{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,14]],"date-time":"2026-04-14T05:26:43Z","timestamp":1776144403893,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2004,2,1]],"date-time":"2004-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1075593600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Image and Vision Computing"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2004,2]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/s0262-8856(03)00145-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2003,9,22]],"date-time":"2003-09-22T20:29:36Z","timestamp":1064262576000},"page":"143-155","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":141,"title":["Tracking multiple vehicles using foreground, background and motion models"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Derek R.","family":"Magee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/S0262-8856(03)00145-8_BIB1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"780","DOI":"10.1109\/34.598236","article-title":"Pfinder: real-time tracking of the human body","volume":"19","author":"Wren","year":"1997","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0262-8856(03)00145-8_BIB2","series-title":"In: Proceedings of the International Conference on Automatic Face and Gesture Recognition","article-title":"Tracking interacting people","author":"McKenna","year":"2000"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0262-8856(03)00145-8_BIB3","series-title":"In: Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Automatic Face and Gesture Recognition","article-title":"W4: who? when? where? a real time system for detecting and tracking people","author":"Haritaoglu","year":"1998"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0262-8856(03)00145-8_BIB4","series-title":"Active appearance models","volume":"vol. 2","author":"Cootes","year":"1998"},{"issue":"3\u20134","key":"10.1016\/S0262-8856(03)00145-8_BIB5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1016\/S0262-8856(98)00104-8","article-title":"Tracking colour objects using adaptive mixture models","volume":"17","author":"McKenna","year":"1999","journal-title":"Image and Vision Computing"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0262-8856(03)00145-8_BIB6","series-title":"In: Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition","article-title":"A real-time computer vision system for measuring traffic parameters","author":"Beymer","year":"1997"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0262-8856(03)00145-8_BIB7","unstructured":"G. Sullivan, Model-based vision for traffic scenes using the ground-plane constraint, in: D. Terzopoulos and C. Brown (Eds), Real-Time Computer Vision, Cambridge University Press."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/S0262-8856(03)00145-8_BIB8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1008155721192","article-title":"Visual surveillance for moving vehicles","volume":"37","author":"Ferryman","year":"2000","journal-title":"International Journal of Computer Vision"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/S0262-8856(03)00145-8_BIB9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01539538","article-title":"Model-based object tracking in monocular image sequences of road traffic scenes","volume":"10","author":"Koller","year":"1993","journal-title":"International Journal of Computer Vision"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0262-8856(03)00145-8_BIB10","series-title":"In: IEEE Workshop on Applications of Computer Vision","article-title":"Real-time traffic monitoring","author":"Ferrier","year":"1994"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0262-8856(03)00145-8_BIB11","series-title":"In: Proceedings of the European Conference on Computer Vision","article-title":"Robust multiple car tracking with occlusion reasoning","author":"Koller","year":"1994"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0262-8856(03)00145-8_BIB12","series-title":"In: Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition","article-title":"Adaptive background mixture models for real-time tracking","author":"Stauffer","year":"1999"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0262-8856(03)00145-8_BIB13","series-title":"In: Proceedings of the Workshop on Vision Systems","article-title":"A sampling algorithm for tracking multiple objects","author":"Tao","year":"1999"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0262-8856(03)00145-8_BIB14","series-title":"In: Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision","article-title":"BraMBLe: a bayesian multiple-blob tracker","author":"Isard","year":"2001"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0262-8856(03)00145-8_BIB15","series-title":"In: Proceedings of the Recent Advances in Mechatronics","article-title":"Adaptive background estimation and foreground detection using kalman-filtering","author":"Ridder","year":"1995"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0262-8856(03)00145-8_BIB16","series-title":"Improving specificity in PDMs using a hierarchical approach","volume":"vol. 1","author":"Heap","year":"1997"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/S0262-8856(03)00145-8_BIB17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-9868.00196","article-title":"Probabilistic principal component analysis","volume":"12","author":"Tipping","year":"1999","journal-title":"Journal of the Royal Statistical Society B"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0262-8856(03)00145-8_BIB18","series-title":"In: Proceedings of the European Conference on Computer Vision","article-title":"A framework for high-level feedback to adaptive, per-pixel, mixture-of-gaussian background models","author":"Harville","year":"2002"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0262-8856(03)00145-8_BIB19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.1016\/0262-8856(96)01101-8","article-title":"Learning the distribution of object trajectories for event recognition","volume":"14","author":"Johnson","year":"1996","journal-title":"Image and Vision Computing"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/S0262-8856(03)00145-8_BIB20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1464","DOI":"10.1109\/5.58325","article-title":"The self organising map","volume":"78","author":"Kohonen","year":"1990","journal-title":"Proceedings of the IEEE"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0262-8856(03)00145-8_BIB21","series-title":"Density Estimation for Statistics and Data Analysis","author":"Silverman","year":"1986"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0262-8856(03)00145-8_BIB22","series-title":"In: Proceedings of the European Conference on Artificial Intelligence","article-title":"Modeling interaction using learnt qualitative spatio-temporal relations and variable length markov models","author":"Galata","year":"2002"}],"container-title":["Image and Vision Computing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0262885603001458?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0262885603001458?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,23]],"date-time":"2019-02-23T23:26:30Z","timestamp":1550964390000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0262885603001458"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2004,2]]},"references-count":22,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2004,2]]}},"alternative-id":["S0262885603001458"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0262-8856(03)00145-8","relation":{},"ISSN":["0262-8856"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0262-8856","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2004,2]]}}}