{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,16]],"date-time":"2026-05-16T15:35:18Z","timestamp":1778945718703,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":128,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2003,4,1]],"date-time":"2003-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1049155200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Image and Vision Computing"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2003,4]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/s0262-8856(03)00004-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2003,4,5]],"date-time":"2003-04-05T01:00:31Z","timestamp":1049504431000},"page":"359-381","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":382,"title":["A survey of video processing techniques for traffic applications"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"V","family":"Kastrinaki","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"M","family":"Zervakis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"K","family":"Kalaitzakis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/S0262-8856(03)00004-0_BIB1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1049\/cp:19940441","article-title":"Adaptive lane finding in road traffic image analysis","author":"Stewart","year":"1994","journal-title":"Proceedings of Seventh International Conference on Road Traffic Monitoring and Control, IEE, London"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0262-8856(03)00004-0_BIB2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01211661","article-title":"Road obstacle detection and tracking by an active and intelligent sensing strategy","volume":"7","author":"Xie","year":"1994","journal-title":"Machine Vision and Applications"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0262-8856(03)00004-0_BIB3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1613\/jair.185","article-title":"Vision-based road detection in automotive systems: a real-time expectation-driven approach","volume":"3","author":"Broggi","year":"1995","journal-title":"Journal of Artificial Intelligence Research"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/S0262-8856(03)00004-0_BIB4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1109\/83.650851","article-title":"GOLD: a parallel real-time stereo vision system for generic obstacle and lane detection","volume":"7","author":"Bertozzi","year":"1998","journal-title":"IEEE Transaction Image Processing"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0262-8856(03)00004-0_BIB5","article-title":"A cost-effective image sensor system for transport applications utilising a miniature CMOS single chip camera","author":"Wan","year":"1994","journal-title":"IFAC Transportation systems, Tianjin, Proceedings"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/S0262-8856(03)00004-0_BIB6","article-title":"Vision-based vehicle guidance","volume":"30","author":"Bertozzi","year":"1997","journal-title":"Computer Vision"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0262-8856(03)00004-0_BIB7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"530","DOI":"10.1109\/IVS.1995.528337","article-title":"New results in stereo-based automatic vehicle guidance","author":"Weber","year":"1995","journal-title":"Proceedings of IEEE Intelligent Vehicles 95, Detroit"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0262-8856(03)00004-0_BIB8","first-page":"12","article-title":"An integrated stereo-based approach to automatic vehicle guidance","author":"Luong","year":"1995","journal-title":"Proceedings of the Fifth ICCV, Boston"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0262-8856(03)00004-0_BIB9","article-title":"Automatic detection of the lane departure of vehicles","author":"Soumelidis","year":"1997","journal-title":"IFAC Transportation Systems Chania, Greece"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0262-8856(03)00004-0_BIB10","article-title":"CAPC: a road-departure prevention system","volume":"December","author":"LeBlanc","year":"1996","journal-title":"IEEE Control Systems"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/S0262-8856(03)00004-0_BIB11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1109\/34.3900","article-title":"Vision and navigation for the carnegie\u2013mellon navlab","volume":"10","author":"Thorpe","year":"1988","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/S0262-8856(03)00004-0_BIB12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1109\/34.3899","article-title":"VITS\u2014a vision system for autonomous land vehicle navigation","volume":"10","author":"Turk","year":"1988","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0262-8856(03)00004-0_BIB13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1016\/S0952-1976(97)00079-1","article-title":"Color machine vision for autonomous vehicles","volume":"11","author":"Buluswar","year":"1998","journal-title":"Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0262-8856(03)00004-0_BIB14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1007\/s001380050126","article-title":"Real-time multiple vehicle detection and tracking from a moving vehicle","volume":"12","author":"Betke","year":"2000","journal-title":"Machine Vision and