{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T14:33:37Z","timestamp":1777905217282,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":70,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2001,7,1]],"date-time":"2001-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":993945600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Social Networks"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2001,7]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/s0378-8733(01)00036-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2002,7,25]],"date-time":"2002-07-25T05:23:11Z","timestamp":1027574591000},"page":"167-189","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":179,"title":["Norm formation in social influence networks"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Noah E.","family":"Friedkin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/S0378-8733(01)00036-3_BIB1","unstructured":"Abelson, R.P., 1964. Mathematical models of the distribution of attitudes under controversy. In: Frederiksen, N., Gulliksen, H. (Eds.), Contributions to Mathematical Psychology. Holt, Rinehart & Winston, New York, pp. 142\u2013160."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0378-8733(01)00036-3_BIB2","unstructured":"Anderson, N.H., 1981. Foundations of Information Integration Theory. Academic Press, New York."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0378-8733(01)00036-3_BIB3","unstructured":"Anderson, N.H., 1991. Contributions to Information Integration Theory. Lawrence Erlbaum, Hillsdale, NJ."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0378-8733(01)00036-3_BIB4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.34.2.210","article-title":"An information integration analysis of attitude change in group discussion","volume":"34","author":"Anderson","year":"1976","journal-title":"Journal of Personality and Social Psychology"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0378-8733(01)00036-3_BIB5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Anselin, L., 1988. Spatial Econometrics: Methods and Models. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-015-7799-1"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0378-8733(01)00036-3_BIB6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.2307\/2287844","article-title":"A necessary and sufficient condition for reaching a consensus using DeGroot\u2019s method","volume":"76","author":"Berger","year":"1981","journal-title":"Journal of the American Statistical Association"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0378-8733(01)00036-3_BIB7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.2307\/2392667","article-title":"The emergence of norms in competitive decision-making groups","volume":"30","author":"Bettenhausen","year":"1985","journal-title":"Administrative Science Quarterly"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0378-8733(01)00036-3_BIB8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.2307\/2393428","article-title":"The development of an intragroup norm and the effects of interpersonal and structural challenges","volume":"36","author":"Bettenhausen","year":"1991","journal-title":"Administrative Science Quarterly"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0378-8733(01)00036-3_BIB9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.2307\/3213262","article-title":"Towards consensus: some convergence theorems on repeated averaging","volume":"14","author":"Chatterjee","year":"1977","journal-title":"Journal of Applied Probability"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0378-8733(01)00036-3_BIB10","unstructured":"Coleman, J.S., 1990. Foundations of Social Theory. Harvard University Press, Cambridge."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0378-8733(01)00036-3_BIB11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1037\/h0033951","article-title":"Group decision and social interaction: a theory of social decision schemes","volume":"80","author":"Davis","year":"1973","journal-title":"Psychological Review"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0378-8733(01)00036-3_BIB12","unstructured":"Davis, J.H., 1996. Group decision making and quantitative judgments: a consensus model. In: Witte, E.H., Davios, J.H. (Eds.), Understanding Group Behavior: Consensual Action by Small Groups. Lawrence Erlbaum, Mahwah, NJ."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0378-8733(01)00036-3_BIB13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.2307\/2285509","article-title":"Reaching a consensus","volume":"69","author":"DeGroot","year":"1974","journal-title":"Journal of the American Statistical Association"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0378-8733(01)00036-3_BIB14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Doreian, P., 1981. Estimating linear models with spatially distributed data. In: Leinhardt, S. (Ed.), Sociological Methodology. Jossey-Bass, San Fransico, pp. 359\u2013388.","DOI":"10.2307\/270747"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0378-8733(01)00036-3_BIB15","unstructured":"Duncan, B., Duncan, O.D., 1978. Interaction of spouses with respect to an unobserved attitude. Sex Typing and Social Roles. Academic Press, New York, pp. 291\u2013296."