{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]],"date-time":"2026-03-01T11:02:47Z","timestamp":1772362967516,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":70,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1999,11,1]],"date-time":"1999-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":941414400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Information Processing &amp; Management"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1999,11]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/s0306-4573(99)00028-x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2002,7,25]],"date-time":"2002-07-25T21:54:34Z","timestamp":1027634074000},"page":"819-837","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":240,"title":["Task complexity, problem structure and information actions"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"35","author":[{"given":"Pertti","family":"Vakkari","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/S0306-4573(99)00028-X_BIB1","series-title":"Managing the flow of technology: technology transfer and dissemination of technological information within the R&D organization","author":"Allen","year":"1978"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/S0306-4573(99)00028-X_BIB2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1108\/eb024320","article-title":"The design of browsing and berrypicking techniques for the online search interface","volume":"13","author":"Bates","year":"1989","journal-title":"Online Review"},{"issue":"2\/3","key":"10.1016\/S0306-4573(99)00028-X_BIB3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1108\/eb026722","article-title":"ASK for Information retrieval I and II","volume":"38","author":"Belkin","year":"1982","journal-title":"Journal of Documentation"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/S0306-4573(99)00028-X_BIB4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1177\/016555158200500501","article-title":"Distributed expert problem treatment as a model for information system analysis and design","volume":"5","author":"Belkin","year":"1983","journal-title":"Journal of Information Science"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/S0306-4573(99)00028-X_BIB5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1016\/0306-4573(93)90059-M","article-title":"Braque: design an interface to support user interaction in information retrieval","volume":"29","author":"Belkin","year":"1993","journal-title":"Information Processing and Management"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0306-4573(99)00028-X_BIB6","first-page":"133","article-title":"Anomalous states of knowledge as basis for information retrieval","volume":"5","author":"Belkin","year":"1980","journal-title":"Canadian Journal of Information Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0306-4573(99)00028-X_BIB7","series-title":"Information retrieval '93","article-title":"Interaction with texts: information retrieval as information seeking behavior","author":"Belkin","year":"1993"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0306-4573(99)00028-X_BIB69","unstructured":"Belkin, N., & Vickery, A. (1985). Information in Information Systems. British Library LIRR 35. London: British Library"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0306-4573(99)00028-X_BIB8","first-page":"191","article-title":"Problem descriptions and user models","volume":"8","author":"Brooks","year":"1985","journal-title":"Informatics"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/S0306-4573(99)00028-X_BIB9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1016\/0306-4573(94)00041-Z","article-title":"Task complexity affects information seeking and use","volume":"31","author":"Bystr\u00f6m","year":"1995","journal-title":"Information Processing and Management"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/S0306-4573(99)00028-X_BIB10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.5465\/amr.1988.4306775","article-title":"Task complexity: a review and analysis","volume":"13","author":"Campbell","year":"1988","journal-title":"Academy of Management Review"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0306-4573(99)00028-X_BIB11","series-title":"ARIST 28","first-page":"231","article-title":"Browsing: a multidimensional framework","author":"Chang","year":"1993"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0306-4573(99)00028-X_BIB12","series-title":"Information, systems and information systems","author":"Checkland","year":"1998"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0306-4573(99)00028-X_BIB13","series-title":"The knowing organization","author":"Choo","year":"1998"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/S0306-4573(99)00028-X_BIB14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"554","DOI":"10.1287\/mnsc.32.5.554","article-title":"Organizational information requirements: media richness and structural design","volume":"32","author":"Daft","year":"1986","journal-title":"Management Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0306-4573(99)00028-X_BIB15","series-title":"Theory and application of information research","first-page":"48","article-title":"The relevance of cognitive paradigm to information science","author":"De Mey","year":"1980"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0306-4573(99)00028-X_BIB16","series-title":"Knowledge structure and use: implications for synthesis and interpretation","article-title":"Information as a user construct: The relevance of perceived information needs to synthesis and interpretation","author":"Dervin","year":"1983"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0306-4573(99)00028-X_BIB17","series-title":"Qualitative research in information management","first-page":"61","article-title":"From the mind's eye of the user: the sense-making qualitative methodology","author":"Dervin","year":"1992"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0306-4573(99)00028-X_BIB70","first-page":"3","article-title":"Information needs and uses","volume":"21","author":"Dervin","year":"1986"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0306-4573(99)00028-X_BIB18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.2307\/2391105","article-title":"Integrative complexity: an approach to individuals and groups as information processing systems","volume":"14","author":"Driver","year":"1969","journal-title":"Administrative Science Quarterly"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/S0306-4573(99)00028-X_BIB19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.1108\/EUM0000000007204","article-title":"Modelling the information seeking patterns of engineers and research scientists in an industrial environment","volume":"53","author":"Ellis","year":"1997","journal-title":"Journal of Documentation"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0306-4573(99)00028-X_BIB20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1108\/eb026843","article-title":"A behavioural approach to information