Applications"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0262-8856(03)00004-0_BIB15","series-title":"Proceedings of IEEE, Symposium on Intelligent Vehicles 94","article-title":"Texture-based segmentation of road images","author":"Zhang","year":"1994"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0262-8856(03)00004-0_BIB16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1007\/s100440170022","article-title":"Segmenting traffic scenes from grey level and motion information","volume":"4","author":"Badenas","year":"2001","journal-title":"Pattern Analysis and Applications"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0262-8856(03)00004-0_BIB17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"488","DOI":"10.1109\/IVS.1995.528330","article-title":"Statistical characterization of the visual characteristics of painted lane markings","author":"Kluge","year":"1995","journal-title":"Proceedings of IEEE Intelligent Vehicles 95, Detroit"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0262-8856(03)00004-0_BIB18","series-title":"CAIP 2001","first-page":"725","article-title":"An iconic classification scheme for video-based traffic sensor tasks","author":"Kasprzak","year":"2001"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0262-8856(03)00004-0_BIB19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1109\/IVS.1995.528307","article-title":"ROMA\u2014a system for model-based analysis of road markings","author":"Enkelmann","year":"1995","journal-title":"Proceedings of IEEE Intelligent Vehicles 95, Detroit"},{"issue":"9\u201311","key":"10.1016\/S0262-8856(03)00004-0_BIB20","article-title":"Vehicle classification by acoustic signature","volume":"27","author":"Nooralahiyan","year":"1998","journal-title":"Mathematical and Computer Modeling"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/S0262-8856(03)00004-0_BIB21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1109\/83.342193","article-title":"Parallel and local feature extraction: a real-time approach to road boundary detection","volume":"4","author":"Broggi","year":"1995","journal-title":"IEEE Transaction on Image Processing"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0262-8856(03)00004-0_BIB22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1109\/IVS.1994.639531","article-title":"Road segmentation and obstacle detection by a fast watershed transform","volume":"October","author":"Beucher","year":"1994","journal-title":"Proceedings of IEEE Intelligent Vehicles 94, Paris, France"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0262-8856(03)00004-0_BIB23","first-page":"166","article-title":"Road tracking, lane segmentation and obstacle recognition by mathematical morphology","author":"Yu","year":"1992","journal-title":"Proceedings of IEEE Intelligent Vehicles 92"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/S0262-8856(03)00004-0_BIB24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1109\/70.760356","article-title":"LANA: a lane extraction algorithm that uses frequency domain features","volume":"15","author":"Kreucher","year":"1999","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Robotics and Automation"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/S0262-8856(03)00004-0_BIB25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1109\/34.825754","article-title":"Fundamental limits of Bayesian inference: order parameters and phase transitions for road tracking","volume":"22","author":"Yuille","year":"2000","journal-title":"IEEE Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0262-8856(03)00004-0_BIB26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-8655(00)00021-0","article-title":"Lane detection using spline model","volume":"21","author":"Wang","year":"1994","journal-title":"Pattern Recognition Letters"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0262-8856(03)00004-0_BIB27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1109\/IVS.1995.528257","article-title":"A deformable-template approach to lane detection","author":"Kluge","year":"1995","journal-title":"IEEE Proceedings of Intelligent Vehicles 95"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0262-8856(03)00004-0_BIB28","article-title":"A real time approach to stereopsis and lane-finding","author":"Taylor","year":"1997","journal-title":"IFAC Transportation Systems Chania, Greece"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/S0262-8856(03)00004-0_BIB29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1109\/34.476006","article-title":"An active testing model for tracking roads in satellite images","volume":"18","author":"Geman","year":"1996","journal-title":"IEEE Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0262-8856(03)00004-0_BIB30","unstructured":"E.D. Dickmanns, Vehicle Guidance By Computer Vision, Papageorgiou Markos (Ed.), Concise Encyclopedia of Traffic and Transportation Systems."