"Is corticotropin-releasing factor a mediator of stress responses?","volume":"579","author":"Dunn","year":"1990","journal-title":"Ann NY Acad Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0193-953X(05)70193-3_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-0173(90)90012-D","article-title":"Physiological and behavioral responses to corticotropin-releasing factor administration: Is CRF a mediator of anxiety or stress responses?","volume":"15","author":"Dunn","year":"1990","journal-title":"Brain Res Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0193-953X(05)70193-3_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02316874","article-title":"A rapid method for evaluating the behavioral effects of dissociative anesthetics in mice","volume":"105","author":"Evoniuk","year":"1991","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0193-953X(05)70193-3_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198808113190606","article-title":"Clinical and biochemical manifestations of depression: Relation to the neurobiology of stress","volume":"319","author":"Gold","year":"1988","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0193-953X(05)70193-3_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198808183190706","article-title":"Clinical and biochemical manifestations of depression: Relation to the neurobiology of stress","volume":"319","author":"Gold","year":"1988","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0193-953X(05)70193-3_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"675","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(89)90013-5","article-title":"Cyclic AMP stimulates somatostain gene transcription by phosphorylation of CREB at serine 133","volume":"59","author":"Gonzalez","year":"1989","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0193-953X(05)70193-3_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2524","DOI":"10.1096\/fasebj.6.8.1592204","article-title":"Control of transcription activation by steroid hormone receptors","volume":"6","author":"Gronemeyer","year":"1992","journal-title":"FASEB J"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0193-953X(05)70193-3_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9779","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.83.24.9779","article-title":"Demonstration of glucocorticoid receptor immunoreactivity in monoamine neurons of the rat brain","volume":"83","author":"Harfstrand","year":"1986","journal-title":"Proc Nat Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0193-953X(05)70193-3_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1127","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198410253111718","article-title":"Blunted corticotropin and normal cortisol response to human corticotropin-releasing factor in depression","volume":"311","author":"Holsboer","year":"1984","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0193-953X(05)70193-3_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1899","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-2952(86)90309-6","article-title":"Chronic exposure of human cells in culture to the tricyclic antidepressant desipramine reduces the number of beta adrenoceptors","volume":"35","author":"Honegger","year":"1986","journal-title":"Biochem Pharmacol"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0193-953X(05)70193-3_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1159\/000126156","article-title":"Colocalization of peptide and glucocorticoid receptor immunoreactivity in rat central amygdaloid nucleus","volume":"55","author":"Honkaniemi","year":"1992","journal-title":"Neuroendocrinology"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0193-953X(05)70193-3_bib45","series-title":"The Molecular Foundations of Psychiatry","first-page":"66","author":"Hyman","year":"1993"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0193-953X(05)70193-3_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.153.2.151","article-title":"Initiation and adaptation: A paradigm for understanding psychotropic drug action","volume":"153","author":"Hyman","year":"1996","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0193-953X(05)70193-3_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-0327(94)90079-5","article-title":"The lymphoblast beta-adrenergic receptor in bipolar depressed patients: Effect of chronic incubation with lithium chloride","volume":"30","author":"Kay","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0193-953X(05)70193-3_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-0327(93)90004-4","article-title":"The lymphoblast \u03b2-adrenergic receptor in bipolar depressed patients: Characterization and down-regulation","volume":"27","author":"Kay","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0193-953X(05)70193-3_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"809","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1992.01820100053010","article-title":"Time to recovery, chronicity, and levels of psychopathology in major depression","volume":"49","author":"Keller","year":"1992","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0193-953X(05)70193-3_bib50","first-page":"473","article-title":"5-hydroxytryptamine-stimulated inositol phospholipid hydrolysis in rat cerebral cortical slices: Pharmacological characterization and effects of antidepressants","volume":"233","author":"Kendall","year":"1985","journal-title":"J Pharmacol Exp Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0193-953X(05)70193-3_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01250136","article-title":"Effects of chronic imipramine treatment on glucocorticoid receptor immunoreactivity in various regions of the rat brain","volume":"73","author":"Kitayama","year":"1988","journal-title":"J Neural Transm"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0193-953X(05)70193-3_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(96)00047-9","article-title":"Psychogenicity and N-methyl-D-asparate receptor antagonism Implications for neuroprotective pharmacotherapy","volume":"41","author":"Kornhuber","year":"1997","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0193-953X(05)70193-3_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1016\/0922-4106(91)90012-7","article-title":"Regulation of G proteins by chronic antidepressant drugs in rat brain: Tricyclics