{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,13]],"date-time":"2026-03-13T17:28:13Z","timestamp":1773422893964,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1999,10,1]],"date-time":"1999-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":938736000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Cognitive Science"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1999,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Theories of language production have long been expressed as connectionist models. We outline the issues and challenges that must be addressed by connectionist models of lexical access and grammatical encoding, and review three recent models. The models illustrate the value of an interactive activation approach to lexical access in production, the need for sequential output in both phonological and grammatical encoding, and the potential for accounting for structural effects on errors and structural priming from learning.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1207\/s15516709cog2304_6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,11,28]],"date-time":"2007-11-28T04:09:57Z","timestamp":1196222997000},"page":"517-542","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":148,"title":["Connectionist Models of Language Production: Lexical Access and Grammatical Encoding"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Gary S.","family":"Dell","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Franklin","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zenzi M.","family":"Griffin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1999,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Anderson K. Milostan J. &Cottrell G. W.(1998).Assessing the contribution of representation to results. InProceedings of the 20th Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society(pp.48\u201353). Mahwah NJ :Erlbaum.","DOI":"10.4324\/9781315782416-19"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1515\/9783110816570.39","volume-title":"Temporal variables in speech","author":"Baars B. J.","year":"1980"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01067522","article-title":"The role of inhibition in a spreading activation model of language production, Part 1: The psycholinguistic perspective","volume":"22","author":"Berg T.","year":"1992","journal-title":"Journal of Psycholinguistic Research"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295X.89.1.1"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0010-0285(86)90004-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0278-7393.12.4.575"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0749-596X(87)90120-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_1","first-page":"337","volume-title":"Progress in the psychology of language","author":"Bock J. K.","year":"1987"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0003-066X.45.11.1221"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_1","unstructured":"Bock J. K. Dell G. S. Griffin Z. Chang F. &Ferreira V. S.(1996).Structural priming as implicit learning.Paper presented at the meeting of the Psychonomic Society Chicago IL ."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01690969308406949"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0010-0277(90)90035-I"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295X.99.1.150"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0010-0277(85)90023-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0749-596X(91)90026-G"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/026432997381664"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_18_1","unstructured":"Chang F. Griffin Z. M. Dell G. S. &Bock K.(1997 Aug.).Modeling structural priming as implicit learning.Presented at Computational Psycholinguistics Berkeley CA ."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/s15516709cog2302_2"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_20_1","unstructured":"Christiansen:M. H. &Devlin J. T.(1997).Recursive inconsistencies are hard to learn: A connectionist perspective on universal word order correlations. InProceedings of the 19th Annual Cognitive Science Society Conference(pp.113\u2013118). Mahwah NJ :Erlbaum."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0278-7393.25.2.318"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295X.93.3.283"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/s15516709cog1702_1"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_24_1","first-page":"448","volume-title":"The third LACUS forum","author":"Dell G. S.","year":"1977"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295X.104.4.801"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_1_26_1","first-page":"128","article-title":"Sequentialization in connectionist language\u2010production models","volume":"3","author":"Eikmeyer H.\u2010J.","year":"1991","journal-title":"Cognitive Systems"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/s15516709cog1402_1"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0010-0277(93)90058-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/jmla.1994.1034"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/jmla.1996.0038"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_31_1","unstructured":"Ferreira V.(1997).Syntactic and lexical choices in language production: What we can learn from \u201cthat \u201dPh.D. dissertation.University of Illinois at Urbana\u2013Champaign."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_32_1","volume-title":"On aphasia: A critical study (Zur Auffassung der Aphasien)","author":"Freud S.","year":"1891"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/412187"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_34_1","first-page":"133","volume-title":"The psychology of learning and motivation","author":"Garrett M. F.","year":"1975"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/jmla.1997.2547"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_36_1","unstructured":"Gupta P.(1996).Immediate serial memory and language processing: Beyond the articulatory loop.Beckman Institute Cognitive Science Technical Report CS\u201096\u201002."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_37_1","first-page":"447","volume-title":"Emergentist approaches to language","author":"Gupta P.","year":"1999"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0010-0277(94)00655-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/s15516709cog0803_1"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/jmla.1996.0001"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_41_1","first-page":"287","volume-title":"Current research in natural language generation","author":"Houghton G.","year":"1990"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_42_1","volume-title":"Semantic interpretation in generative grammar","author":"Jackendoff R.","year":"1972"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_43_1","volume-title":"Serial order: A parallel distributed processing approach","author":"Jordan M. I.","year":"1986"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/s15516709cog1102_5"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/jmla.1997.2522"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/6393.001.0001"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295X.89.5.483"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4612-4754-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295X.88.5.375"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0749-596X(91)90011-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0278-7393.23.6.1410"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0278-7393.24.3.539"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_53_1","first-page":"381","volume-title":"The emergence of language","author":"Plaut D. C.","year":"1999"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_54_1","volume-title":"Head\u2010driven phrase structure grammar","author":"Pollard C.","year":"1994"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_55_1","first-page":"308","volume-title":"Computational psycholinguistics","author":"Roelofs A.","year":"1996"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0010-0277(97)00027-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0749-596X(90)90011-N"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/jmla.1995.1035"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_59_1","first-page":"295","volume-title":"Sentence processing: Psycholinguistic studies presented to Merrill Garrett","author":"Shattuck\u2010Hufnagel S.","year":"1979"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_60_1","first-page":"70","volume-title":"Rethinking linguistic relativity","author":"Slobin D. I.","year":"1996"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_61_1","first-page":"143","volume-title":"Progress in the psychology of language","author":"Stemberger J. P.","year":"1985"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0749-596X(89)90042-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_63_1","first-page":"787","article-title":"Electrophysiological evidence on the time course of semantic and phonological processes in speech production","volume":"23","author":"Turennout M.","year":"1997","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9280.1997.tb00444.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/jmla.1995.1014"}],"container-title":["Cognitive Science"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1207%2Fs15516709cog2304_6","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1207\/s15516709cog2304_6","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,26]],"date-time":"2024-10-26T14:30:38Z","timestamp":1729953038000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1207\/s15516709cog2304_6"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1999,10]]},"references-count":64,"aliases":["10.1016\/s0364-0213(99)00014-2"],"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1999,10]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1207\/s15516709cog2304_6"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1207\/s15516709cog2304_6","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0364-0213","1551-6709"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0364-0213","type":"print"},{"value":"1551-6709","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1999,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"1999-10-01","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}