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0378-8733(01)00036-3_BIB16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1086\/224615","article-title":"Peer influences on aspirations: a reinterpretation","volume":"74","author":"Duncan","year":"1968","journal-title":"American Journal of Sociology"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0378-8733(01)00036-3_BIB17","unstructured":"Durkheim, E., 1893. In: Simpson, G. (Ed.), The Division of Labor in Society. Free Press, New York."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0378-8733(01)00036-3_BIB18","unstructured":"Eagly, A.H., Chaiken, S., 1993. The Psychology of Attitudes. Harcourt Brace & Company, Fort Worth, TX."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0378-8733(01)00036-3_BIB19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"396","DOI":"10.1177\/004912417900700404","article-title":"Individuals and social structure: contextual effects as endogenous feedback","volume":"7","author":"Erbring","year":"1979","journal-title":"Sociological Methods and Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0378-8733(01)00036-3_BIB20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.5465\/amr.1984.4277934","article-title":"The development and enforcement of group norms","volume":"9","author":"Feldman","year":"1984","journal-title":"Academy of Management Review"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0378-8733(01)00036-3_BIB21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1037\/h0056932","article-title":"Informal social communication","volume":"57","author":"Festinger","year":"1950","journal-title":"Psychological Review"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0378-8733(01)00036-3_BIB22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1177\/001872675400700202","article-title":"A theory of social comparison processes","volume":"7","author":"Festinger","year":"1954","journal-title":"Human Relations"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0378-8733(01)00036-3_BIB23","unstructured":"Fishbein, M., Ajzen, I., 1975. Belief, Attitude, Intention, and Behavior: An Introduction to Theory and Research. Addison-Wesley, Reading, MA."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0378-8733(01)00036-3_BIB24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1037\/h0046123","article-title":"A formal theory of social power","volume":"63","author":"French","year":"1956","journal-title":"The Psychological Review"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0378-8733(01)00036-3_BIB25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.2307\/2786737","article-title":"Social networks in structural equation models","volume":"53","author":"Friedkin","year":"1990","journal-title":"Social Psychology Quarterly"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0378-8733(01)00036-3_BIB26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1478","DOI":"10.1086\/229694","article-title":"Theoretical foundations for centrality measures","volume":"96","author":"Friedkin","year":"1991","journal-title":"American Journal of Sociology"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0378-8733(01)00036-3_BIB27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"861","DOI":"10.2307\/2095955","article-title":"Structural bases of interpersonal influence in groups: a longitudinal case study","volume":"58","author":"Friedkin","year":"1993","journal-title":"American Sociological Review"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0378-8733(01)00036-3_BIB28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Friedkin, N.E., 1998. A Structural Theory of Social Influence. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511527524"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0378-8733(01)00036-3_BIB29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"856","DOI":"10.2307\/2657407","article-title":"Choice shift and group polarization","volume":"64","author":"Friedkin","year":"1999","journal-title":"American Sociological Review"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0378-8733(01)00036-3_BIB30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1080\/0022250X.1990.9990069","article-title":"Social influence and opinions","volume":"15","author":"Friedkin","year":"1990","journal-title":"Journal of Mathematical Sociology"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0378-8733(01)00036-3_BIB31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-8733(96)00298-5","article-title":"Social positions in influence networks","volume":"19","author":"Friedkin","year":"1997","journal-title":"Social Networks"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0378-8733(01)00036-3_BIB32","first-page":"1","article-title":"Social influence networks and opinion change","volume":"16","author":"Friedkin","year":"1999","journal-title":"Advances in Group Processes"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0378-8733(01)00036-3_BIB33","unstructured":"Gigone, D., Hastie, R., 1996. The impact of information on group judgment: a model and computer simulation. In: Witte, E.H., Davis, J.H. (Eds.), Understanding Group Behavior: Consensual Action by Small Groups. Lawrence Erlbaum, Mahwah, NJ, pp. 211\u2013251."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0378-8733(01)00036-3_BIB34","unstructured":"Graesser, C.C., 1991. A social averaging theorem for group decision making. In: Anderson, N.H., Hillsdale, N.J. (Eds.), Contributiions to Information Integration Theory, Vol. 2. Lawrence Erlbaum, Mahwah, NJ, pp. 1\u201340."