{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,3]],"date-time":"2026-07-03T03:43:54Z","timestamp":1783050234246,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2003,1,1]],"date-time":"2003-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1041379200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Information & Management"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2003,1]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/s0378-7206(02)00006-x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2002,12,2]],"date-time":"2002-12-02T14:16:37Z","timestamp":1038838597000},"page":"221-232","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":357,"title":["Computer playfulness and anxiety: positive and negative mediators of the system experience effect on perceived ease of use"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"40","author":[{"given":"Gary","family":"Hackbarth","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Varun","family":"Grover","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mun Y.","family":"Yi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/S0378-7206(02)00006-X_BIB1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1177\/0013164490501005","article-title":"Testing the factor structure invariance of a computer attitude scale over two grouping conditions","volume":"50","author":"Bandalos","year":"1990","journal-title":"Educational and Psychological Measurement"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0378-7206(02)00006-X_BIB2","unstructured":"A. Bandura, Social Foundations of Thought and Action: A Social Cognitive Theory, Prentice-Hall, NJ, 1986."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/S0378-7206(02)00006-X_BIB3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1173","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.51.6.1173","article-title":"The moderator-mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations","volume":"51","author":"Baron","year":"1986","journal-title":"Journal of Personality and Social Psychology"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/S0378-7206(02)00006-X_BIB4","first-page":"226","article-title":"Technostress and librarians","volume":"9","author":"Bartlett","year":"1995","journal-title":"Library Administration and Management"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/S0378-7206(02)00006-X_BIB5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"941","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-9010.77.6.941","article-title":"Comparing traditional and integrative learning methods in organizational training programs","volume":"77","author":"Bretz","year":"1992","journal-title":"Journal of Applied Psychology"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/S0378-7206(02)00006-X_BIB6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1287\/isre.6.2.118","article-title":"Application of social cognitive theory to training for computer skills","volume":"6","author":"Compeau","year":"1995","journal-title":"Information Systems Research"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/S0378-7206(02)00006-X_BIB7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.2307\/249008","article-title":"Perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, and user acceptance of information technology","volume":"13","author":"Davis","year":"1989","journal-title":"MIS Quarterly"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/S0378-7206(02)00006-X_BIB8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"982","DOI":"10.1287\/mnsc.35.8.982","article-title":"User acceptance of computer technology: a comparison of two theoretical models","volume":"35","author":"Davis","year":"1989","journal-title":"Management Science"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/S0378-7206(02)00006-X_BIB9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1287\/isre.3.1.60","article-title":"Information systems success: the quest for the dependent variable","volume":"3","author":"DeLone","year":"1992","journal-title":"Information Systems Research"},{"issue":"34","key":"10.1016\/S0378-7206(02)00006-X_BIB10","first-page":"A25","article-title":"2 Researchers say technophobia may afflict millions of students","volume":"39","author":"Deloughry","year":"1993","journal-title":"The Chronicle of Higher Education"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0378-7206(02)00006-X_BIB11","unstructured":"J. Fisher, Using perceived fun to reduce computer anxiety amongst new adult users, in: Proceedings of the Second International Cyberspace Conference on Ergonomics, Perth, 1999."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/S0378-7206(02)00006-X_BIB12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1145\/213859.214800","article-title":"Social influence and end-user training","volume":"38","author":"Galletta","year":"1995","journal-title":"Communications of the ACM"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/S0378-7206(02)00006-X_BIB13","first-page":"62","article-title":"Feeling Squeezed by technology?","volume":"35","author":"Ganzel","year":"1998","journal-title":"Training"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0378-7206(02)00006-X_BIB14","unstructured":"A.P. Goldstein, M. Sorcher, Changing Supervisor Behavior, Pergamon, NY, 1974."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0378-7206(02)00006-X_BIB15","unstructured":"J.F. Hair, R.E. Anderson, R.L. Tatham, W.C. Black, Multivariate Data Analysis with Readings, Prentice-Hall, NJ, 1992."