{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,28]],"date-time":"2025-05-28T04:46:36Z","timestamp":1748407596152,"version":"3.40.3"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2004,7,1]],"date-time":"2004-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1088640000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2004,7,1]],"date-time":"2004-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1088640000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2004,7,1]],"date-time":"2004-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1088640000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2004,7,1]],"date-time":"2004-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1088640000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2004,7,1]],"date-time":"2004-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1088640000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2004,7,1]],"date-time":"2004-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1088640000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2004,7,1]],"date-time":"2004-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1088640000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Computer Law & Security Report"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2004,7]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/s0267-3649(04)00051-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2004,7,13]],"date-time":"2004-07-13T22:24:08Z","timestamp":1089757448000},"page":"293-299","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["PayPal: the legal status of C2C payment systems"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Andr\u00e9s Guadamuz","family":"Gonz\u00e1lez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/S0267-3649(04)00051-2_BIB1","unstructured":"For more e-commerce figures, see: http:\/\/cyberatlas.internet.com\/"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0267-3649(04)00051-2_BIB2","unstructured":"Evidenced by the implementation of regulation of this method, such as the Directive 2000\/46\/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 18 September 2000 on the taking up, pursuit of and prudential supervision of the business of electronic money institutions. O.J.E.C. L275\/39, 27\/10\/2002."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0267-3649(04)00051-2_BIB3","unstructured":"For more of these methods, see: Sorkin, D. E. \u201cPayment Methods for Consumer-to-Consumer Online Transactions\u201d, 35 Akron Law Review 1, 2001."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0267-3649(04)00051-2_BIB4","unstructured":"http:\/\/www.amazon.com\/marketplace"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0267-3649(04)00051-2_BIB5","unstructured":"Cohen, A. The Perfect Store: Inside eBay, Boston: Little, Brown & Co; 2002, pp.229-230."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0267-3649(04)00051-2_BIB6","unstructured":"Sapsford, J. \u201cPayPal Sees Torrid Growth with Money-Sending Service\u201d, The Wall Street Journal, February 16, 2000. @: http:\/\/www.paypal.com\/html\/wsj3.html"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0267-3649(04)00051-2_BIB7","unstructured":"Sorkin, op cit; pp.11-12."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0267-3649(04)00051-2_BIB8","unstructured":"For more on their fees, see: http:\/\/www.paypal.com\/cgi-bin\/webscr?cmd=p\/gen\/fees-outside"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0267-3649(04)00051-2_BIB9","unstructured":"Thiel, P; cited by Sapsford, op. cit."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0267-3649(04)00051-2_BIB10","unstructured":"Grossman, W. \u201cOnline payment systems: Easy money?\u201d The Independent, September 9, 2002. @: http:\/\/news.independent.co.uk\/digital\/features\/story.jsp?story=331757"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0267-3649(04)00051-2_BIB11","unstructured":"For more financial reports from eBay, see: http:\/\/www.shareholder.com\/ebay\/releases-earnings.cfm"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0267-3649(04)00051-2_BIB12","unstructured":"See Directive 2000\/31\/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 8 June 2000 on certain legal aspects of information society services, in particular electronic commerce, in the Internal Market (Directive on electronic commerce), OJ L 178\/1, Section 4."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0267-3649(04)00051-2_BIB13","unstructured":"Craig Comb, et-al. v. PayPal, Inc. Cases No. C-02-1227 and C-02-2777 JF (N.D. Cal., August 30, 2002)."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0267-3649(04)00051-2_BIB14","unstructured":"For more on this subject, see: Lawson, R.G. Exclusion clauses and unfair contract terms, 6th edition, London: Sweet & Maxwell, 2000."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0267-3649(04)00051-2_BIB15","unstructured":"For more on the application of s.75 of the CCA, see: Ellinger, E. P; Lomnicka, E. and Hooley, R. Modern Banking Law, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002, pp. 532-536."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0267-3649(04)00051-2_BIB16","unstructured":"This is in accordance to ss. 11 and 12 of the CCA."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0267-3649(04)00051-2_BIB17","unstructured":"Charge cards are cards that are not entitled to the same regime as credit cards as they are not considered credit in the legal sense because the user is supposed to clear the account almost immediately (such as Diners Club or American Express). See Ellinger, Lomnicka and Hooley, op cit."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0267-3649(04)00051-2_BIB18","unstructured":"For more on this programme, see: http:\/\/www.paypal.com\/"},{"key":"#cr-split#-10.1016\/S0267-3649(04)00051-2_BIB19.1","unstructured":"Directive 2000\/12\/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of Europe of 20 March 2000 relating to the taking up and pursuit of the business of credit institutions, OJ L 126\/1, 2000, Art. 1"},{"key":"#cr-split#-10.1016\/S0267-3649(04)00051-2_BIB19.2","unstructured":"implemented in the UK by the Financial Services and Markets Act 2000 (Regulated Activities) Order 2001 (RAO), SI 2001-544."