{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,17]],"date-time":"2026-07-17T11:19:48Z","timestamp":1784287188800,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2004,5,1]],"date-time":"2004-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1083369600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2004,5,1]],"date-time":"2004-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1083369600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2004,5,1]],"date-time":"2004-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1083369600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2004,5,1]],"date-time":"2004-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1083369600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2004,5,1]],"date-time":"2004-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1083369600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2004,5,1]],"date-time":"2004-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1083369600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2004,5,1]],"date-time":"2004-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1083369600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Computer Law & Security Report"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2004,5]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/s0267-3649(04)00031-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2004,4,28]],"date-time":"2004-04-28T20:45:35Z","timestamp":1083185135000},"page":"164-170","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Validating identity for the electronic environment"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Stephen","family":"Mason","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/S0267-3649(04)00031-7_BIB1","unstructured":"A shorter version of this article \u201cAuthenticating identity for the electronic environment\u201d was translated into Russian and first published in Legal Informatization Journal National Center of Legal Information, Republic of Belarus, Volume 6, 2003, 127-132. The author thanks Nicholas Bohm, solicitor, electronic commerce consultant to Fox Williams and Professor Fred Piper, Department of Mathematics, Royal Holloway College, University of London for their comments to the first version of this paper, and for subsequent comments made by Jim Lound, Product Director-Trust Services, Experian Limited."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0267-3649(04)00031-7_BIB2","unstructured":"\u201cIdentity theft at Companies House\u201d, [2002] 18 Computer Law and Security Report 370."},{"key":"#cr-split#-10.1016\/S0267-3649(04)00031-7_BIB3.1","unstructured":"Report: Federal Trade Commission Overview of the Identity Theft Program September 2003 available in electronic format from http:\/\/www.ftc.gov\/os\/2003\/09\/timelinereport.pdf"},{"key":"#cr-split#-10.1016\/S0267-3649(04)00031-7_BIB3.2","unstructured":"Federal Trade Commission - Identity Theft Survey Report, September 2003 available in electronic format from http:\/\/www.ftc.gov\/os\/2003\/09\/synovatereport.pdf."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0267-3649(04)00031-7_BIB4","unstructured":"Jennette Gayer, Policing Privacy: Law Enforcement's Response to Identity Theft, CALPIRG Education Fund, May 2003, p14 available in electronic format from http:\/\/calpirg.org\/CA.asp?id2=9791&id3=CA&."},{"key":"#cr-split#-10.1016\/S0267-3649(04)00031-7_BIB5.1","unstructured":"Identity Cards: The Next Steps, Home Office, November 2003 (Cm 6020), available in electronic format from http:\/\/www.homeoffice.gov.uk\/comrace\/identitycards\/"},{"key":"#cr-split#-10.1016\/S0267-3649(04)00031-7_BIB5.2","unstructured":"A national identity card for Canada? Report of the Standing Committee on Citizenship and Immigration October 2003 available in electronic format from http:\/\/www.parl.gc.ca\/InfocomDoc\/Documents\/37\/2\/parlbus\/commbus\/house\/reports\/cimmrp06\/cimmrp06-e.pdf."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0267-3649(04)00031-7_BIB6","unstructured":"Identity fraud has been divided into three main categories: \u201caccount takeover\u201d where a thief obtains access to a person's accounts, \u201ctrue name\u201d where a thief uses an item of personal information that serves to identify the victim and \u201ccovering tracks\u201d where a criminal commits crimes using the identity of an innocent person. Jennette Gayer, Policing Privacy: Law Enforcement's Response to Identity Theft, p. 8."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0267-3649(04)00031-7_BIB7","unstructured":"Under English law, non-parochial registers recording births, marriages and deaths, which were previously not kept under public authority or in performance of a public duty, were not receivable as public documents until the passing of the Non-Parochial Registers Act 1840. This Act was extended by the Births and Deaths Registration Act 1858, ss 2-3 to records made before 1840."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0267-3649(04)00031-7_BIB8","unstructured":"Registers of births and deaths are kept under the Births and Deaths Registration Acts 1836 to 1953. A register is evidence of the particular transaction that it was the officer's duty to record, and must be made by or under the direction of the person whose duty it is to make the record at the time. Hence, the register of birth is evidence of both the fact and date of birth. See M N Howard ed Phipson on Evidence (Sweet & Maxwell, 15th edn, 2000) paragraphs 36-12 to 36-14; 36-20 to 36-23."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0267-3649(04)00031-7_BIB9","unstructured":"HMG's Minimum Requirements for the Verification of the Identity of Individuals, Office of the e-Envoy, Version 2.0 January 2003 paragraph 3.3.2 for an indicative list, available in electronic format from http:\/\/www.e-envoy.gov.uk\/Resources\/FrameworksAndPolicy\/fs\/en."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0267-3649(04)00031-7_BIB10","unstructured":"Paragraph 1.1.1 of Civil Registration: Delivering Vital Change, London: Office for National Statistics, 2003 incorrectly asserts that the act of civil registration \u201cprovides the individual with a name and identity within society.