retrieval system design","volume":"45","author":"Ellis","year":"1989","journal-title":"Journal of Documentation"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0306-4573(99)00028-X_BIB21","series-title":"Communication: the essence of science","author":"Garvey","year":"1979"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0306-4573(99)00028-X_BIB22","series-title":"The essence of cognitive psychology","author":"Gavin","year":"1998"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0306-4573(99)00028-X_BIB23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/0001-6918(69)90073-0","article-title":"Toward understanding the role of tasks in behavioral research","volume":"31","author":"Hackman","year":"1969","journal-title":"Acta Psychologica"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0306-4573(99)00028-X_BIB24","series-title":"Knowledge, concepts and categories","first-page":"43","article-title":"Concepts and similarity","author":"Hahn","year":"1997"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/S0306-4573(99)00028-X_BIB25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"602","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-4571(199210)43:9<602::AID-ASI3>3.0.CO;2-Q","article-title":"Psychological relevance and information science","volume":"43","author":"Harter","year":"1992","journal-title":"JASIS"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0306-4573(99)00028-X_BIB26","series-title":"Knowledge and concept learning","first-page":"7","article-title":"Knowledge, concepts and categories","author":"Heit","year":"1997"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/S0306-4573(99)00028-X_BIB27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"504","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-4571(199607)47:7<504::AID-ASI4>3.0.CO;2-Y","article-title":"User goals on an online public access catalog","volume":"47","author":"Hert","year":"1996","journal-title":"JASIS"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0306-4573(99)00028-X_BIB28","series-title":"Information retrieval interaction","author":"Ingwersen","year":"1992"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/S0306-4573(99)00028-X_BIB29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1108\/eb026960","article-title":"Cognitive perspectives of information retrieval interaction: elements of a cognitive IR theory","volume":"51","author":"Ingwersen","year":"1996","journal-title":"Journal of Documentation"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/S0306-4573(99)00028-X_BIB30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"775","DOI":"10.2307\/255944","article-title":"Thinking and analyzing: a verbal protocol analyis of managerial problem solving","volume":"29","author":"Isenberg","year":"1986","journal-title":"Academy of Management Journal"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0306-4573(99)00028-X_BIB31","series-title":"Information technology and information use","first-page":"35","article-title":"On information, information technology and the development of society: an information science perspective","author":"J\u00e4rvelin","year":"1987"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0306-4573(99)00028-X_BIB32","series-title":"Seeking meaning","author":"Kuhlthau","year":"1993"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0306-4573(99)00028-X_BIB33","series-title":"A systems analysis of the logic of research and information processes","author":"Kunz","year":"1977"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0306-4573(99)00028-X_BIB34","series-title":"Methods of analysis and evaluation of information needs: a critical view","author":"Kunz","year":"1977"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0306-4573(99)00028-X_BIB35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01097015","article-title":"The growth of sociological theories: A structuralist alternative to seeking theoretical continuity","volume":"28","author":"Kuokkanen","year":"1994","journal-title":"Quality and Quantity"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0306-4573(99)00028-X_BIB36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1080\/01972243.1984.9959994","article-title":"Problem dimensions and information traits","volume":"3","author":"MacMullin","year":"1984","journal-title":"The Information Society"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0306-4573(99)00028-X_BIB37","series-title":"Organizations","author":"March","year":"1967"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0306-4573(99)00028-X_BIB38","series-title":"Information seeking in electronic environments","author":"Marchionini","year":"1995"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/S0306-4573(99)00028-X_BIB39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1177\/107554709301500206","article-title":"Browsing: a framework for seeking functional information","volume":"15","author":"O'Connor","year":"1993","journal-title":"Knowledge: Creation, Diffusion, Utilization"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0306-4573(99)00028-X_BIB40","series-title":"Concept formation in social science","author":"Outhwaite","year":"1983"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0306-4573(99)00028-X_BIB41","series-title":"Knowledge based information-systems","author":"Partridge","year":"1995"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/S0306-4573(99)00028-X_BIB42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1016\/0306-4573(92)90004-J","article-title":"On the evaluation of IR systems","volume":"28","author":"Robertson","year":"1992","journal-title":"Information Processing and Management"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/S0306-4573(99)00028-X_BIB43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1177\/034003529802400305","article-title":"International LIS research","volume":"24","author":"Rochester","year":"1998","journal-title":"IFLA Journal"},{"issue":"1\/2","key":"10.1016\/S0306-4573(99)00028-X_BIB44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/0306-4573(84)90044-X","article-title":"Human information seeking and design of information systems","volume":"20","author":"Rouse","year":"1984","journal-title":"Information Processing and Management"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/S0306-4573(99)00028-X_BIB45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-4571(198805)39:3<177::AID-ASI3>3.0.CO;2-F","article-title":"A study of information seeking and retrieving. Part II. users, questions and effectiveness","volume":"39","author":"Saracevic","year":"1988","journal-title":"JASIS"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0306-4573(99)00028-X_BIB46","series-title":"Information science: integration in perspective","first-page":"201","article-title":"Relevance reconsidered '96","author":"Saracevic","year":"1996"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0306-4573(99)00028-X_BIB47","series-title":"ARIST 29","first-page":"3","article-title":"Relevance