{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,15]],"date-time":"2026-05-15T00:02:46Z","timestamp":1778803366287,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2000,11,1]],"date-time":"2000-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":973036800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Information Processing & Management"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2000,11]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/s0306-4573(00)00016-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2002,7,25]],"date-time":"2002-07-25T20:40:16Z","timestamp":1027629616000},"page":"809-840","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":242,"title":["A probabilistic model of information retrieval: development and comparative experiments"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"36","author":[{"given":"K","family":"Sparck Jones","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"S","family":"Walker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"S.E","family":"Robertson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/S0306-4573(00)00016-9_BIB1","series-title":"Proceedings of the 11th Annual International ACM\u2013SIGIR Conference on Research and Development in Information Retrieval","first-page":"333","article-title":"The automatic indexing system AIR\/PHYS \u2014 from research to application","author":"Biebricher","year":"1988"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0306-4573(00)00016-9_BIB2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1016\/0306-4573(94)00049-9","article-title":"Automatic retrieval and routing using SMART: TREC-2","volume":"31","author":"Buckley","year":"1995","journal-title":"Information Processing and Management"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0306-4573(00)00016-9_BIB3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Buckley, C., Singhal, A., & Mitra, M. (1996). New retrieval approaches using SMART: TREC-4. In D. K. Harman (Ed.), The Fourth Text REtrieval Conference (TREC-4), (pp. 25\u201348). Special Publication 500-236. National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD","DOI":"10.6028\/NIST.SP.500-236.routing-cornell"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0306-4573(00)00016-9_BIB4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1016\/0306-4573(94)00050-D","article-title":"TREC and TIPSTER experiments with INQUERY","volume":"31","author":"Callan","year":"1995","journal-title":"Information Processing and Management"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0306-4573(00)00016-9_BIB5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1145\/195705.195735","article-title":"Some inconsistencies and misidentified modelling assumptions in probabilistic information retrieval","volume":"13","author":"Cooper","year":"1995","journal-title":"ACM Transactions on Information Systems"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0306-4573(00)00016-9_BIB6","unstructured":"Cooper, W., Chen, A., & Gey, F. (1994). Full text retrieval based on probabilistic equations with coefficients fitted by logistic regression The Second Text REtrieval Conference (TREC-4), D. K. Harman (Ed.), Special Publication 500-215 (p. 57\u201366). National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0306-4573(00)00016-9_BIB7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1108\/eb026683","article-title":"Using probabilistic models of document retrieval without relevance information","volume":"35","author":"Croft","year":"1979","journal-title":"Journal of Documentation"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0306-4573(00)00016-9_BIB8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1016\/0306-4573(94)00054-7","article-title":"CLARIT-TREC experiments","volume":"31","author":"Evans","year":"1995","journal-title":"Information Processing and Management"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0306-4573(00)00016-9_BIB9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1145\/125187.125189","article-title":"A probabilistic learning approach for document indexing","volume":"9","author":"Fuhr","year":"1991","journal-title":"ACM Transactions on Information Systems"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0306-4573(00)00016-9_BIB10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fuhr, N., Pfeifer, U., Bremkamp, C., & Pollman, M. (1994). Probabilistic learning approaches for indexing and retrieval with the TREC-2 collection. The Second Text REtrieval Conference (TREC-4), D. K. Harman (Ed.), Special Publication 500-215, (p. 67\u201374). National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD","DOI":"10.6028\/NIST.SP.500-215.dortmund"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0306-4573(00)00016-9_BIB11","series-title":"Intelligent, scaleable text summarisation. Proceedings of a Workshop","first-page":"31","article-title":"A proposal for task-based evaluation of text summarisation systems","author":"Hand","year":"1997"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0306-4573(00)00016-9_BIB12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1108\/eb026659","article-title":"An evaluation of feedback in document retrieval using co-occurrence data","volume":"34","author":"Harper","year":"1978","journal-title":"Journal of Documentation"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0306-4573(00)00016-9_BIB13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1002\/asi.4630260402","article-title":"A