{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,24]],"date-time":"2026-03-24T15:43:01Z","timestamp":1774366981723,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1999,10,1]],"date-time":"1999-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":938736000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Information &amp; Management"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1999,10]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/s0378-7206(99)00017-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2002,7,25]],"date-time":"2002-07-25T18:21:21Z","timestamp":1027621281000},"page":"185-204","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":55,"title":["The influence of attitudes on personal computer utilization among knowledge workers: the case of Saudi Arabia"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"36","author":[{"given":"Muhammad A.","family":"Al-Khaldi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"R.S.","family":"Olusegun Wallace","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/S0378-7206(99)00017-8_BIB1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.4018\/irmj.1990010101","article-title":"End-user computing success factors: further evidence from a developing nation","volume":"3","author":"Abdul-Gader","year":"1990","journal-title":"Information Resources Management Journal"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/S0378-7206(99)00017-8_BIB2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.2307\/249632","article-title":"The impact of computer alienation of information technology investment decisions: an exploratory cross-national analysis","volume":"19","author":"Abdul-Gader","year":"1995","journal-title":"MIS Quarterly"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/S0378-7206(99)00017-8_BIB3","first-page":"70","article-title":"Gender differences in computer attitudes among secondary school students in Saudi Arabia","volume":"37","author":"Al-Jabri","year":"1996","journal-title":"Journal of Computer Information Systems"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/S0378-7206(99)00017-8_BIB4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1016\/S0305-0483(96)00053-9","article-title":"Software copyright infringements: an exploratory study of the effects of individual and peer beliefs","volume":"25","author":"Al-Jabri","year":"1997","journal-title":"Omega, International Journal of Management Science"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/S0378-7206(99)00017-8_BIB5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.4018\/joeuc.1997040102","article-title":"Effects of user characteristics on computer attitudes among undergraduate business students","volume":"9","author":"Al-Jabri","year":"1997","journal-title":"Journal of End-User Computing"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0378-7206(99)00017-8_BIB6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"I. Ajzen, From intentions to actions: a theory of planned behavior, in: J. Kuhl, J. Beckmann (Eds.), Action-control: From Cognition to Behavior. Springer, Heidelberg, 1985, pp. 11\u201339","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-69746-3_2"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0378-7206(99)00017-8_BIB7","unstructured":"I. Ajzen, Attitudes, Personality, and Behavior. Dorsey Press, Chicago, 1988"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0378-7206(99)00017-8_BIB8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/0749-5978(91)90020-T","article-title":"The theory of planned behavior","volume":"50","author":"Ajzen","year":"1991","journal-title":"Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/S0378-7206(99)00017-8_BIB9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/S0747-5632(97)00030-7","article-title":"The relationship of attitudes to computer utilization: new evidence from a developing nation","volume":"14","author":"Al-Khaldi","year":"1998","journal-title":"Computers in Human Behavior"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0378-7206(99)00017-8_BIB10","unstructured":"M.A. Al-Khaldi, K. Ben-Bakr, The conceptual utilization of personal computing in a developing country: the case of Saudi Arabia, in Proceedings of the 1993 Arab Management Conference, University of Bradford, Bradford, UK, 1993, pp. 115\u2013132"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0378-7206(99)00017-8_BIB11","unstructured":"U. Basaddiq, Computer Seen Playing Vital Role in Saudi Life. Arab News, 19 October 1986, p. 19"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0378-7206(99)00017-8_BIB12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1108\/01437739310032700","article-title":"Culture's consequences: management in Saudi Arabia","volume":"14","author":"Bjerke","year":"1993","journal-title":"Leadership and Organization Development Journal"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0378-7206(99)00017-8_BIB13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-7206(94)00038-K","article-title":"Attitudes of end-users towards information technology in manufacturing and service industries","volume":"28","author":"Culpan","year":"1995","journal-title":"Information and Management"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/S0378-7206(99)00017-8_BIB14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"983","DOI":"10.1287\/mnsc.35.8.982","article-title":"User