and information behavior","author":"Schamber","year":"1994"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0306-4573(99)00028-X_BIB48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Spink, A., Wilson, T., Ellis, D., & Ford, N. (1998). Modeling user's successive searches in digital environments. D-Lib Magazine, p. 1998","DOI":"10.1045\/april98-spink"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/S0306-4573(99)00028-X_BIB49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-4571(199608)47:8<603::AID-ASI4>3.0.CO;2-X","article-title":"Multiple search sessions model of end-user behavior: an exploratory study","volume":"47","author":"Spink","year":"1996","journal-title":"JASIS"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/S0306-4573(99)00028-X_BIB50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1108\/eb026732","article-title":"Information needs in local authority social services departments: a third report on poject INISS","volume":"38","author":"Streatfield","year":"1982","journal-title":"Journal of Documentation"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/S0306-4573(99)00028-X_BIB51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-4571(199404)45:3<186::AID-ASI8>3.0.CO;2-F","article-title":"The role of attorney mental models of law in case relevance determinations: an explorary analysis","volume":"45","author":"Sutton","year":"1994","journal-title":"JASIS"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0306-4573(99)00028-X_BIB52","series-title":"Value-added processes in information systems","author":"Taylor","year":"1986"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0306-4573(99)00028-X_BIB53","series-title":"Information seeking in context","first-page":"351","article-title":"Information utilization: a cognitive analysis of how girls utilize drug information based on Brookses' fundamental equation","author":"Todd","year":"1997"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/S0306-4573(99)00028-X_BIB54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1108\/EUM0000000007210","article-title":"Theoretical Growth in Information science. Applications of the theory of science to a theory of information seeking","volume":"53","author":"Vakkari","year":"1997","journal-title":"Journal of Documentation"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0306-4573(99)00028-X_BIB55","series-title":"Information seeking in context","first-page":"452","article-title":"Information seeking in context: a changing and challenging metatheory","author":"Vakkari","year":"1997"},{"issue":"3\/4","key":"10.1016\/S0306-4573(99)00028-X_BIB56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1016\/S0306-4573(97)00074-5","article-title":"Growth of theories on information seeking: an analysis of growth of a theoretical research program on relation between task complexity and information seeking","volume":"34","author":"Vakkari","year":"1998","journal-title":"Information Processing and Management"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0306-4573(99)00028-X_BIB57","series-title":"Measuring and assessing organizations","author":"Van de Ven","year":"1980"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0306-4573(99)00028-X_BIB58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.1086\/228142","article-title":"Do sociological theories grow?","volume":"90","author":"Wagner","year":"1985","journal-title":"American Journal of Sociology"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0306-4573(99)00028-X_BIB59","series-title":"Metatheorizing","first-page":"107","article-title":"A working strategy for constructing theories","author":"Wagner","year":"1992"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0306-4573(99)00028-X_BIB60","series-title":"Information seeking in context","first-page":"307","article-title":"User's information needs at different stages of a research project: a cognitive view","author":"Wang","year":"1997"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0306-4573(99)00028-X_BIB61","series-title":"Sensemaking in organizations","author":"Weick","year":"1995"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/S0306-4573(99)00028-X_BIB62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/0143-6236(85)90003-1","article-title":"Information science needs a theory of information action","volume":"5","author":"Wersig","year":"1985","journal-title":"Social Science Information Studies"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0306-4573(99)00028-X_BIB63","series-title":"Informationssoziologie: Hinweise zu einem informations-wissenschaftlichen Teilbereich","author":"Wersig","year":"1973"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0306-4573(99)00028-X_BIB64","series-title":"New trends in informatics and technology","article-title":"The problematic situation as basic concept of information science in the framework of the social sciences","author":"Wersig","year":"1979"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0306-4573(99)00028-X_BIB65","series-title":"Information seeking in context","first-page":"39","article-title":"Information behaviour: an interdisciplinary perspective","author":"Wilson","year":"1997"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/S0306-4573(99)00028-X_BIB66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1108\/eb026702","article-title":"On user studies and information needs","volume":"37","author":"Wilson","year":"1981","journal-title":"Journal of Documentation"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0306-4573(99)00028-X_BIB67","series-title":"Planned and situated aspects in interactive IR: patterns of user interactive intentions and information seeking strategies","volume":"34","author":"Xie","year":"1997"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/S0306-4573(99)00028-X_BIB68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/S0740-8188(97)90006-2","article-title":"Information seeking as problem-solving using a qualitative approach to unfover the novice learners' information-seeking process in a perseus hypertext system","volume":"19","author":"Yang","year":"1997","journal-title":"Library and Information Science Research"}],"container-title":["Information Processing &amp; Management"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S030645739900028X?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S030645739900028X?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,28]],"date-time":"2020-01-28T18:25:54Z","timestamp":1580235954000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S030645739900028X"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1999,11]]},"references-count":70,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1999,11]]}},"alternative-id":["S030645739900028X"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0306-4573(99)00028-x","relation":{},"ISSN":["0306-4573"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0306-4573","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1999,11]]}}}