\u201d This claim infers that the right to give a child a name is granted by the state. This assertion is both incorrect and unacceptable. The consultation document is available in electronic format from http:\/\/www.statistics.gov.uk\/registration\/whitepaper\/default.asp."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0267-3649(04)00031-7_BIB11","unstructured":"Identity Fraud: A Study, Cabinet Office, July 2002 paragraph 3.16, available in electronic format from http:\/\/www.homeoffice.gov.uk\/docs\/id_fraud_report.pdf."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0267-3649(04)00031-7_BIB12","unstructured":"The Federal Trade Commission issued When bad things happen to your good name in November 2003, available in electronic format from http:\/\/www.ftc.gov\/bcp\/conline\/pubs\/credit\/idtheft.htm. See also United States General Accounting Office Report to Congressional Requesters: Social Security Numbers Improved SSN Verification and Exchange of States' Driver Records Would Enhance Identity Verification September 2003, available in electronic format from http:\/\/www.gao.gov\/atext\/d03920.txt."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0267-3649(04)00031-7_BIB13","unstructured":"Registration and Authentication: e-Government Strategy Framework Policy and Guidelines, Office of the e-Envoy, Version 3.0 September 2002 Chapter 4 for a discussion of the levels of authentication, available in electronic format from http:\/\/www.e-envoy.gov.uk\/Resources\/FrameworksAndPolicy\/fs\/en. See also the excellent discussion in Online Authentication: A guide for government managers, National Office for the Information Economy, 2002, available in electronic format from http:\/\/www.noie.gov.au\/projects\/confidence\/Improving\/authentication.htm."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0267-3649(04)00031-7_BIB14","unstructured":"HMG's Minimum Requirements for the Verification of the Identity of Individuals, Office of the e-Envoy, Version 2.0 January 2003 paragraph 2.1."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0267-3649(04)00031-7_BIB15","unstructured":"Registration and Authentication: e-Government Strategy Framework Policy and Guidelines, Office of the e-Envoy, Version 3.0 September 2002 and HMG's Minimum Requirements for the Verification of the Identity of Individuals, Office of the e-Envoy, Version 2.0 January 2003. Similar considerations relating levels of assurance are discussed in E-Authentication Policy for Federal Agencies: Request for Comments, Office of Electronic Government and technology, GSA, available in electronic format at http:\/\/www.estrategy.gov\/eapolicydraft.cfm."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0267-3649(04)00031-7_BIB16","unstructured":"See generally: Registration and Authentication: e-Government Strategy Framework Policy and Guidelines, Office of the e-Envoy, Version 3.0 September 2002 Chapter 3."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0267-3649(04)00031-7_BIB17","unstructured":"Chapter 4."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0267-3649(04)00031-7_BIB18","unstructured":"See generally: Identity Fraud: A Study, Cabinet Office, July 2002."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0267-3649(04)00031-7_BIB19","unstructured":"The most common sources of identity theft are: theft of information sent by post; looking through discarded rubbish (the information can be found in the rubbish bin of the individual, or the rubbish bin of an organization that discards volumes of papers for collection, rather than destroying the information); employees that steal personal information; items that are either stolen or lost, such as a driving licence; burglary of a dwelling or office; obtaining information by sending out false e-mails to encourage individuals to provide security passwords, or hacking into insecure web sites; scams by telephone, asking for personal information and shoulder surfing, amongst others."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0267-3649(04)00031-7_BIB20","unstructured":"Where a biometric measurement is used, such as a fingerprint or iris scan, for instance, what happens when the measurement is stolen? What other form of biometric measurement will be used by the state to replace the stolen measurement? The original measurement must be protected, whether it is contained on a card or in a central database or both. A human being only has a limited number of attributes that are capable of being measured. What will the state do if an individual no longer has a biometric measurement to use? How will individuals whose biometric measurements are stolen prove that it was not they that committed a criminal or terrorist act?"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0267-3649(04)00031-7_BIB21","unstructured":"Jennette Gayer, Policing Privacy: Law Enforcement's Response to Identity Theft, pp. 4 and 11."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0267-3649(04)00031-7_BIB22","unstructured":"Identity Fraud: A Study, Cabinet Office, July 2002, example at Box 2.2."}],"container-title":["Computer Law & Security Report"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0267364904000317?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0267364904000317?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,8]],"date-time":"2025-04-08T21:25:05Z","timestamp":1744147505000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0267364904000317"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2004,5]]},"references-count":24,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2004,5]]}},"alternative-id":["S0267364904000317"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0267-3649(04)00031-7","relation":{},"ISSN":["0267-3649"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0267-3649","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2004,5]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Validating identity for the electronic environment","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Computer Law & Security Report","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0267-3649(04)00031-7","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"converted-article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Copyright \u00a9 2004 Elsevier Ltd. 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