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/S0262-8856(03)00004-0_BIB31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1109\/21.61200","article-title":"An integrated spatio-temporal approach to automatic visual guidance of autonomous vehicles","volume":"20","author":"Dickmanns","year":"1990","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0262-8856(03)00004-0_BIB32","article-title":"Derivation of advanced traffic parameters through video imaging","author":"Michalopoulos","year":"1997","journal-title":"IFAC Transportation Systems Chania, Greece"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0262-8856(03)00004-0_BIB33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1301","DOI":"10.1109\/21.61202","article-title":"Range-video fusion and comparison of inverse perspective algorithms in static images","volume":"20","author":"Morgenthaler","year":"1990","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Systems Man and Cybernetics"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/S0262-8856(03)00004-0_BIB34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1109\/34.121789","article-title":"Recursive 3D road and relative ego-state recognition","volume":"14","author":"Dickmanns","year":"1992","journal-title":"IEEE Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0262-8856(03)00004-0_BIB35","unstructured":"M. Papageorgiou, Video sensors, Papageorgiou Markos (Ed.), Concise Encyclopedia of traffic and transportation systems, pp. 610\u2013615."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0262-8856(03)00004-0_BIB36","first-page":"134","article-title":"Obstacle detection by evaluation of optical flow field from image sequences","volume":"427","author":"Enkelmann","year":"1990","journal-title":"Proceedings of European Conference on Computer Vision, Antibes, France"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0262-8856(03)00004-0_BIB37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.1993.340996","article-title":"A practical stereo vision system","author":"Ross","year":"1993","journal-title":"Proceedings of International Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, Seattle, WA"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0262-8856(03)00004-0_BIB38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1016\/S1383-7621(96)00106-3","article-title":"A real-time oriented system for vehicle detection","volume":"43","author":"Bertozzi","year":"1997","journal-title":"Journal of System Architecture"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0262-8856(03)00004-0_BIB39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1109\/IVS.1994.639510","article-title":"Multiple object recognition and scene interpretation for autonomous road vehicle guidance","author":"Thomanek","year":"1994","journal-title":"Proceedings of IEEE Intelligent Vehicles 94, Paris, France"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/S0262-8856(03)00004-0_BIB40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1109\/25.740109","article-title":"Vehicle recognition and tracking from road image sequences","volume":"48","author":"Foresti","year":"1999","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/S0262-8856(03)00004-0_BIB41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1109\/25.293657","article-title":"A distributed approach to 3D road scene recognition","volume":"43","author":"Foresti","year":"1994","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0262-8856(03)00004-0_BIB42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.1986.4767833","article-title":"An investigation of smoothness constrains for the estimation of displacement vector fields from image sequences","author":"Nagel","year":"1986","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/S0262-8856(03)00004-0_BIB43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1007924428535","article-title":"Model-based location and recognition of road vehicles","volume":"27","author":"Tan","year":"1998","journal-title":"International Journal of Computer Vision"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0262-8856(03)00004-0_BIB44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01539538","article-title":"Model-based object tracking in monocular image sequences of road traffic scenes","volume":"10","author":"Koller","year":"1993","journal-title":"International Journal Computer Vision"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0262-8856(03)00004-0_BIB45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01212361","article-title":"Dynamic monocular machine vision","volume":"1","author":"Dickmanns","year":"1988","journal-title":"Machine vision and applications"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0262-8856(03)00004-0_BIB46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"883","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-8655(01)00034-4","article-title":"Shape-resolving local thresholding for object detection","volume":"22","author":"Park","year":"2001","journal-title":"Pattern Recognition Letters"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0262-8856(03)00004-0_BIB47","article-title":"TITAN: new traffic measurements by image processing","author":"Blosseville","year":"1994","journal-title":"IFAC Transportation systems, Tianjin, Proceedings"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0262-8856(03)00004-0_BIB48","series-title":"SSPR&SPR 2000","first-page":"806","article-title":"Image pattern recognition in natural environment using morphological feature