acceptance of computer technology: a comparison of two theoretical models","volume":"35","author":"Davis","year":"1989","journal-title":"Management Science"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/S0378-7206(99)00017-8_BIB15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.2307\/249328","article-title":"Small size and the characteristics of computer use","volume":"4","author":"DeLone","year":"1981","journal-title":"MIS Quarterly"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0378-7206(99)00017-8_BIB16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.2466\/pr0.1983.52.1.247","article-title":"Expectancy theory as an explanation of voluntary use of a decision-support system","volume":"52","author":"DeSanctis","year":"1983","journal-title":"Psychological Reports"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/S0378-7206(99)00017-8_BIB17","first-page":"1067","article-title":"Organizational context and the success of management information systems","volume":"24","author":"Ein-Dor","year":"1978","journal-title":"Management Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0378-7206(99)00017-8_BIB18","unstructured":"M. Fishbein, I. Ajzen, Belief, Attitude, Intentions and Behaviors: An Introduction To Theory and Research. Addison\u2013Wesley, Boston, MA, 1975"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0378-7206(99)00017-8_BIB19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"D. Goodhue, IS Attitudes: Toward Theoretical and Definition Clarity. Data Base, 19(3\/4), Fall\/Winter 1988, pp. 6\u201315","DOI":"10.1145\/65766.65768"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/S0378-7206(99)00017-8_BIB20","first-page":"295","article-title":"Validation scales of a new computer attitude scale","volume":"18","author":"Gressard","year":"1986","journal-title":"Association for Educational Data Systems Journal"},{"issue":"19","key":"10.1016\/S0378-7206(99)00017-8_BIB21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1949-8594.1985.tb09613.x","article-title":"Age and staff development experience with computers and factors affecting teacher attitudes toward computers","volume":"85","author":"Gressard","year":"1985","journal-title":"School Science and Mathematics"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/S0378-7206(99)00017-8_BIB22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1080\/00014788.1996.9729503","article-title":"A corporate view of research needs in corporate finance","volume":"26","author":"Herbert","year":"1996","journal-title":"Accounting and Business Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0378-7206(99)00017-8_BIB23","unstructured":"G. Hofstede, Culture's Consequences. London, Sage, 1984"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0378-7206(99)00017-8_BIB24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-7206(92)90003-X","article-title":"An examination of micro-computer usage in Taiwan","volume":"22","author":"Igbaria","year":"1992","journal-title":"Information and Management"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0378-7206(99)00017-8_BIB25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.2307\/249498","article-title":"Personal computing acceptance in small firms: a structural equation model","volume":"21","author":"Igbaria","year":"1997","journal-title":"MIS Quarterly"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0378-7206(99)00017-8_BIB26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-9010.67.2.219","article-title":"Aggregation bias in estimates of perceptual agreement","volume":"67","author":"James","year":"1982","journal-title":"Journal of Applied Psychology"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0378-7206(99)00017-8_BIB27","unstructured":"P.G.W. Keen, MIS research: reference disciplines and a cumulative tradition, Proceedings of the First International Conference on Information Systems, Philadelphia, PA, December 1980, pp. 9\u201318"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0378-7206(99)00017-8_BIB28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.2307\/2529310","article-title":"The measurement of observer agreement for categorical data","volume":"33","author":"Landis","year":"1977","journal-title":"Biometrics"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0378-7206(99)00017-8_BIB29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"B.H. Loyd, C.P. Gressard, The Effects of sex, age and computer experience on computer attitudes. Association for Educational Data Systems Journal. 17(2) (1984a) 67\u201377","DOI":"10.1080\/00011037.1984.11008387"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0378-7206(99)00017-8_BIB30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"B.H. Loyd, C.P. Gressard, Reliability and factorial validity of computer attitude scales. