{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,19]],"date-time":"2025-09-19T06:56:01Z","timestamp":1758264961966},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"2-3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1999,9,1]],"date-time":"1999-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":936144000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Computers &amp; Education"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1999,9]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/s0360-1315(99)00032-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2002,7,25]],"date-time":"2002-07-25T19:04:40Z","timestamp":1027623880000},"page":"189-207","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Expertise, models of learning and computer-based tutoring"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"33","author":[{"given":"F.","family":"Gobet","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"D.","family":"Wood","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/S0360-1315(99)00032-9_BIB1","series-title":"Production systems models of learning and development","first-page":"437","article-title":"Production systems, learning, and tutoring","author":"Anderson","year":"1987"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0360-1315(99)00032-9_BIB2","series-title":"Rules of the mind","author":"Anderson","year":"1993"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0360-1315(99)00032-9_BIB3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327809jls0402_2","article-title":"Cognitive tutors: Lessons learned","volume":"4","author":"Anderson","year":"1995","journal-title":"The Journal of the Learning Sciences"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0360-1315(99)00032-9_BIB4","series-title":"The atomic components of thought","author":"Anderson","year":"1998"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0360-1315(99)00032-9_BIB5","unstructured":"Baxter G.P., Glaser R. (in press). Investigating the cognitive complexity of science assessments. In Educational measurements: Issues and practice"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0360-1315(99)00032-9_BIB6","article-title":"Skill and working memory","volume":"Vol. 16","author":"Chase","year":"1982"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0360-1315(99)00032-9_BIB7","series-title":"Visual information processing","article-title":"The mind\u2019s eye in chess","author":"Chase","year":"1973"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0360-1315(99)00032-9_BIB8","series-title":"Children\u2019s thinking: What develops?","article-title":"Knowledge structures and memory development","author":"Chi","year":"1978"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0360-1315(99)00032-9_BIB9","first-page":"439","article-title":"Eliciting self-explanations improves understanding","volume":"18","author":"Chi","year":"1994","journal-title":"Cognitive Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0360-1315(99)00032-9_BIB10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1207\/s15516709cog0502_2","article-title":"Categorization and representation of physics problems by experts and novices","volume":"5","author":"Chi","year":"1981","journal-title":"Cognitive Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0360-1315(99)00032-9_BIB11","series-title":"Thought and choice in chess","author":"de Groot","year":"1978"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0360-1315(99)00032-9_BIB12","series-title":"The road to excellence","year":"1996"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0360-1315(99)00032-9_BIB13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295X.102.2.211","article-title":"Long-term working memory","volume":"102","author":"Ericsson","year":"1995","journal-title":"Psychological Review"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0360-1315(99)00032-9_BIB14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295X.100.3.363","article-title":"The role of deliberate practice in the acquisition of expert performance","volume":"100","author":"Ericsson","year":"1993","journal-title":"Psychological Review"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0360-1315(99)00032-9_BIB15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1207\/s15516709cog0804_1","article-title":"EPAM-like models of recognition and learning","volume":"8","author":"Feigenbaum","year":"1984","journal-title":"Cognitive Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0360-1315(99)00032-9_BIB16","series-title":"Handbook of research on mathematics teaching and learning","first-page":"243","article-title":"Research into whole number addition and subraction","author":"Fuson","year":"1992"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0360-1315(99)00032-9_BIB17","series-title":"Dynamics, synergetics, and autonomous agents","first-page":"143","article-title":"Simulations of stagewise development with a symbolic architecture","author":"Gobet","year":"1999"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0360-1315(99)00032-9_BIB18","series-title":"Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on the Learning Sciences","first-page":"398","article-title":"Discrimination nets, production systems and semantic networks: Elements of a unified framework","author":"Gobet","year":"1996"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0360-1315(99)00032-9_BIB19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1016\/S0010-0277(98)00020-1","article-title":"Expert memory: A comparison of four theories","volume":"66","author":"Gobet","year":"1998","journal-title":"Cognition"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0360-1315(99)00032-9_BIB20","unstructured":"Gobet F., Lane P.C.R. (in press). Order of learning and EPAM. To appear in T. O\u2019Shea, E. Lehtinen, F. Ritter, P. Langley (Eds.), Order effects in learning"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0360-1315(99)00032-9_BIB21","series-title":"Proceedings of the 19th Annual Meeting of the Cognitive Science Society","first-page":"265","article-title":"Modelling the acquisition of syntactic categories","author":"Gobet","year":"1997"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0360-1315(99)00032-9_BIB22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1016\/S0079-7421(08)60504-6","article-title":"Goals, representations, and strategies in a concept attainment task: The EPAM model","volume":"37","author":"Gobet","year":"1997","journal-title":"The Psychology of Learning and Motivation"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0360-1315(99)00032-9_BIB23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1006\/cogp.1996.0011","article-title":"Templates in chess memory: A mechanism for recalling several boards","volume":"31","author":"Gobet","year":"1996","journal-title":"Cognitive Psychology"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0360-1315(99)00032-9_BIB24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gobet