probabilistic approach to automatic keyword indexing. Parts 1 and 2","volume":"26","author":"Harter","year":"1975","journal-title":"Journal of the American Society for Information Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0306-4573(00)00016-9_BIB14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1002\/asi.4630260504","article-title":"A probabilistic approach to automatic keyword indexing. Parts 1 and 2","volume":"26","author":"Harter","year":"1975","journal-title":"Journal of the American Society for Information Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0306-4573(00)00016-9_BIB15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hawking, D., & Thistlethwaite, P. (1998). Overview of TREC-6 very large collection track. In The Sixth Text REtrieval Conference (TREC-6) (p. 93\u2013105). Special Publication 500-240. National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD","DOI":"10.6028\/NIST.SP.500-240.vlc-overview"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0306-4573(00)00016-9_BIB16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hiemstra, D. (2000). A probabilistic justification for using tf.idf term weighting in information retrieval. International Journal on Digital Libraries, 3 (in press)","DOI":"10.1007\/s007999900025"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0306-4573(00)00016-9_BIB17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Johnson, S. E., Jourlin, P., Sparck Jones, K., & Woodland, P. C. (1999). Spoken document retrieval for TREC-8 at Cambridge University. To appear in The Eighth Text REtrieval Conference (TREC-8)","DOI":"10.6028\/NIST.SP.500-246.sdr-cambridge"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0306-4573(00)00016-9_BIB18","series-title":"SIGIR \u201996: Proceedings of the 19th Annual International ACM\u2013SIGIR Conference on Research and Development in Information Retrieval","first-page":"30","article-title":"Retrieving spoken documents by combining multiple evidence sources","author":"Jones","year":"1996"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0306-4573(00)00016-9_BIB19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1145\/203052.203067","article-title":"A network approach to probabilistic information retrieval","volume":"13","author":"Kwok","year":"1995","journal-title":"ACM Transactions on Information Systems"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0306-4573(00)00016-9_BIB20","unstructured":"Lewis, D. (1997). The TREC-5 filtering track. In E. M. Vorhees, D. K. Harman (Eds.), The Fifth Text REtrieval Conference (TREC-5) (p. 75\u201396). Special Publication 500-238. National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0306-4573(00)00016-9_BIB21","series-title":"Intelligent, scaleable text summarisation, Proceedings of a Workshop","year":"1997"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0306-4573(00)00016-9_BIB22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1145\/321033.321035","article-title":"On relevance, probabilistic indexing and information retrieval","volume":"7","author":"Maron","year":"1960","journal-title":"Journal of the ACM"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0306-4573(00)00016-9_BIB23","series-title":"Proceedings of the 22nd Annual International ACM SIGIR Conference on Research and Development in Information Retrieval","first-page":"214","article-title":"A Hidden Markov Model information retrieval system","author":"Miller","year":"1999"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0306-4573(00)00016-9_BIB24","series-title":"Proceedings of RIAO-97, Computer-Assisted Information Searching on Internet","article-title":"An analysis of statistical and syntactic phrases","author":"Mitra","year":"1997"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0306-4573(00)00016-9_BIB25","first-page":"3","article-title":"Papers on Okapi","volume":"33","author":"Okapi","year":"1997","journal-title":"Journal of Documentation"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0306-4573(00)00016-9_BIB26","series-title":"Proceedings of the 21st Annual International ACM SIGIR Conference on Research and Development in Information Retrieval","first-page":"275","article-title":"A language modelling approach to information retrieval","author":"Ponte","year":"1998"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0306-4573(00)00016-9_BIB27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1108\/eb026647","article-title":"The probability ranking principle in IR","volume":"33","author":"Robertson","year":"1977","journal-title":"Journal of Documentation"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0306-4573(00)00016-9_BIB28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1108\/eb026866","article-title":"On term selection for query expansion","volume":"46","author":"Robertson","year":"1990","journal-title":"Journal of Documentation"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0306-4573(00)00016-9_BIB29","unstructured":"Robertson, S. E., & Bovey, J. D. (1982). Statistical problems in the application of probabilistic models to information retrieval. Technical Report, Centre for Information Science, City University"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0306-4573(00)00016-9_BIB30","first-page":"1","article-title":"Probability of relevance: a unification of two competing models for document