extraction","author":"Won","year":"2001"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0262-8856(03)00004-0_BIB49","first-page":"61","article-title":"Image processing system used cameras for vehicle surveillance","volume":"February","author":"Shimizu","year":"1989","journal-title":"IEE Second International Conference on Road Traffic Monitoring, Conference Publication Number 299"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0262-8856(03)00004-0_BIB50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1321","DOI":"10.1016\/0167-8655(95)00081-X","article-title":"An image detection technique based on morphological edge detection and background differencing for real-time traffic analysis","volume":"16","author":"Fathy","year":"1995","journal-title":"Pattern Recognition Letters"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0262-8856(03)00004-0_BIB51","article-title":"Computer vision as a traffic surveillance tool","author":"Hoose","year":"1994","journal-title":"IFAC Transportation systems, Tianjin, Proceedings"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0262-8856(03)00004-0_BIB52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"967","DOI":"10.1016\/S0031-3203(01)00079-6","article-title":"Detection of vehicles from traffic scenes using fuzzy integrals","volume":"35","author":"Li","year":"2002","journal-title":"Pattern Recognition"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0262-8856(03)00004-0_BIB53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0262-8856(01)00059-2","article-title":"Performance analysis of a simple vehicle detection algorithm","volume":"20","author":"Moon","year":"2002","journal-title":"Image and Vision Computing"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0262-8856(03)00004-0_BIB54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1016\/0167-8655(91)90039-O","article-title":"Symmetry based recognition of the vehicle rears","volume":"12","author":"Kuehnel","year":"1991","journal-title":"Pattern Recognition Letters"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/S0262-8856(03)00004-0_BIB55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1109\/25.728525","article-title":"A window-based image processing technique for quantitative and qualitative analysis of road traffic parameters","volume":"47","author":"Fathy","year":"1998","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0262-8856(03)00004-0_BIB56","first-page":"115","article-title":"Recognition of vehicles in traffic scenes using geometric models","author":"Hogg","year":"1984","journal-title":"IEE, Proceedings of the International Conference on Road Traffic Data Collection, London"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0262-8856(03)00004-0_BIB57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2063","DOI":"10.1016\/S0031-3203(99)00121-1","article-title":"Performance prediction of vehicle detection algorithms","volume":"32","author":"Klausmann","year":"1999","journal-title":"Pattern Recognition"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0262-8856(03)00004-0_BIB58","first-page":"56","article-title":"Road traffic monitoring using the TRIP II system","volume":"February","author":"Dickinson","year":"1989","journal-title":"IEE Second International Conference on Road Traffic Monitoring, Conference Publication Number 299"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0262-8856(03)00004-0_BIB59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1016\/S0262-8856(97)00009-7","article-title":"Model-based vehicle detection and classification using orthographic approximations","volume":"15","author":"Sullivan","year":"1997","journal-title":"Image and Vision Computing"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0262-8856(03)00004-0_BIB60","first-page":"71","article-title":"Automatic vehicle recognition","volume":"February","author":"Houghton","year":"1989","journal-title":"IEE Second International Conference on Road Traffic Monitoring, Conference Publication Number 299"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0262-8856(03)00004-0_BIB61","article-title":"Road traffic monitoring using image processing\u2014a survey of systems, techniques and applications","author":"Wan","year":"1989","journal-title":"IFAC Control Computers, Communications in Transportation, Paris, France"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/S0262-8856(03)00004-0_BIB62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1016\/0968-090X(95)00004-3","article-title":"Analysis of feedforward-backpropagation neural networks used in vehicle detection","volume":"3","author":"Mantri","year":"1995","journal-title":"Transportation Research Part C"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0262-8856(03)00004-0_BIB63","first-page":"140","article-title":"IMPACT: an image analysis tool for motorway analysis and surveillance","author":"Hoose","year":"1992","journal-title":"Traffic Engineering Control Journal"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/S0262-8856(03)00004-0_BIB64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1109\/34.841758","article-title":"Geodesic active contours and level sets for the detection and tracking of moving