but not clorgyline increase Goa subunits","volume":"207","author":"Lesch","year":"1991","journal-title":"Eur J Pharmacol"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0193-953X(05)70193-3_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1016\/S0303-7207(96)04004-X","article-title":"Localization of a negative glucocorticoid response element of the human corticotropin releasing hormone gene","volume":"127","author":"Malkoski","year":"1997","journal-title":"Mol Cell Endocrinol"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0193-953X(05)70193-3_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Manier DH, Shelton RC, Ellis T, et al: Human fibroblasts as a relevant model to study signal transduction in affective disorders. J Affect Disord, in press","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-0327(99)00190-1"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0193-953X(05)70193-3_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1476-5381.1995.tb14973.x","article-title":"Protein kinase C in rat brain cortex and hippocampus: Effect of repeated administration of fluoxetine and desipramine","volume":"115","author":"Mann","year":"1995","journal-title":"Br J Pharmacol"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0193-953X(05)70193-3_bib57","first-page":"323:21","article-title":"Antidepressant-like effects of CP-154, 526, a selective CRFI receptor antagonist","volume":"26","author":"Mansbach","year":"1997","journal-title":"Eur J Pharmacol"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0193-953X(05)70193-3_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3534","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.16-10-03534.1996","article-title":"Chronic psychosocial stress causes apical dendritic atrophy of hippocampal CA3 pyramidal neurons in subordinate tree shrews","volume":"16","author":"Marginos","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0193-953X(05)70193-3_bib59","first-page":"120","article-title":"The responsiveness of cerebral cortical adrenergic receptors after chronic administration of atypical antidepressant mianserin","volume":"19","author":"Nalepa","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Psychiatry Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0193-953X(05)70193-3_bib60","unstructured":"Nalepa I, Sulser F: Presently known and possible mechanisms of action for future generations of antidepressants. In Boyer W, Feighner J (eds): Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology. Berlin, Springer-Verlag, in press"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0193-953X(05)70193-3_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1016\/S0924-977X(97)00078-3","article-title":"Lack of the beta adrenoceptor desensitization in brain following the dual noradrenaline and serotonin reuptake inhibitor venlafaxine","volume":"8","author":"Nalepa","year":"1998","journal-title":"Eur Neuropsychopharmacol"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0193-953X(05)70193-3_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2029","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.1993.tb03487.x","article-title":"Enhancement of the responsiveness of cortical adrenergic receptors by chronic administration of the 5-hydroxtryptamine uptake inhibitor citalopram","volume":"60","author":"Nalepa","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Neurochem"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0193-953X(05)70193-3_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1099-1077(199607)11:4<273::AID-HUP769>3.0.CO;2-E","article-title":"Modulation by mianserin pretreatment of the chronic electroconvulsive shock effects on the adrenergic system in the cerebral cortex of the rat","volume":"11","author":"Nalepa","year":"1996","journal-title":"Human Psychopharmacology"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0193-953X(05)70193-3_bib64","first-page":"201","article-title":"The effect of calcium channel blockade on the action of chronic ECT and imipramine on responses of a and B andrenoceptors in the rat cerebral cortex","volume":"45","author":"Nalepa","year":"1993","journal-title":"Pol J Pharmacol"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0193-953X(05)70193-3_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2029","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.1993.tb03487.x","article-title":"Enhancement of the responsiveness of cortical adrenergic receptors by chronic administration of the 5-hydroxtryptamine uptake inhibitor citalopram","volume":"60","author":"Nalepa","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Neurochem"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0193-953X(05)70193-3_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.57.1.14","article-title":"Is stress an adaptation?","volume":"57","author":"Neese","year":"2000","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0193-953X(05)70193-3_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1016\/0028-3908(96)84628-4","article-title":"Lack of effect of milnacipran, a double noradrenaline and serotonin reuptake inhibitor, on the B-andrenoceptor-linked adenylate cyclase system in the rat cerebral cortex","volume":"35","author":"Neliat","year":"1996","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0193-953X(05)70193-3_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1342","DOI":"10.1126\/science.6334362","article-title":"Elevated concentrations of CSF corticotropin-releasing factor-like immunoreactivity in depressed patients","volume":"226","author":"Nemeroff","year":"1984","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0193-953X(05)70193-3_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1988.01800300075009","article-title":"Reduced corticotropin releasing factor binding sites in the frontal cortex of suicide victims","volume":"45","author":"Nemeroff","year":"1988","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0193-953X(05)70193-3_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1644","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.1989.tb08564.x","article-title":"Chronic antidepressant administration alters the subcellular distribution of cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase in rat frontal cortex","volume":"53","author":"Nestler","year":"1989","journal-title":"J