{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,6]],"date-time":"2026-03-06T00:27:46Z","timestamp":1772756866631,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2001,9,1]],"date-time":"2001-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":999302400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Computers & Education"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2001,9]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/s0360-1315(01)00039-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2002,7,25]],"date-time":"2002-07-25T12:35:06Z","timestamp":1027600506000},"page":"103-125","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":44,"title":["Integrating communication formats: synchronous versus asynchronous and text-based versus visual"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"37","author":[{"given":"M.Beatrice","family":"Ligorio","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/S0360-1315(01)00039-2_BIB1","unstructured":"Byrne, C. M. (1996). Water on tap: the use of virtual reality as an educational tool. Unpublished PhD Dissertation, University of Washington, College of Engineering."},{"issue":"25","key":"10.1016\/S0360-1315(01)00039-2_BIB2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1145\/126640.126657","article-title":"Virtual reality learning environments: potential and challenges","volume":"3","author":"Bricken","year":"1991","journal-title":"Computer Graphics"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0360-1315(01)00039-2_BIB3","series-title":"Summer students in virtual reality: a pilot study on educational applications of virtual reality technology","author":"Bricken","year":"1992"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0360-1315(01)00039-2_BIB4","series-title":"Contributions to human development, 21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1159\/000418984","article-title":"Communities of learning or a context by any other name","author":"Brown","year":"1990"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0360-1315(01)00039-2_BIB5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.3102\/0013189X018001032","article-title":"Situated cognition and the culture of learning","volume":"18","author":"Brown","year":"1989","journal-title":"Educational Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0360-1315(01)00039-2_BIB6","unstructured":"Cox, R. & Brna, P. (1993) Analytical reasoning with external representations. In R. Cox, M. Petre, P. Brna, & J. Lee (Eds.), Proceedings of the AI-ED93 Workshop on Graphical Representations, Reasoning and Communication. August, Edinburgh, 33\u201336."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0360-1315(01)00039-2_BIB7","unstructured":"Edelson, D. C., Gordin, D., & Pea, R. (1997). Creating science learning tools from experts' investigation tools: a design framework. Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the National Association for Research in Science Teaching. Oak Brook, IL, March 20\u201324, 1997."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0360-1315(01)00039-2_BIB8","series-title":"Designing environments for constructivist learning","first-page":"231","article-title":"A manifesto for a constructivist approach to technology in higher education","author":"Jonassen","year":"1993"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0360-1315(01)00039-2_BIB9","series-title":"Doing internet research. Critical issues and methods for examining the Net","author":"Jones","year":"1999"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0360-1315(01)00039-2_BIB10","series-title":"Frames of mind: the theory of multiple intelligences","author":"Gardner","year":"1983"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0360-1315(01)00039-2_BIB11","series-title":"Situated learning: legitimate peripheral participation","author":"Lave","year":"1991"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0360-1315(01)00039-2_BIB12","unstructured":"Lehtinen, E., Hakkarainen, K., Lipponen, L., Rahikainen, M., & Muukkonen, H. (1999). Computer Supported Collaborative Learning: A review CL-Net Project. The J.H.G.I. Giesbers Reports on Education. N. 10. Department of Educational Sciences, University of Nijmegen."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0360-1315(01)00039-2_BIB13","unstructured":"Ligorio, M. B., Talamo, A., & Cesareni D. (1999). Building the future from the past. E.A.R.L.I. European Conference for Researches on Learning Instruction. G\u00f6teborg, Sweden, August 1999."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0360-1315(01)00039-2_BIB14","unstructured":"Ligorio, M. B., Talamo, A., & Simons, R. S. (2000). Euroland: a virtual world fostering collaborative learning at a distance. Paper presented at the First Research Workshop of EDEN Research and Innovation in Open and Distance Learning, Prague, 16\u201317th March 2000, 236\u2013239."