objects","volume":"22","author":"Paragios","year":"2000","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0262-8856(03)00004-0_BIB65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1016\/0923-5965(95)00003-F","article-title":"Bayesian algorithms for adaptive change detection in image sequences using Markov random fields","volume":"7","author":"Aach","year":"1995","journal-title":"Signal Processing: Image Communication"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0262-8856(03)00004-0_BIB66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1016\/S0923-5965(98)00011-3","article-title":"Adaptive detection and localization of moving objects in image sequences","volume":"14","author":"Paragios","year":"1999","journal-title":"Signal Processing: Image Communication"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0262-8856(03)00004-0_BIB67","series-title":"AI 2001","first-page":"213","article-title":"A real-time region-based motion segmentation using adaptive thresholding and K-means clustering","author":"Kim","year":"2001"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0262-8856(03)00004-0_BIB68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01421490","article-title":"Contour extraction of moving objects in complex outdoor scenes","volume":"14","author":"Dubuisson","year":"1995","journal-title":"International Journal of Computer Vision"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0262-8856(03)00004-0_BIB69","series-title":"Computer Image Processing in Traffic Engineering","author":"Hoose","year":"1991"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0262-8856(03)00004-0_BIB70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.1016\/S0031-3203(00)00014-5","article-title":"Motion-based segmentation and region tracking in image sequences","volume":"34","author":"Badenas","year":"2001","journal-title":"Pattern Recognition"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0262-8856(03)00004-0_BIB71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1016\/S0262-8856(01)00040-3","article-title":"Real-time object recognition on image sequences with the adaptable time delay neural network algorithm\u2014applications for autonomous vehicles","volume":"19","author":"Wohler","year":"2001","journal-title":"Image and Vision Computing"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/S0262-8856(03)00004-0_BIB72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1049\/el:19980176","article-title":"Motion based object tracking with mobile","volume":"34","author":"Lee","year":"1998","journal-title":"Camera Electronics Letters"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0262-8856(03)00004-0_BIB73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1016\/S0968-090X(98)00019-9","article-title":"A real-time computer vision system for vehicle tracking and traffic surveillance","volume":"6","author":"Coifman","year":"1998","journal-title":"Transportation Research Part C"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0262-8856(03)00004-0_BIB74","series-title":"PCM 2001","first-page":"190","article-title":"A feature-based vehicle tracking system in congested traffic video sequences","author":"Jung","year":"2001"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0262-8856(03)00004-0_BIB75","series-title":"DAGM 2001","first-page":"202","article-title":"Real-time motion based vehicle segmentation in traffic lanes","author":"Techmer","year":"2001"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0262-8856(03)00004-0_BIB76","series-title":"Visual'99","first-page":"697","article-title":"Building 3D models of vehicles for computer vision","author":"Fraile","year":"1999"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0262-8856(03)00004-0_BIB77","article-title":"Video-based monitoring system using recursive vehicle tracking","author":"Gloyer","year":"1995","journal-title":"Proceedings of IS&T\/SPIE Symposium on Electronic Image: Science & Technology\u2014Image and Video Processing"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0262-8856(03)00004-0_BIB78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1016\/0004-3702(81)90024-2","article-title":"Determining optical flow","volume":"17","author":"Horn","year":"1981","journal-title":"Artificial Intelligence"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0262-8856(03)00004-0_BIB79","series-title":"Motion Understanding: Robot and Human Vision","first-page":"189","article-title":"An experimental investigation of estimation approaches for optical flow fields","author":"Enkelmann","year":"1987"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0262-8856(03)00004-0_BIB80","first-page":"778","article-title":"Motion detection in image sequences: an evaluation of feature detectors","author":"Kories","year":"1984","journal-title":"Proceedings of International Joint Conference on Pattern Recognition, Montreal"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0262-8856(03)00004-0_BIB81","article-title":"Interpretation of traffic scenes by evaluation of optical flow fields from image sequences","author":"Enkelmann","year":"1989","journal-title":"IFAC Control Computers, Communications in Transportation, Paris, France"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0262-8856(03)00004-0_BIB82","first-page":"945","article-title":"Constraints for the