Neurochem"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0193-953X(05)70193-3_bib71","series-title":"Protein Phosphorylation in the Nervous System","first-page":"398","author":"Nestler","year":"1984"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0193-953X(05)70193-3_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2365","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.16-07-02365.1996","article-title":"Chronic anti-depressant administration increases the expression of cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB) in rat hippocampus","volume":"16","author":"Nibuya","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0193-953X(05)70193-3_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7539","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.15-11-07539.1995","article-title":"Regulations of BDNF and trkB mRNA in rat brain by chronic electroconvulsive seizure and antidepressant drug treatments","volume":"15","author":"Nibuya","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0193-953X(05)70193-3_bib74","first-page":"1380","article-title":"Adaptive changes in the N-methyl-d-aaparate receptor complex after chronic treatment with imipramine and I-aminocylopropanecarboxylic acid","volume":"265","author":"Nowak","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Pharmacol Exp Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0193-953X(05)70193-3_bib75","first-page":"215","article-title":"Phosphoinositide system-linked serotonin receptor subtypes and their pharmacological properties and clinical correlates","volume":"20","author":"Pandey","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Psychiatry Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0193-953X(05)70193-3_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.1016\/0924-977X(93)90130-E","article-title":"Similar effects of chronic treatment with imipramine and the NMDA antagonists CGP37849 and MK-801 in a chronic mild stress model of depression in rates","volume":"3","author":"Papp","year":"1993","journal-title":"Eur J Neuropsychopharmacol"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0193-953X(05)70193-3_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-2999(94)90516-9","article-title":"Antidepressant activity of noncompetitive and competitive NMDA receptor antagonists in a chronic mild stress model of depression","volume":"263","author":"Papp","year":"1994","journal-title":"Eur J Pharmacol"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0193-953X(05)70193-3_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1016\/S0014-2999(96)00675-9","article-title":"The effect of glycine partial agonists, ACPC and D-cycloserine in a chronic mild stress model of depression","volume":"316","author":"Papp","year":"1996","journal-title":"Eur J Pharmacol"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0193-953X(05)70193-3_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1124\/mol.52.4.571","article-title":"Steroid-independent translocation of the glucocorticoid receptor by the antidepressant desipramine","volume":"52","author":"Pariante","year":"1997","journal-title":"Mol Pharmacol"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0193-953X(05)70193-3_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/S0028-3908(98)00161-0","article-title":"Memantine is a clinically well tolerated NMDA receptor antagonist: A review of preclinical data","volume":"38","author":"Parsons","year":"1999","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0193-953X(05)70193-3_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1016\/0306-4530(91)90034-Q","article-title":"Antidepressant and other centrally acting drugs regulate glucocorticoid receptor messenger RNA levels in rat brain","volume":"16","author":"Peiffer","year":"1991","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0193-953X(05)70193-3_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/0169-328X(89)90031-4","article-title":"Antidepressants regulate glucocorticoid receptor messenger RNA concentrations in primary neuronal cultures","volume":"6","author":"Pepin","year":"1989","journal-title":"Mol Brain Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0193-953X(05)70193-3_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"725","DOI":"10.1038\/355725a0","article-title":"Impaired type II glucocorticoid-receptor function in mice bearing antisense RNA transgene","volume":"355","author":"Pepin","year":"1992","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"suppl","key":"10.1016\/S0193-953X(05)70193-3_bib84","first-page":"171","article-title":"cAMP protein kinase as a intracellular target for the action of antidepressant drugs","volume":"10","author":"Perez","year":"1994","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0193-953X(05)70193-3_bib85","first-page":"57","article-title":"cAMP Binding proteins in the rat cerebral cortex after administration of selective 5-HT and NE reuptake blockers with antidepressant activity","volume":"40","author":"Perez","year":"1991","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0193-953X(05)70193-3_bib86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1016\/0922-4106(89)90060-6","article-title":"cAMP-dependent phosphorylation of soluble and crude microtuble fractions of rat cerebral cortex after prolonged desmethylimipramine treatment","volume":"172","author":"Perez","year":"1989","journal-title":"Eur J Pharmacol"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0193-953X(05)70193-3_bib87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"924","DOI":"10.1210\/endo-121-3-924","article-title":"Facilitation of immunoreactive corticotropin-releasing factor secretion into the hypophyseal-portal circulation after activation of catecholaminergic pathways of central norpinephrine injection","volume":"121","author":"Plotsky","year":"1987","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0193-953X(05)70193-3_bib88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1016\/S0193-953X(05)70006-X","article-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology of depression: Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis","volume":"21","author":"Plotsky","year":"1998","journal-title":"Psychiatr Clin North Am"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0193-953X(05)70193-3_bib89","series-title":"Biological Aspects of Affective