F., Simon H.A. (in press). Five seconds or sixty? Presentation time in expert memory. Cognitive Science","DOI":"10.1207\/s15516709cog2404_4"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0360-1315(99)00032-9_BIB25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1037\/h0038813","article-title":"Testing the null hypothesis and the strategy and tactic of investigating theoretical models","volume":"69","author":"Grant","year":"1962","journal-title":"Psychological Review"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0360-1315(99)00032-9_BIB26","series-title":"Handbook of research on mathematics teaching and learning","first-page":"65","article-title":"Learning and teaching with understanding","author":"Hiebart","year":"1992"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0360-1315(99)00032-9_BIB27","unstructured":"Jones G., Gobet F., Pine J.M. (1999). Modelling vocabulary acquisition: An explanation of the link between the phonological loop and long-term memory, Tech. Rep. No. 61. University of Nottingham (UK): Department of Psychology, ESRC Centre for Research in Development, Instruction and Training"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0360-1315(99)00032-9_BIB28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295X.104.2.211","article-title":"A solution to Plato\u2019s problem: The latent semantic analysis theory of acquisition, induction, and representation of knowledge","volume":"104","author":"Landauer","year":"1997","journal-title":"Psychological Review"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0360-1315(99)00032-9_BIB29","unstructured":"Lane P.C.R., Cheng P.C.-H., Gobet F. (1999). Problem solving with diagrams: Modelling the implicit learning of perceptual information, Tech. Rep. No. 59. University of Nottingham (UK): Department of Psychology, ESRC Centre for Research in Development, Instruction and Training"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0360-1315(99)00032-9_BIB30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1551-6708.1987.tb00863.x","article-title":"Why a diagram is (sometimes) worth ten thousands words","volume":"11","author":"Larkin","year":"1987","journal-title":"Cognitive Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0360-1315(99)00032-9_BIB31","series-title":"Unified theories of cognition","author":"Newell","year":"1990"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0360-1315(99)00032-9_BIB32","first-page":"207","article-title":"Zum Einfluss von Expertise auf Ged\u00e4chtnisleistungen sowie deren Selbsteinsch\u00e4tzung bein Kindern und Erwachsenen","volume":"22","author":"Opwis","year":"1990","journal-title":"Zeitschrift f\u00fcr Entwicklungspsychologie und P\u00e4dagogische Psychologie"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0360-1315(99)00032-9_BIB33","series-title":"Implicit learning and tacit knowledge","author":"Reber","year":"1993"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/S0360-1315(99)00032-9_BIB34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1207\/s15516709cog2101_1","article-title":"Learning from worked out examples: A study of individual differences","volume":"21","author":"Renkl","year":"1997","journal-title":"Cognitive Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0360-1315(99)00032-9_BIB35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295X.102.2.305","article-title":"Simulation of expert memory with EPAM IV","volume":"102","author":"Richman","year":"1995","journal-title":"Psychological Review"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0360-1315(99)00032-9_BIB36","series-title":"Evaluation of human work","article-title":"Knowledge elicitation","author":"Shadbolt","year":"1990"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0360-1315(99)00032-9_BIB37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/0010-0285(73)90024-8","article-title":"A simulation of memory for chess positions","volume":"5","author":"Simon","year":"1973","journal-title":"Cognitive Psychology"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0360-1315(99)00032-9_BIB38","series-title":"Children\u2019s thinking: What develops?","article-title":"Individual differences in solving physics problems","author":"Simon","year":"1978"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0360-1315(99)00032-9_BIB39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1207\/s15516709cog1304_3","article-title":"Studies of diagnosis and remediation with high school algebra students","volume":"13","author":"Sleeman","year":"1989","journal-title":"Cognitive Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0360-1315(99)00032-9_BIB40","series-title":"Foundations of probability with applications. Selected papers, 1974\u20131995","author":"Suppes","year":"1996"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0360-1315(99)00032-9_BIB41","series-title":"The development of perception, cognition and language: A theoretical approach","author":"van Geert","year":"1983"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0360-1315(99)00032-9_BIB42","series-title":"The aims of education","author":"Whitehead","year":"1929"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0360-1315(99)00032-9_BIB43","series-title":"How children think and learn","author":"Wood","year":"1998"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0360-1315(99)00032-9_BIB44","unstructured":"Wood D. (1998b). The UK ILS Evaluations: Final Report. DfEE\/BECTa: Coventry"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/S0360-1315(99)00032-9_BIB45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1080\/0305498960220101","article-title":"Vygotsky, tutoring and learning","volume":"22","author":"Wood","year":"1996","journal-title":"Oxford Review of Education"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0360-1315(99)00032-9_BIB46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhu X., Lee Y., Simon H.A., Zhu D. (1996). Cue recognition and cue elaboration in learning from examples. In Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 93, (pp. 1346\u20131351)","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.93.3.1346"}],"container-title":["Computers &amp; Education"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0360131599000329?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0360131599000329?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,23]],"date-time":"2019-04-23T02:23:57Z","timestamp":1555986237000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0360131599000329"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1999,9]]},"references-count":46,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2-3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1999,9]]}},"alternative-id":["S0360131599000329"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0360-1315(99)00032-9","relation":{},"ISSN":["0360-1315"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0360-1315","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1999,9]]}}}