{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,5]],"date-time":"2026-06-05T02:43:37Z","timestamp":1780627417077,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2003,4,1]],"date-time":"2003-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1049155200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["European Journal of Operational Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2003,4]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/s0377-2217(02)00294-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2002,12,28]],"date-time":"2002-12-28T12:42:19Z","timestamp":1041079339000},"page":"115-129","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":48,"title":["Predicting information technology project escalation: A neural network approach"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"146","author":[{"given":"G.Peter","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark","family":"Keil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arun","family":"Rai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joan","family":"Mann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/S0377-2217(02)00294-1_BIB1","series-title":"Software Project Dynamics: An Integrated Approach","author":"Abdel-Hamid","year":"1991"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/S0377-2217(02)00294-1_BIB2","first-page":"23","article-title":"Managing uncertainty in MIS implementation","volume":"20","author":"Alter","year":"1978","journal-title":"Sloan Management Review"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/S0377-2217(02)00294-1_BIB3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1016\/0749-5978(85)90049-4","article-title":"The psychology of sunk cost","volume":"35","author":"Arkes","year":"1985","journal-title":"Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0377-2217(02)00294-1_BIB4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Betts, M., 1992. Feds debate handling of failing IS projects. Computerworld, November 2, p. 103","DOI":"10.1016\/0263-7863(92)90067-J"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/S0377-2217(02)00294-1_BIB5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.5465\/amr.1992.4279568","article-title":"The escalation of commitment to a failing course of action: Toward theoretical progress","volume":"17","author":"Brockner","year":"1992","journal-title":"Academy of Management Review"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0377-2217(02)00294-1_BIB6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"492","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-1031(79)90011-8","article-title":"Factors affecting withdrawal from an escalating conflict: Quitting before it\u2019s too late","volume":"15","author":"Brockner","year":"1979","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Social Psychology"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0377-2217(02)00294-1_BIB7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1016\/0167-4048(95)00008-V","article-title":"Design of a neural network for recognition and classification of computer virus","volume":"14","author":"Doumas","year":"1995","journal-title":"Computers and Security"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0377-2217(02)00294-1_BIB8","unstructured":"Ellis, V., 1994. Audit says DMV ignored warning. Los Angeles Times, August 18, pp. A3\u2013A24"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0377-2217(02)00294-1_BIB9","series-title":"Software Failure: Management Failure","author":"Flowers","year":"1996"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/S0377-2217(02)00294-1_BIB10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1038\/scientificamerican0994-86","article-title":"Software\u2019s chronic crisis","volume":"271","author":"Gibbs","year":"1994","journal-title":"Scientific American"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/S0377-2217(02)00294-1_BIB11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1145\/1005937.1005945","article-title":"Stop the life-cycle, I want to get off","volume":"7","author":"Gladden","year":"1982","journal-title":"ACM SIGSOFT Software Engineering Notes"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/S0377-2217(02)00294-1_BIB12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1145\/272657.272687","article-title":"Software runaways\u2013\u2013Some surprising findings","volume":"28","author":"Glass","year":"1997","journal-title":"The DATA BASE for Advances in Information Systems"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0377-2217(02)00294-1_BIB13","series-title":"Software Runaways","author":"Glass","year":"1998"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/S0377-2217(02)00294-1_BIB14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.2307\/256596","article-title":"Impact of adverse selection on managers\u2019 project evaluation decisions","volume":"36","author":"Harrison","year":"1993","journal-title":"Academy of Management Journal"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0377-2217(02)00294-1_BIB15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1016\/0893-6080(91)90009-T","article-title":"Approximation capabilities of multiplayer feedforward networks","volume":"4","author":"Hornik","year":"1991","journal-title":"Neural Networks"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/S0377-2217(02)00294-1_BIB16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.2307\/2330721","article-title":"On optimal asset abandonment and replacement","volume":"18","author":"Howe","year":"1983","journal-title":"Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/S0377-2217(02)00294-1_BIB17","first-page":"134","article-title":"Using neural networks to predict performance of Sino-foreign joint ventures","volume":"1","author":"Hu","year":"1996","journal-title":"International Journal of Computational Intelligence and Organizations"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0377-2217(02)00294-1_BIB18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.95.1.156","article-title":"Issues in the use and interpretation of discriminant analysis","volume":"95","author":"Huberty","year":"1984","journal-title":"Psychological Bulletin"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/S0377-2217(02)00294-1_BIB19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1177\/875697280103200307","article-title":"The relative influence of IS project implementation policies and project leadership on eventual outcomes","volume":"32","author":"Jiang","year":"2001","journal-title":"Project Management Journal"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/S0377-2217(02)00294-1_BIB20","first-page":"41","article-title":"Chaos: The dollar drain of IT project failures","volume":"2","author":"Johnson","year":"1995","journal-title":"Application Development Trends"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/S0377-2217(02)00294-1_BIB21","first-page":"1","article-title":"Management problems in large-scale software development projects","volume":"11","author":"Jones","year":"1970","journal-title":"Industrial Management Review"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/S0377-2217(02)00294-1_BIB22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.2307\/249627","article-title":"Pulling the plug: Software project management and the problem of project escalation","volume":"19","author":"Keil","year":"1995","journal-title":"MIS Quarterly"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/S0377-2217(02)00294-1_BIB23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.2307\/3250950","article-title":"Why software projects escalate: An empirical analysis and test of four theoretical models","volume":"24","author":"Keil","year":"2000","journal-title":"MIS Quarterly"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0377-2217(02)00294-1_BIB24","unstructured":"Keil, M., Rai, A., Zhang, G.P., Mann, J., 2001. Why software projects escalate: The relative importance of project management and escalation constructs. Working