Disorders","first-page":"77","article-title":"Evolution of the monoamine hypotheses of depression","author":"Pryor","year":"1991"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0193-953X(05)70193-3_bib90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1471-4159.1997.68010297.x","article-title":"Reduced [3H] cyclic AMP binding in postmortem brain from subjects with bipolar affective disorder","volume":"68","author":"Rahman","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Neurochem"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0193-953X(05)70193-3_bib91","first-page":"69","article-title":"Fluoxetine increases steady-state levels of preproenkephalin mRNA in rat amygdala by a serotonin dependent mechanism","volume":"3","author":"Rossby","year":"1996","journal-title":"Journal of Serotonin Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0193-953X(05)70193-3_bib92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(95)00459-4","article-title":"Norepinephrine-independent regulation of GRII mRNA in vivo by a tricyclic antidepressant","volume":"687","author":"Rossby","year":"1995","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0193-953X(05)70193-3_bib93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1222","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.05-05-01222.1985","article-title":"Prolonged glucocorticoid exposure reduces hippocampal neuron number: Implications for aging","volume":"5","author":"Sapolsky","year":"1985","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0193-953X(05)70193-3_bib94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2897","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.10-09-02897.1990","article-title":"Hippocampal damage associated with prolonged glucocorticoid exposure in primates","volume":"10","author":"Sapolsky","year":"1990","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0193-953X(05)70193-3_bib95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"749","DOI":"10.1126\/science.273.5276.749","article-title":"Glucocorticoids and atrophy of the human hippocampus","volume":"273","author":"Sapolsky","year":"1996","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0193-953X(05)70193-3_bib96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-0173(82)90010-8","article-title":"the organization of noradrenergic pathways from the brainstem to the paraventricular and supraoptic nuclei in the rat","volume":"257","author":"Sawchenko","year":"1982","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0193-953X(05)70193-3_bib97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1016\/0163-7258(94)00005-N","article-title":"Serotonin receptors: Subtypes, functional responses, and therapeutic relevance","volume":"66","author":"Saxena","year":"1995","journal-title":"Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0193-953X(05)70193-3_bib98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.122.5.509","article-title":"The catecholamine hypothesis of affective disorders: A review of supporting evidence","volume":"122","author":"Schildkaut","year":"1965","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0193-953X(05)70193-3_bib99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.1159\/000126180","article-title":"Antidepressants increase glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid receptor mRNA expression in rat hippocampus in vivo","volume":"55","author":"Seckl","year":"1992","journal-title":"Neuroendocrinology"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0193-953X(05)70193-3_bib100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"963","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.93.9.3908","article-title":"Hippocampal atrophy in recurrent major depression","volume":"93","author":"Sheline","year":"1996","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0193-953X(05)70193-3_bib101","first-page":"1037","article-title":"Cyclic AMP\u2013dependent protein kinase a (PKA) activity in human fibroblasts from normal subjects and from patients with major depression","volume":"153","author":"Shelton","year":"1996","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0193-953X(05)70193-3_bib102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12193","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.91.25.12193","article-title":"Oligodeoxygnucleotides antisense to nRNA encoding protein kinase A, protein kinase C and B-adrenergic receptor kinase reveal distinctive cell-type specific roles in agonist-induced desensitization","volume":"91","author":"Shih","year":"1994","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0193-953X(05)70193-3_bib103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1056","DOI":"10.1124\/mol.52.6.1056","article-title":"Antisense inhibition of 5-hydroxytryptamine-2a receptor induces an antidepressant-like effect in mice","volume":"52","author":"Sibille","year":"1997","journal-title":"Mol Pharmacol"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0193-953X(05)70193-3_bib104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/S0014-2999(99)00330-1","article-title":"Antidepressants for the new millennium","volume":"375","author":"Skolnick","year":"1999","journal-title":"Eur J Pharmacol"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0193-953X(05)70193-3_bib105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02088839","article-title":"Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) antisense oligodeoxynucleotide treatment attenuates social defeat-induced anxiety in rats","volume":"14","author":"Skutella","year":"1994","journal-title":"Cell Mol Neurobiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0193-953X(05)70193-3_bib106","first-page":"131","article-title":"Antidepressant-like effect of brain-derived neurotrophic factor","volume":"56","author":"Sluclak","year":"1996","journal-title":"Pharmacol Biochem Behav"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0193-953X(05)70193-3_bib107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1768","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.15-03-01768.1995","article-title":"Stress alters the expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor and neurotrophin-3 mRNAs in the hippocampus","volume":"15","author":"Smith","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0193-953X(05)70193-3_bib108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-3956(94)90031-0","article-title":"Dexamethasone