retrieval","volume":"1","author":"Robertson","year":"1982","journal-title":"Information Technology: Research and Development"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0306-4573(00)00016-9_BIB31","series-title":"Information retrieval research","first-page":"35","article-title":"Probabilistic models of indexing and searching","author":"Robertson","year":"1981"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0306-4573(00)00016-9_BIB32","series-title":"Proceedings of the Seventeenth Annual International ACM SIGIR Conference on Research and Development in Information Retrieval","first-page":"232","article-title":"Some simple effective approximations to the 2 Poisson model for probabilistic weighted retrieval","author":"Robertson","year":"1994"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0306-4573(00)00016-9_BIB33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Robertson, S. E., & Walker, S. (2000). Threshold setting in adaptive filtering. Journal of Documentation, 56 (in press)","DOI":"10.1108\/EUM0000000007118"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0306-4573(00)00016-9_BIB34","unstructured":"Salton, G. (1971a). The SMART retrieval system (Chapter 14). Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ. (Reprinted from Rocchio, J.J. (1965). Relevance feedback in information retrieval. In Scientific Report ISR-9, Harvard University)"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0306-4573(00)00016-9_BIB35","unstructured":"Salton, G. (1971b). The SMART retrieval system, (Chapter 16). Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ. (Reprinted from Ide, E. (1968). New experiments in relevance feedback. In Scientific Report ISR-14, Cornell University)"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0306-4573(00)00016-9_BIB36","series-title":"A theory of indexing","author":"Salton","year":"1975"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0306-4573(00)00016-9_BIB37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1016\/0306-4573(88)90021-0","article-title":"Term weighting approaches in automatic text retrieval","volume":"24","author":"Salton","year":"1988","journal-title":"Information Processing and Management"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0306-4573(00)00016-9_BIB38","series-title":"Introduction to modern information retrieval","author":"Salton","year":"1983"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0306-4573(00)00016-9_BIB39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1016\/S0306-4573(96)00062-3","article-title":"Automatic text structuring and summarisation","volume":"33","author":"Salton","year":"1997","journal-title":"Information Processing and Management"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/S0306-4573(00)00016-9_BIB40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0306-4573(97)00055-1","article-title":"On the role of logic in information retrieval","volume":"38","author":"Sebastiani","year":"1998","journal-title":"Information Processing and Management"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0306-4573(00)00016-9_BIB41","series-title":"Proceedings of the 19th Annual International ACM\u2013SIGIR Conference on Research and Development in Information Retrieval","first-page":"11","article-title":"Pivoted document length normalisation","author":"Singhal","year":"1996"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0306-4573(00)00016-9_BIB42","unstructured":"Smeaton, A., & Wilkinson, R. (1997). Spanish and Chinese document retrieval in TREC-5. In E. M. Voorhees, D. K. Harman (Eds.), Proceedings of the Fifth Text REtrieval Conference (TREC-5). Special Publication 500-238 (p. 57\u201364). National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0306-4573(00)00016-9_BIB43","series-title":"Natural language information retrieval","first-page":"1","article-title":"What is the role of NLP in text retrieval?","author":"Sparck Jones","year":"1999"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0306-4573(00)00016-9_BIB44","unstructured":"Sparck Jones, K. (1999b). Summary performance comparisons: TREC-2 through TREC-7. The Seventh Text Retrieval Conference (TREC-7). Special Publication 500-242 (p. B1\u2013B6). National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0306-4573(00)00016-9_BIB46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sparck Jones, K. (1999c). Information retrieval and artificial intelligence. Artificial Intelligence, 114, 257\u2013281","DOI":"10.1016\/S0004-3702(99)00075-2"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0306-4573(00)00016-9_BIB45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sparck Jones, K. (2000). Further reflections on TREC. Information Processing and Management, 36, 37\u201385","DOI":"10.1016\/S0306-4573(99)00044-8"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0306-4573(00)00016-9_BIB47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1016\/0306-4573(95)00077-1","article-title":"Experiments in spoken document retrieval","volume":"32","author":"Sparck Jones","year":"1996","journal-title":"Information Processing and Management"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0306-4573(00)00016-9_BIB48","unstructured":"Sparck Jones, K., Walker, S., & Robertson, S. E. (1998). A probabilistic model of information retrieval: development and status. TR 446, Computer Laboratory, University of Cambridge (via