paper"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0377-2217(02)00294-1_BIB25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/0164-1212(94)00130-F","article-title":"A neural network approach for early detection of program modules having high risk in the maintenance phase","volume":"29","author":"Khoshgoftaar","year":"1995","journal-title":"Journal of Systems Software"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0377-2217(02)00294-1_BIB26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1016\/S0164-1212(96)00153-7","article-title":"Evaluating predictive quality models derived from software measures: Lessons learned","volume":"38","author":"Lanubile","year":"1997","journal-title":"Journal of Systems Software"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0377-2217(02)00294-1_BIB27","unstructured":"Leib, J., 1995. DIA now in United\u2019s hands: Greewald defends fare increases. Denver Post, February 28. p. C-1"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0377-2217(02)00294-1_BIB28","series-title":"Oxford Surveys in Information Technology (4)","first-page":"257","article-title":"Information systems failures\u2013\u2013A survey and classification of the empirical literature","author":"Lyytinen","year":"1987"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0377-2217(02)00294-1_BIB29","unstructured":"Mann, J., 1996. The Role of Project Escalation in Explaining Runaway Information Systems Development Projects: A Field Study. Doctoral Dissertation, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, unpublished"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0377-2217(02)00294-1_BIB30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1016\/S0360-8352(98)00164-8","article-title":"Modeling users through an expert system and a neural network","volume":"35","author":"Moghrabi","year":"1995","journal-title":"Computers and Industrial Engineering"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/S0377-2217(02)00294-1_BIB31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.2307\/3250968","article-title":"De-escalating information technology projects: Lessons from the Denver International Airport","volume":"24","author":"Montealegre","year":"2000","journal-title":"MIS Quarterly"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0377-2217(02)00294-1_BIB32","unstructured":"Newcombe, T., 1998. Big project woes halt child support system. Government Technology, February. p. 34\u201335"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0377-2217(02)00294-1_BIB33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"806","DOI":"10.1109\/21.293498","article-title":"A multiplayer neural network system for computer access security","volume":"24","author":"Obaidat","year":"1994","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on System, Man, and Cybernetics"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0377-2217(02)00294-1_BIB34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"699","DOI":"10.2307\/2286261","article-title":"Choosing between logistic regression and discriminant analysis","volume":"73","author":"Press","year":"1978","journal-title":"Journal of American Statistical Association"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0377-2217(02)00294-1_BIB35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1162\/neco.1991.3.4.461","article-title":"Neural network classifiers estimate Bayesian a posteriori probabilities","volume":"3","author":"Richard","year":"1991","journal-title":"Neural Computation"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0377-2217(02)00294-1_BIB36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1054","DOI":"10.1037\/h0076937","article-title":"Factors affecting entrapment in waiting situations: The Rosencrantz and Guildenstern effect","volume":"31","author":"Rubin","year":"1975","journal-title":"Journal of Personality and Social Psychology"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0377-2217(02)00294-1_BIB37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.1016\/0167-9473(95)00032-1","article-title":"Neural networks and logistic regression: Part I","volume":"21","author":"Schumacher","year":"1996","journal-title":"Computational Statistics and Data Analysis"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0377-2217(02)00294-1_BIB38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-7206(98)00048-2","article-title":"Symbolic rule extraction from neural networks: An application to identifying organizations adopting IT","volume":"34","author":"Setiono","year":"1998","journal-title":"Information and Management"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0377-2217(02)00294-1_BIB39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/0164-1212(94)00051-N","article-title":"Software fault prediction","volume":"29","author":"Sherer","year":"1995","journal-title":"Journal of System Software"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/S0377-2217(02)00294-1_BIB40","first-page":"57","article-title":"The project implementation profile: New tool for project managers","volume":"17","author":"Slevin","year":"1986","journal-title":"Project Management Journal"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/S0377-2217(02)00294-1_BIB41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1080\/07421222.1999.11518233","article-title":"Choosing data-mining method for multiple classification: Representational and performance measurement implications for decision support","volume":"16","author":"Spangler","year":"1999","journal-title":"Journal of Management Information Systems"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0377-2217(02)00294-1_BIB42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/0030-5073(76)90005-2","article-title":"Knee-deep in the big muddy: A study of escalating commitment to a chosen course of action","volume":"16","author":"Staw","year":"1976","journal-title":"Organizational Behavior and Human Performance"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0377-2217(02)00294-1_BIB43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"386","DOI":"10.1287\/ijoc.5.4.386","article-title":"A GRG2-based system for training neural networks: Design and computational experience","volume":"5","author":"Subramanian","year":"1993","journal-title":"ORSA Journal on Computing"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0377-2217(02)00294-1_BIB44","first-page":"A1","article-title":"Real dog: How Greyhound lines reengineered itself right into a deep hole","volume":"20","author":"Tomsho","year":"1994","journal-title":"The Wall Street Journal"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/S0377-2217(02)00294-1_BIB45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.5465\/amr.1986.4283111","article-title":"Escalating commitment to a course of action: A reinterpretation","volume":"11","author":"Whyte","year":"1986","journal-title":"Academy of Management Review"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/S0377-2217(02)00294-1_BIB46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1109\/5326.897072","article-title":"Neural networks for classification: A survey","volume":"30","author":"Zhang","year":"2000","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, Part C"}],"container-title":["European Journal of Operational Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0377221702002941?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0377221702002941?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,5]],"date-time":"2020-02-05T08:35:38Z","timestamp":1580891738000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0377221702002941"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2003,4]]},"references-count":46,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2003,4]]}},"alternative-id":["S0377221702002941"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0377-2217(02)00294-1","relation":{},"ISSN":["0377-2217"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0377-2217","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2003,4]]}}}