nonsuppression in transgenic mice expressing antisense RNA to the glucocorticoid receptor","volume":"28","author":"Stec","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Psychiatr Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0193-953X(05)70193-3_bib109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5373","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.14-09-05373.1994","article-title":"Stress exacerbates neuron loss and cytoskeletal pathology in the hippocampus","volume":"14","author":"Stein-Behrens","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0193-953X(05)70193-3_bib110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"971","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.bi.59.070190.004543","article-title":"cAMP-dependent protein kinase: Framework for a diverse family of regulatory enzymes","volume":"59","author":"Taylor","year":"1990","journal-title":"Ann Rev Biochem"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0193-953X(05)70193-3_bib111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"886","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.153.7.886","article-title":"Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical activity and response to cognitive behavior therapy in unmedicated, hospitalized depressed patients","volume":"153","author":"Thase","year":"1996","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0193-953X(05)70193-3_bib112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-2999(90)90204-J","article-title":"Functional antagonists at the NMDA receptor complex exhibit antidepressant actions","volume":"185","author":"Trullas","year":"1990","journal-title":"Eur J Pharmacol"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0193-953X(05)70193-3_bib113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1705","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.09-05-01705.1989","article-title":"Hippocampal damage associated with prolonged and fatal stress in primates","volume":"9","author":"Uno","year":"1989","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0193-953X(05)70193-3_bib114","first-page":"181","article-title":"Chronic ECS induces mossy fiber sprouting","volume":"22","author":"Vaidya","year":"1996","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0193-953X(05)70193-3_bib115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"674","DOI":"10.1159\/000125081","article-title":"Corticotropin releasing factor: Evidence for a neurotransmitter role in the locus ceruleus during hemodynamic stress","volume":"48","author":"Valentino","year":"1988","journal-title":"Neuroendocrinology"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0193-953X(05)70193-3_bib116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(84)90160-4","article-title":"Chronic administration of antidepressant drugs increases the density of cortical 3H-prazos binding sites in the rat","volume":"310","author":"Vetulani","year":"1984","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0193-953X(05)70193-3_bib117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1038\/257495a0","article-title":"Action of various antidepressant treatments reduces reactivity of noradrenergic cAMP-generating system in limbic forebrain","volume":"257","author":"Vetulani","year":"1975","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0193-953X(05)70193-3_bib118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00499215","article-title":"A possible common mechanism of action of antidepressant treatments: Reduction in the sensitivity of the noradrenergic cyclic AMP generating system in the rat limbic forebrain","volume":"293","author":"Vetulani","year":"1976","journal-title":"Nauyn-Schmiedeberg's Arch Pharmacol"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0193-953X(05)70193-3_bib119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"392","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(83)91005-3","article-title":"Chronic electroconvulsive treatment enhances the density of [3 H] prazosin binding sites in the central nervous system of the rat","volume":"275","author":"Vetulani","year":"1983","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0193-953X(05)70193-3_bib120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-2999(92)90830-W","article-title":"Tianeptine attenuates stress-induced morphological changes in the hippocampus","volume":"222","author":"Watanabe","year":"1992","journal-title":"Eur J Pharmacol"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0193-953X(05)70193-3_bib121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(90)90778-A","article-title":"Exposure to excees glucocorticoids alters dendritic morphology of adult hippocampal pyramidal neurons","volume":"531","author":"Wooley","year":"1990","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0193-953X(05)70193-3_bib122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"494","DOI":"10.1038\/334494a0","article-title":"Phosphorylation-induced binding and transcriptional efficacy of nuclear factor CREB","volume":"334","author":"Yamamoto","year":"1988","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0193-953X(05)70193-3_bib123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.149.5.627","article-title":"An American validation study of the Newcastle diagnostic scale: I. Relationship with the dexamethasone suppression test","volume":"149","author":"Zimmerman","year":"1986","journal-title":"Br J Psychiatry"}],"container-title":["Psychiatric Clinics of North America"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0193953X05701933?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0193953X05701933?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,3]],"date-time":"2019-03-03T02:57:59Z","timestamp":1551581879000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0193953X05701933"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2000,12]]},"references-count":123,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2000,12]]}},"alternative-id":["S0193953X05701933"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0193-953x(05)70193-3","relation":{},"ISSN":["0193-953X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0193-953X","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2000,12]]}}}