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0267-3649(04)00051-2_BIB20","unstructured":"Directive 94\/19\/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of Europe of 16 May 1994 on deposit-guarantee schemes, OJ L 135, 1994, Art. 1.1."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0267-3649(04)00051-2_BIB21","unstructured":"ROA, s.5(1)."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0267-3649(04)00051-2_BIB22","unstructured":"PayPal user agreement, para 2.1."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0267-3649(04)00051-2_BIB23","unstructured":"Grossman, op cit."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0267-3649(04)00051-2_BIB24","unstructured":"Wolverton, T. \u201cPayPal not a bank\u201d, CNet News, March 12, 2002. @: http:\/\/news.com.com\/2100-1017-858264.html?tag=bplst"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0267-3649(04)00051-2_BIB25","unstructured":"Bureau of National Affairs. \u201cElectronic Payments: Paypal Funds Eligible for Pass-Through Insurance from FDIC as Deposits by Agent\u201d, BNA Newsletter, Vol 7 No. 12, March 20, 2002, p.254."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0267-3649(04)00051-2_BIB26","unstructured":"Financial Services and Markets Act 2000 (FSMA), ss.33-39."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0267-3649(04)00051-2_BIB27","unstructured":"FSMA, s.19."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0267-3649(04)00051-2_BIB28","unstructured":"Ellinger, Lomnicka and Hooley, op cit; Ch. 2."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0267-3649(04)00051-2_BIB29","unstructured":"PayPal Europe, N. Naraine, \u201cPayPal Readies European Subsidiary\u201d, Internet News, January 5, 2004. @: http:\/\/www.internetnews.com\/ec-news\/article.php\/3295181"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0267-3649(04)00051-2_BIB30","unstructured":"Directive 2000\/46\/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 18 September 2000 on the taking up, pursuit of and prudential supervision of the business of electronic money institutions. O.J.E.C. L275\/39, 27\/10\/2002, Art.1.3(b)."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0267-3649(04)00051-2_BIB31","unstructured":"R. Kavanagh, \u201cPayPal launch European service\u201d, ITVibe, February 11, 2004. @: http:\/\/itvibe.com\/default.aspx?NewsID=1270. It is rather ironic that the author of this small news item calls PayPal an \u201celectronic bank\u201d."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0267-3649(04)00051-2_BIB32","unstructured":"EMI Directive, Art.1.3(b)."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0267-3649(04)00051-2_BIB33","unstructured":"PayPal Europe User Agreement, s.2."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0267-3649(04)00051-2_BIB34","unstructured":"EMI Directive, para (5)."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0267-3649(04)00051-2_BIB35","unstructured":"A smart-card is \u201ca plastic rectangle containing an electronic chip, and holding a certain amount of readable data.\u201d See: Newman, S. \u201cIntroduction: Smart Cards\u201d, Smart Cards, S. Newman editor (ECLIP II, IST Project Report 1999), p.3."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0267-3649(04)00051-2_BIB36","unstructured":"HM Treasury, Implementation of the Electronic Money Directive: A consultation document, op cit."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0267-3649(04)00051-2_BIB37","unstructured":"Ibid. Here they say that \u201cThe Treasury believes the Directive's definition includes both e-money schemes in which value is stored on a card that is used by the bearer to make purchases, and account-based e-money schemes where value is stored in an electronic account that the user can access remotely.\u201d"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0267-3649(04)00051-2_BIB38","unstructured":"Financial Services Authority. Guidance on the scope of the regulated activity of issuing e-money (2004), Appendix 3.3.20. @: http:\/\/www.fsa.gov.uk\/handbook\/BL3AUTHpp\/AUTH\/Appendix_3.pdf"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0267-3649(04)00051-2_BIB39","unstructured":"Ibid."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0267-3649(04)00051-2_BIB40","unstructured":"Credit token is defined in s.14 of the CCA as any card, check, voucher, coupon, stamp, form, booklet or other document that is given to an individual, who will be able to purchase goods and services when shown to the issuer or to an authorised third party."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0267-3649(04)00051-2_BIB41","unstructured":"Commission of the European Community, Communication from the Commission to the Council and the European Parliament concerning a New Legal Framework for Payments in the Internal Market, COM(2003) 718 final, 2\/12\/2003."}],"container-title":["Computer Law & Security Report"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0267364904000512?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0267364904000512?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,8]],"date-time":"2025-04-08T21:25:25Z","timestamp":1744147525000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0267364904000512"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2004,7]]},"references-count":42,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2004,7]]}},"alternative-id":["S0267364904000512"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0267-3649(04)00051-2","relation":{},"ISSN":["0267-3649"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0267-3649"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2004,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"PayPal: the legal status of C2C payment systems","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Computer Law & Security Report","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0267-3649(04)00051-2","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"converted-article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Copyright \u00a9 2004 Elsevier Ltd. 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