estimation of displacement vector fields from image sequences","volume":"August","author":"Nagel","year":"1983","journal-title":"Proceedings of Intelligent Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence, Karlsruhe\/FRG"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/S0262-8856(03)00004-0_BIB83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1109\/70.660838","article-title":"The use of optical flow for road navigation","volume":"14","author":"Giachetti","year":"1998","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Robotics and Automation"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0262-8856(03)00004-0_BIB84","series-title":"Workshop on Motion: Representation and Analysis, Kiawah Island Resort, Charleston\/SC","volume":"May","author":"Kories","year":"1986"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0262-8856(03)00004-0_BIB85","article-title":"Image processing for on-line analysis of crowds in public areas","author":"Velastin","year":"1994","journal-title":"IFAC Transportation systems, Tianjin, Proceedings"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0262-8856(03)00004-0_BIB86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1016\/0734-189X(88)90059-X","article-title":"Investigations of multigrid algorithms for the estimation of optical flow fields in image sequences","author":"Enkelmann","year":"1988","journal-title":"Computer Vision, Graphics, and Image Processing"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0262-8856(03)00004-0_BIB87","first-page":"297","article-title":"Object detection using model-based prediction and motion parallax","volume":"427","author":"Carlsson","year":"1990","journal-title":"Proceedings of Europe Conference on Computer Vision, Antibes, France"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0262-8856(03)00004-0_BIB88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/S0734-189X(83)80026-7","article-title":"Passive navigation","volume":"21","author":"Bruss","year":"1983","journal-title":"Computer Vision, Graphics, and Image Processing"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0262-8856(03)00004-0_BIB89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1016\/0146-664X(82)90081-8","article-title":"Volumetric model and 3D-trajectory of a moving car derived from monocular TV\u2014frame sequences of a street scene","volume":"20","author":"Dreschler","year":"1982","journal-title":"Computer Vision, Graphics, and Image Processing"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/S0262-8856(03)00004-0_BIB90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1109\/34.683770","article-title":"A unified approach to moving object detection in 2D and 3D scenes","volume":"20","author":"Irani","year":"1998","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/S0262-8856(03)00004-0_BIB91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1109\/34.584105","article-title":"Recovery of egomotion using region alignment","volume":"19","author":"Irani","year":"1997","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/S0262-8856(03)00004-0_BIB92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1520-684X(199910)30:11<107::AID-SCJ12>3.0.CO;2-C","article-title":"Detection of moving objects against a changing background","volume":"30","author":"Nagai","year":"1999","journal-title":"Systems and Computer in Japan"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/S0262-8856(03)00004-0_BIB93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1016\/0952-1976(94)90023-X","article-title":"A scene segmenter; visual tracking of moving vehicles","volume":"7","author":"Smith","year":"1994","journal-title":"Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0262-8856(03)00004-0_BIB94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00201978","article-title":"Inverse perspective mapping simplifies optical flow computation and obstacle detection","volume":"64","author":"Mallot","year":"1991","journal-title":"Biological Cybernetics"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/S0262-8856(03)00004-0_BIB95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.1109\/41.303790","article-title":"Vision-based vehicles in Japan: machine vision systems and driving control systems","volume":"41","author":"Tsugawa","year":"1994","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0262-8856(03)00004-0_BIB96","first-page":"19","article-title":"Rapidly adaptive machine vision for automated vehicle steering","volume":"April","author":"Pomerleau","year":"1996","journal-title":"IEEE Machine Vision"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0262-8856(03)00004-0_BIB97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00126401","article-title":"Stereo vision for planetary rovers: stochastic modeling to near real-time implementation","volume":"8","author":"Matthies","year":"1992","journal-title":"International Journal of Computer Vision"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0262-8856(03)00004-0_BIB98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1109\/WVM.1991.212799","article-title":"Simultaneous estimation of 3D shape and motion of objects by computer vision","volume":"October","author":"Schick","year":"1991","journal-title":"Proceedings