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/S0360-1315(01)00039-2_BIB15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"889","DOI":"10.1016\/0097-8493(95)00086-0","article-title":"Enhancing visual thinking and learning with computer graphics and virtual environment design","volume":"19","author":"Mones-Hattal","year":"1995","journal-title":"Computers & Graphics"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0360-1315(01)00039-2_BIB16","unstructured":"Osberg, K. M. (1994). Distance Learning and Virtual Reality: A Collaborative Learning Opportunity, Proceedings of the Computer Managed Learning Conference, December, 1994, Melbourne, Australia."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0360-1315(01)00039-2_BIB17","series-title":"Constructionism","article-title":"Situating Constructionism","author":"Papert","year":"1991"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0360-1315(01)00039-2_BIB18","series-title":"Interaction of media, cognition, and learning","author":"Salomon","year":"1979"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0360-1315(01)00039-2_BIB19","series-title":"Distributed cognitions. Psychological and educational consideration","author":"Salomon","year":"1993"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/S0360-1315(01)00039-2_BIB20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/S0959-4752(98)00007-3","article-title":"Novel constructivist learning environments and novel technologies: some issues to be concerned with","volume":"1","author":"Salomon","year":"1998","journal-title":"Research Dialogues in Learning and Instruction"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0360-1315(01)00039-2_BIB21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1006\/ijhc.1996.0048","article-title":"External cognition: how do graphical representation work?","volume":"45","author":"Scaife","year":"1996","journal-title":"International Journal of Human-Computer Studies"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0360-1315(01)00039-2_BIB22","series-title":"Computer Based Learning Environments","first-page":"41","article-title":"An Architecture for Collaborative Knowledge Building","author":"Scardamalia","year":"1992"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0360-1315(01)00039-2_BIB23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327809jls0303_3","article-title":"Computer support for knowledge-building communities","volume":"3","author":"Scardamalia","year":"1994","journal-title":"The Journal of the Learning Sciences"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/S0360-1315(01)00039-2_BIB24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.2190\/CYXD-6XG4-UFN5-YFB0","article-title":"Computer-supported intentional learning environments","volume":"5","author":"Scardamalia","year":"1989","journal-title":"Journal of Educational Computing Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0360-1315(01)00039-2_BIB26","unstructured":"Talamo, A., Zucchermaglio, C. & Ligorio, M. B. (2001). Sustaining communities in CVEs: functions of on-line tutorship. In G. Riva, & C. Galimberti (Eds.), CYBERPSYCHOLOGY: Mind, cognition and society in the Internet Age. Amsterdam: IOS (in press)."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0360-1315(01)00039-2_BIB27","unstructured":"Trimpe, J., & Ligorio, M. B. (in preparation). Knowledge building in a 3D virtual educational environment."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0360-1315(01)00039-2_BIB28_1","unstructured":"Vygotsky, L. S. (1978). Mind in society. In M. Cole (Ed.) The development of higher psychological processes. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0360-1315(01)00039-2_BIB28_2","unstructured":"."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0360-1315(01)00039-2_BIB29","series-title":"Communities of practice. Learning, meaning, and identity","author":"Wenger","year":"1995"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0360-1315(01)00039-2_BIB30","first-page":"5","article-title":"Metaphors for instruction","volume":"35","author":"Wilson","year":"1995","journal-title":"Educational Technology"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0360-1315(01)00039-2_BIB31","unstructured":"Winn, W. (1993). A Conceptual Basis for Educational Applications of Virtual Reality. HIT Lab Technical Report R-93-9. Seattle: Human Interface Technologies Laboratory."}],"container-title":["Computers & Education"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0360131501000392?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0360131501000392?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,25]],"date-time":"2019-04-25T18:24:22Z","timestamp":1556216662000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0360131501000392"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2001,9]]},"references-count":31,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2001,9]]}},"alternative-id":["S0360131501000392"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0360-1315(01)00039-2","relation":{},"ISSN":["0360-1315"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0360-1315","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2001,9]]}}}