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/S0378-7206(02)00006-X_BIB16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"440","DOI":"10.1287\/mnsc.40.4.440","article-title":"Explaining the role of user participation in information system use","volume":"40","author":"Hartwick","year":"1994","journal-title":"Management Science"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/S0378-7206(02)00006-X_BIB17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1145\/6138.6143","article-title":"Computer anxiety in management: myth or reality?","volume":"29","author":"Howard","year":"1986","journal-title":"Communications of the ACM"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/S0378-7206(02)00006-X_BIB18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1080\/01449299008924239","article-title":"Computer anxiety and attitudes towards microcomputer use","volume":"9","author":"Igbaria","year":"1990","journal-title":"Behaviour & Information Technology"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/S0378-7206(02)00006-X_BIB19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1080\/07421222.1995.11518061","article-title":"Testing the determinants of microcomputer usage via a structural equation model","volume":"11","author":"Igbaria","year":"1995","journal-title":"Journal of Management Information Systems"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/S0378-7206(02)00006-X_BIB20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1016\/0305-0483(95)00035-6","article-title":"The effects of self-efficacy on computer usage","volume":"23","author":"Igbaria","year":"1995","journal-title":"Omega"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/S0378-7206(02)00006-X_BIB21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1177\/014920638901500302","article-title":"A path analytic study of individual characteristics, computer anxiety and attitudes toward microcomputers","volume":"15","author":"Igbaria","year":"1989","journal-title":"Journal of Management"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/S0378-7206(02)00006-X_BIB22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1080\/07421222.1996.11518115","article-title":"A motivational model of microcomputer usage","volume":"13","author":"Igbaria","year":"1996","journal-title":"Journal of Management Information Systems"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/S0378-7206(02)00006-X_BIB23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-9010.74.4.657","article-title":"Motivation and cognitive abilities: an integrative\/aptitude-treatment interaction approach to skill acquisition","volume":"74","author":"Kanfer","year":"1989","journal-title":"Journal of Applied Psychology\u2014Monograph"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0378-7206(02)00006-X_BIB24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"826","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-9010.79.6.826","article-title":"Goal setting, conditions of practice, and task performance: a resource allocation perspective","volume":"79","author":"Kanfer","year":"1994","journal-title":"Journal of Applied Psychology"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/S0378-7206(02)00006-X_BIB25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"877","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1540-5915.1997.tb01335.x","article-title":"Media appropriateness: effects of experience on communication media choice","volume":"28","author":"King","year":"1997","journal-title":"Decision Sciences"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/S0378-7206(02)00006-X_BIB26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1080\/08886504.1992.10782020","article-title":"Teacher education students and computers: gender, major, prior computer experience, occurrence, and anxiety","volume":"24","author":"Liu","year":"1992","journal-title":"Journal of Research on Computing in Education"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/S0378-7206(02)00006-X_BIB27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-7206(91)90054-6","article-title":"Training needs of novices and experts with referent experience and task domain knowledge","volume":"20","author":"Mackay","year":"1991","journal-title":"Information & Management"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/S0378-7206(02)00006-X_BIB28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"819","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-9010.79.6.819","article-title":"Effects of conceptions of ability on anxiety, self-efficacy, and learning in training","volume":"79","author":"Martocchio","year":"1994","journal-title":"Journal of Applied Psychology"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/S0378-7206(02)00006-X_BIB29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1287\/isre.2.3.173","article-title":"Predicting user intentions: comparing the technology acceptance model with the theory of planned behavior","volume":"2","author":"Mathieson","year":"1991","journal-title":"Information Systems Research"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/S0378-7206(02)00006-X_BIB30","first-page":"44","article-title":"What new age?","volume":"138","author":"McCarroll","year":"1991","journal-title":"Time"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/S0378-7206(02)00006-X_BIB31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"926","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-9010.77.6.926","article-title":"What enhances or inhibits learning a new job? a basic career issue","volume":"77","author":"Morrision","year":"1992","journal-title":"Journal of Applied Psychology"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/S0378-7206(02)00006-X_BIB32","first-page":"384","article-title":"The relationship between computer usage and computer-related attitudes and behaviors","volume":"116","author":"Necessary","year":"1996","journal-title":"Education"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/S0378-7206(02)00006-X_BIB33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.2307\/249452","article-title":"Information systems management issues for the 1990s","volume":"15","author":"Niederman","year":"1991","journal-title":"MIS Quarterly"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0378-7206(02)00006-X_BIB34","unstructured":"J.C. Nunnally, Psychometric Theory, 2nd Edition, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1978."