of IEEE Workshop on Visual Motion, Princeton, NJ"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0262-8856(03)00004-0_BIB99","article-title":"Traffic variables recovery","author":"Mammar","year":"1994","journal-title":"IFAC Transportation Systems, Tianjin, Proceedings"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0262-8856(03)00004-0_BIB100","first-page":"66","article-title":"Automatic Incident Detection Through Video Image Processing","volume":"February","author":"Michalopoulos","year":"1993","journal-title":"Traffic Engineering+Control"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/S0262-8856(03)00004-0_BIB101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1109\/25.69968","article-title":"Vehicle detection video through image processing: the autoscope system","volume":"40","author":"Michalopoulos","year":"1991","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0262-8856(03)00004-0_BIB102","article-title":"A visual surveillance system for traffic collision avoidance control","author":"Postaire","year":"1986","journal-title":"IFAC Transportation Symposium International Federation of Automatic Control, Laxenburg, Austria"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0262-8856(03)00004-0_BIB103","article-title":"A traffic flow measuring system using a solid state sensor","author":"Takaba","year":"1984","journal-title":"Proceedings of IEE Conference on Road Traffic Data Collection, London, UK"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0262-8856(03)00004-0_BIB104","first-page":"169","article-title":"Applications of low cost image processing technology in transport","author":"Rourke","year":"1989","journal-title":"Proceedings of the World Conference on Transport Research, Japan"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0262-8856(03)00004-0_BIB105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"781","DOI":"10.1016\/S0262-8856(99)00046-3","article-title":"VISATRAM: a real-time vision system for automatic traffic monitoring","volume":"18","author":"Zhu","year":"2000","journal-title":"Image and Vision Computing"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0262-8856(03)00004-0_BIB106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1109\/IVS.1994.639482","article-title":"Extracting road curvature and orientation from image edge points without perceptual grouping into features","author":"Kluge","year":"1994","journal-title":"Proceedings of IEEE Intelligent Vehicles Symposium'94"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0262-8856(03)00004-0_BIB107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1117\/12.48089","article-title":"LANELOK: an algorithm for extending the lane sensing operation range to 100 feet","volume":"1388","author":"Kenue","year":"1991","journal-title":"Procedings of SPIE-Mobile Robots V"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/S0262-8856(03)00004-0_BIB108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1016\/S0262-8856(99)00035-9","article-title":"CLARK: a heterogeneous sensor fusion method for finding lanes and obstacles","volume":"18","author":"Beauvais","year":"2000","journal-title":"Image and Vision Computing"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0262-8856(03)00004-0_BIB109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"506","DOI":"10.1109\/IVS.1995.528333","article-title":"Ralph: rapidly adapting lateral position handler","author":"Pomerleau","year":"1995","journal-title":"Proceedings of IEEE Intelligent Vehicles'95, Detroit, MI"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0262-8856(03)00004-0_BIB110","article-title":"CMU sidewalk navigation system: a blackboard outdoor navigation system using sensor fusion with color-range images","volume":"November","author":"Goto","year":"1986","journal-title":"Proceedings of First Joint Conference ACM\/IEEE"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/S0262-8856(03)00004-0_BIB111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1109\/70.210794","article-title":"SCARF: a color vision system that tracks roads and intersections","volume":"9","author":"Crisman","year":"1993","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Robotics and Automation"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0262-8856(03)00004-0_BIB112","article-title":"Maniac, a next generation neurally based autonomous road follower","volume":"February","author":"Jochem","year":"1993","journal-title":"Proceedings of International Conference on Intelligent Autonomous Systems: IAS-3, Pittsburgh, PA"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0262-8856(03)00004-0_BIB113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1016\/S0262-8856(99)00038-4","article-title":"Quantitative comparison between trajectory estimates obtained from a binocular camera setup within a moving road vehicle and from the outside by a stationary monocular camera","volume":"18","author":"Nagel","year":"2000","journal-title":"Image and Vision Computing"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0262-8856(03)00004-0_BIB114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01450849","article-title":"Automatic feature point extraction and tracking in image sequences for arbitrary camera