http:\/\/www.cl.cam.ac.uk\/)"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0306-4573(00)00016-9_BIB49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sparck Jones, K., & Webster, C. A. (1980). Research on relevance weighting 1976\u20131979, Computer Laboratory, University of Cambridge (also BL R&D Report 5553)","DOI":"10.1108\/eb026672"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0306-4573(00)00016-9_BIB50","series-title":"Readings on information retrieval","year":"1997"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0306-4573(00)00016-9_BIB51","unstructured":"TREC (1999). The Seventh Text REtrieval Conference (TREC-7), E. M. Voorhees, D. K. Harman (Eds.), Special Publication 500-242. Gaithersburg, MD: National Institute of Standards and Technology"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0306-4573(00)00016-9_BIB52","unstructured":"TREC (1998). The Sixth Text REtrieval Conference (TREC-6), E. M. Voorhees, D. K. Harman (Eds.), Special Publication 500-240. Gaithersburg, MD: National Institute of Standards and Technology"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0306-4573(00)00016-9_BIB53","unstructured":"TREC (1997). The Fifth Text REtrieval Conference (TREC-5), E. M. Voorhees, D. K. Harman (Eds.), Special Publication 500-238. Gaithersburg, MD: National Institute of Standards and Technology"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0306-4573(00)00016-9_BIB54","unstructured":"TREC (1996). The Fourth Text REtrieval Conference (TREC-4), D. K. Harman (Ed.). Special Publication 500-236. Gaithersburg, MD: National Institute of Standards and Technology"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0306-4573(00)00016-9_BIB55","unstructured":"TREC (1995). The Third Text REtrieval Conference (TREC-3), D. K. Harman (Ed.). Special Publication 500-225. Gaithersburg, MD: National Institute of Standards and Technology"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0306-4573(00)00016-9_BIB56","unstructured":"TREC (1994). The Second Text REtrieval Conference (TREC-2), D. K. Harman (Ed.), Special Publication 500-215. Gaithersburg, MD: National Institute of Standards and Technology"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0306-4573(00)00016-9_BIB57","unstructured":"TREC (1993). The First Text REtrieval Conference (TREC-1), D. K. Harman (Ed.), Special Publication 500-207. Gaithersburg, MD: National Institute of Standards and Technology"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0306-4573(00)00016-9_BIB58","series-title":"Proceedings of the 13th International ACM\u2013SIGIR Conference on Research and Development in Information Retrieval","first-page":"1","article-title":"Inference networks for document retrieval","author":"Turtle","year":"1990"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0306-4573(00)00016-9_BIB59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1145\/125187.125188","article-title":"Evaluation of an inference network-based retrieval model","volume":"7","author":"Turtle","year":"1991","journal-title":"ACM Transactions on Information Systems"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0306-4573(00)00016-9_BIB60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1108\/eb026637","article-title":"A theoretical basis for the use of co-occurrence data in information retrieval","volume":"33","author":"van Rijsbergen","year":"1977","journal-title":"Journal of Documentation"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0306-4573(00)00016-9_BIB61","series-title":"Information retrieval","author":"van Rijsbergen","year":"1979"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0306-4573(00)00016-9_BIB62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1093\/comjnl\/29.6.481","article-title":"A non-classical logic for information retrieval","volume":"29","author":"van Rijsbergen","year":"1986","journal-title":"The Computer Journal"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0306-4573(00)00016-9_BIB63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Walker, S., Robertson, S. E., Boughanem, M., Jones, G. J. F., & Sparck Jones, K. (1998). Okapi at TREC-6: automatic ad hoc, VLC, routing, filtering and QSDR. In Proceedings of the Sixth Text Retrieval Conference (TREC-6), Special Publication 500-240 (p. 125\u2013136). National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD","DOI":"10.6028\/NIST.SP.500-240.vlc-City"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0306-4573(00)00016-9_BIB64","unstructured":"Xu, J., & Croft, W. B. (1996). Proceedings of the 19th Annual International ACM\u2013SIGIR Conference on Research and Development in Information Retrieval, (pp. 4\u201311). Association for Computing MachineryNew York"}],"container-title":["Information Processing & Management"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0306457300000169?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0306457300000169?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,5]],"date-time":"2024-12-05T08:33:09Z","timestamp":1733387589000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0306457300000169"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2000,11]]},"references-count":64,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2000,11]]}},"alternative-id":["S0306457300000169"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0306-4573(00)00016-9","relation":{},"ISSN":["0306-4573"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0306-4573","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2000,11]]}}}