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/S0378-7206(02)00006-X_BIB35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1300\/J119v01n04_01","article-title":"Reducing stressful aspects of information technology in public services","volume":"1","author":"Quinn","year":"1995","journal-title":"Public and Access Services Quarterly"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/S0378-7206(02)00006-X_BIB36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"466","DOI":"10.1287\/isre.7.4.466","article-title":"The relationship of information system training methods and cognitive ability to end-user satisfaction, comprehension, and skill transfer: a longitudinal field study","volume":"7","author":"Simon","year":"1996","journal-title":"Information Systems Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0378-7206(02)00006-X_BIB37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"M.R. Simonson, M. Maurer, M. Montag-Torardi, M. Whitaker, Development of a standardized test of computer literacy and a computer anxiety index, Journal of Educational Computing Research 3 (2) 231\u2013247.","DOI":"10.2190\/7CHY-5CM0-4D00-6JCG"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/S0378-7206(02)00006-X_BIB38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1287\/mnsc.42.1.85","article-title":"Empirical evaluation of the revised technology acceptance model","volume":"42","author":"Szajna","year":"1996","journal-title":"Management Science"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/S0378-7206(02)00006-X_BIB39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.2307\/249633","article-title":"Assessing IT usage: the role of prior experience","volume":"19","author":"Taylor","year":"1995","journal-title":"MIS Quarterly"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/S0378-7206(02)00006-X_BIB40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1080\/07421222.1994.11518035","article-title":"Influence of experience on personal computer utilization: testing a conceptual model","volume":"11","author":"Thompson","year":"1994","journal-title":"Journal of Management Information Systems"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/S0378-7206(02)00006-X_BIB41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.2307\/249753","article-title":"Creation of favorable user perceptions: exploring the role of intrinsic motivation","volume":"23","author":"Venkatesh","year":"1999","journal-title":"MIS Quarterly"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/S0378-7206(02)00006-X_BIB42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.1287\/isre.11.4.342.11872","article-title":"Determinants of perceived ease of use: integrating control, intrinsic motivation, and emotion into the technology acceptance model","volume":"11","author":"Venkatesh","year":"2000","journal-title":"Information Systems Research"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/S0378-7206(02)00006-X_BIB43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1287\/mnsc.46.2.186.11926","article-title":"A theoretical extension of the technology acceptance model: four longitudinal field studies","volume":"46","author":"Venkatesh","year":"2000","journal-title":"Management Science"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/S0378-7206(02)00006-X_BIB44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1540-5915.1996.tb01822.x","article-title":"A model of the antecedents of perceived ease of use: development and test","volume":"27","author":"Venkatesh","year":"1996","journal-title":"Decision Sciences"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0378-7206(02)00006-X_BIB45","unstructured":"J. Webster, Playfulness and computers at work, Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation, New York University, 1989."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/S0378-7206(02)00006-X_BIB46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.2307\/249576","article-title":"Microcomputer playfulness: development of a measure with workplace implications","volume":"16","author":"Webster","year":"1992","journal-title":"MIS Quarterly"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/S0378-7206(02)00006-X_BIB47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1177\/014920639301900109","article-title":"Turning work into play: implications for microcomputer software training","volume":"19","author":"Webster","year":"1993","journal-title":"Journal of Management"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0378-7206(02)00006-X_BIB48","first-page":"32","article-title":"They\u2019re mad as hell out there","volume":"3600","author":"Wildstrom","year":"1998","journal-title":"Business Week"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0378-7206(02)00006-X_BIB49","unstructured":"J.H. Wilson, H. Daubek, P. Okonkwo, Marketing students\u2019 computer attitudes: A comparison across schools, in: Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the Southern Marketing Association, Richmond VA, 1992, pp. 177\u2013182."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/S0378-7206(02)00006-X_BIB50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1145\/264701.264704","article-title":"Microcomputer playfulness: stable or dynamic trait","volume":"28","author":"Yager","year":"1997","journal-title":"Data Base"}],"container-title":["Information & Management"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S037872060200006X?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S037872060200006X?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,5]],"date-time":"2019-05-05T16:28:13Z","timestamp":1557073693000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S037872060200006X"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2003,1]]},"references-count":50,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2003,1]]}},"alternative-id":["S037872060200006X"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0378-7206(02)00006-x","relation":{},"ISSN":["0378-7206"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0378-7206","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2003,1]]}}}