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 44 (1984b) 501\u2013505","DOI":"10.1177\/0013164484442033"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/S0378-7206(99)00017-8_BIB31","first-page":"302","article-title":"Gender and amount of computer experience of teachers in staff development programs: effects on computer attitudes and perceptions of the usefulness of computers","volume":"18","author":"Loyd","year":"1986","journal-title":"Association for Educational Data Systems Journal"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0378-7206(99)00017-8_BIB32","unstructured":"J. Nunnally, Psychometry Theory. second edn., McGraw-Hill, New York, NY., 1978"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0378-7206(99)00017-8_BIB33","first-page":"1351","article-title":"Configurations of organizational effectiveness and efficiency","volume":"36","author":"Ostroff","year":"1997","journal-title":"Academy of Management Journal"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0378-7206(99)00017-8_BIB34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-7206(93)90080-D","article-title":"Knowledge workers' use of support software in Saudi Arabia","volume":"25","author":"Rahman","year":"1993","journal-title":"Information and Management"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/S0378-7206(99)00017-8_BIB35","first-page":"8","article-title":"The impact of computer training on the attitudes and usage behavior of small business managers","volume":"26","author":"Raymond","year":"1988","journal-title":"Journal of Small Business Management"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0378-7206(99)00017-8_BIB36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"L. Raymond, Organizational context and IS success. Journal of Management Information Systems 6(4) (1990a) 5\u201320","DOI":"10.1080\/07421222.1990.11517869"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0378-7206(99)00017-8_BIB37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"L. Raymond, End-user computing in the small business context: foundations and directions for research. Database. 20(4) (1990b) 20\u201326","DOI":"10.1145\/95409.95420"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/S0378-7206(99)00017-8_BIB38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"466","DOI":"10.2307\/255742","article-title":"User attitudes and management information system use","volume":"22","author":"Robey","year":"1979","journal-title":"Academy of Management Journal"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/S0378-7206(99)00017-8_BIB39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"776","DOI":"10.1145\/358413.358429","article-title":"The management of end user computing","volume":"26","author":"Rockart","year":"1983","journal-title":"Communications of the ACM"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0378-7206(99)00017-8_BIB40","unstructured":"R.L. Schultz, D.P. Slevin, Implementation and Organizational Validity: An Empirical Investigation. In: Schultz, R.L., Slevin, D.P. (Eds.), Implementing Operation and Research\/Management Science. American Elsevier Publishing Co., New York, NY., 1975, pp. 153\u2013182"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/S0378-7206(99)00017-8_BIB41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.2307\/249443","article-title":"Personal computing: toward a conceptual model of utilization","volume":"15","author":"Thompson","year":"1991","journal-title":"MIS Quarterly"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/S0378-7206(99)00017-8_BIB42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1080\/07421222.1994.11518035","article-title":"Influence of experience on personal computer utilization: testing a conceptual model","volume":"11","author":"Thompson","year":"1994","journal-title":"Journal of Management Information Systems"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0378-7206(99)00017-8_BIB43","unstructured":"H.C. Triandis, Attitude and Attitude Change. John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York, NY., 1971"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0378-7206(99)00017-8_BIB44","unstructured":"H.C. Triandis, Values, Attitudes, and Interpersonal Behavior. Nebraska Symposium on Motivation. 1979. In Beliefs, Attitudes, and Values, University of Nebraska Press, Lincoln, NE., 1980, pp. 195\u2013259"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0378-7206(99)00017-8_BIB45","unstructured":"V.H. Vroom, Work and Motivation. Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York, N.Y. 1964"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0378-7206(99)00017-8_BIB46","unstructured":"R.S.O. Wallace, Disclosure of Accounting Information in Developing Countries: A Case Study of Nigeria. A doctoral thesis, University of Exeter, Devon. 1987"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/S0378-7206(99)00017-8_BIB47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.2307\/248807","article-title":"Critical factors in the user environment: an experimental study of users. Organizations and tasks","volume":"12","author":"Yaverbaum","year":"1988","journal-title":"MIS Quarterly"}],"container-title":["Information &amp; Management"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0378720699000178?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0378720699000178?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,14]],"date-time":"2020-01-14T20:28:19Z","timestamp":1579033699000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0378720699000178"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1999,10]]},"references-count":47,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1999,10]]}},"alternative-id":["S0378720699000178"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0378-7206(99)00017-8","relation":{},"ISSN":["0378-7206"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0378-7206","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1999,10]]}}}