motion","volume":"15","author":"Zheng","year":"1995","journal-title":"International Journal of Computer Vision"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/S0262-8856(03)00004-0_BIB115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1109\/70.660840","article-title":"Real-time obstacle avoidance using central flow divergence, and peripheral flow","volume":"14","author":"Coombs","year":"1998","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Robotics and Automation"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/S0262-8856(03)00004-0_BIB116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"654","DOI":"10.1109\/25.97520","article-title":"Visual control of an autonomous vehicle (BART)\u2014the vehicle-following problem","volume":"40","author":"Kehtarnavaz","year":"1991","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/S0262-8856(03)00004-0_BIB117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1109\/25.69979","article-title":"Automatic vehicle control developments in the PATH program","volume":"40","author":"Shladover","year":"1991","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0262-8856(03)00004-0_BIB118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1016\/S0389-4304(01)00137-0","article-title":"Cooperative driving of autonomous vehicles based on localization, inter-vehicle communications and vision systems","volume":"22","author":"Kato","year":"2001","journal-title":"JSAE Review"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/S0262-8856(03)00004-0_BIB119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1285","DOI":"10.1109\/21.61201","article-title":"Developing robotics systems with multiple sensors","volume":"20","author":"Trivedi","year":"1990","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/S0262-8856(03)00004-0_BIB120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1229","DOI":"10.1109\/19.668259","article-title":"3D measurements using a video and a range finder","volume":"46","author":"Chavand","year":"1997","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0262-8856(03)00004-0_BIB121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.1985.4767719","article-title":"Experiments in intensity guided range sensing recognition of three-dimensional objects","volume":"7","author":"Magee","year":"1985","journal-title":"IEEE Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0262-8856(03)00004-0_BIB122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1006","DOI":"10.1109\/5.5971","article-title":"Smart sensing within a pyramid vision machine","volume":"76","author":"Burt","year":"1988","journal-title":"Proceedings of IEEE"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0262-8856(03)00004-0_BIB123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/0167-8655(92)90113-E","article-title":"Range-intensity histogram for segmenting LADAR images","volume":"13","author":"Jain","year":"1992","journal-title":"Pattern Recognition Letters"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0262-8856(03)00004-0_BIB124","series-title":"Advances in Neural Information Processing","volume":"1","author":"Pomerleau","year":"1989"},{"issue":"18","key":"10.1016\/S0262-8856(03)00004-0_BIB125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1016\/S0262-8856(99)00032-3","article-title":"An image processing systems for driver assistance","author":"Handmann","year":"2000","journal-title":"Image and Vision Computing"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0262-8856(03)00004-0_BIB126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-0114(94)90215-1","article-title":"Utilization of fuzzy techniques in intelligent sensors","volume":"63","author":"Schodel","year":"1994","journal-title":"Fuzzy Sets and Systems"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0262-8856(03)00004-0_BIB127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1016\/S0921-8890(97)00029-8","article-title":"3D scene interpretation for a mobile robot","volume":"21","author":"Sandakly","year":"1997","journal-title":"Robotics and Autonomous Systems"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0262-8856(03)00004-0_BIB128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1016\/0954-1810(96)00009-X","article-title":"Obstacle detection and environment modeling based on multisensor fusion for robot navigation","volume":"10","author":"Wu","year":"1996","journal-title":"Artificial Intelligence in Engineering"}],"container-title":["Image and Vision Computing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0262885603000040?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0262885603000040?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,18]],"date-time":"2020-03-18T09:57:59Z","timestamp":1584525479000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0262885603000040"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2003,4]]},"references-count":128,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2003,4]]}},"alternative-id":["S0262885603000040"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0262-8856(03)00004-0","relation":{},"ISSN":["0262-8856"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0262-8856","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2003,4]]}}}