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0378-8733(01)00036-3_BIB35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1360","DOI":"10.1086\/225469","article-title":"The strength of weak ties","volume":"78","author":"Granovetter","year":"1973","journal-title":"American Journal of Sociology"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0378-8733(01)00036-3_BIB36","unstructured":"Harary, F., 1959. A criterion for unanimity in French\u2019s theory of social power. In: Cartwright, D. (Ed.), Studies in Social Power. Institute for Social Research, Ann Arbor, MI, pp. 168\u2013182."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0378-8733(01)00036-3_BIB37","unstructured":"Homans, G.C., 1950. The Human Group. Harcourt, Brace & World, New York."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0378-8733(01)00036-3_BIB38","unstructured":"Homans, G.C., 1961. Social Behavior: Its Elementary Forms. Harcourt, Brace & World, New York."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0378-8733(01)00036-3_BIB39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.2307\/2573609","article-title":"Consensus, conflict and cooperation: a sociological inventory","volume":"41","author":"Horowitz","year":"1962","journal-title":"Social Forces"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0378-8733(01)00036-3_BIB40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02294087","article-title":"Evaluating the conformity of sociometric measurements","volume":"43","author":"Hubert","year":"1978","journal-title":"Psychometrika"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0378-8733(01)00036-3_BIB41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2044-8317.1976.tb00714.x","article-title":"Quadratic assignment as a general data analysis strategy","volume":"29","author":"Hubert","year":"1976","journal-title":"British Journal of Mathematical and Statistical Psychology"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0378-8733(01)00036-3_BIB42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"947","DOI":"10.2307\/2657349","article-title":"Probing the character of norms: a factorial survey analysis of the norms of political action","volume":"62","author":"Jasso","year":"1997","journal-title":"American Sociological Review"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0378-8733(01)00036-3_BIB43","unstructured":"Krebs, D.L., Miller, D.T., 1985. Altruism and aggression. In: Lindzey, G., Aronson, E. (Eds.), Handbook of Social Psychology, Vol. 2. Random House, New York, pp. 1\u201371."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0378-8733(01)00036-3_BIB44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1037\/0003-066X.36.4.343","article-title":"The psychology of social impact","volume":"36","author":"Latane","year":"1981","journal-title":"American Psychologist"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0378-8733(01)00036-3_BIB45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-2466.1996.tb01501.x","article-title":"Dynamic social impact: the creation of culture by communication","volume":"46","author":"Latane","year":"1996","journal-title":"Journal of Communication"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0378-8733(01)00036-3_BIB46","unstructured":"Laughlin, P.R., 1980. Social combination processes of cooperative problem-solving groups on verbal intellective tasks. In: Fishbein, M. (Ed.), Progress in Social Psychology. Erlbaum, Hillsdale, NJ, pp. 127\u2013155."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0378-8733(01)00036-3_BIB47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lehrer, K., Wagner, C., 1981. Rational Consensus in Science and Society. Reidel, Dordrecht.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-009-8520-9"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0378-8733(01)00036-3_BIB48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Marsden, P.V., Friedkin, N.E., 1994. Network studies of social influence. In: Wasserman, S., Galaskiewicz, J. (Eds.), Advances in Social Network Analysis, Vol. 22. Sage, Thousand Oaks, CA, pp. 3\u201325.","DOI":"10.4135\/9781452243528.n1"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0378-8733(01)00036-3_BIB49","unstructured":"Merton, R.K., 1968. Social Theory and Social Structure. Free Press, New York."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0378-8733(01)00036-3_BIB50","unstructured":"Merton, R.K., 1976. Sociological Ambivalence. Free Press, New York."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0378-8733(01)00036-3_BIB51","unstructured":"Moscovici, S., 1985. Social influence and conformity. In: Lindzey, G., Aronson, E. (Eds.), Handbook of Social Psychology, Vol. 2. Random House, New York, pp. 347\u2013412."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0378-8733(01)00036-3_BIB52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2044-8309.1982.tb00522.x","article-title":"The evolutionary emergence of norms","volume":"21","author":"Opp","year":"1982","journal-title":"British Journal of Social Psychology"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0378-8733(01)00036-3_BIB53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.2307\/2285387","article-title":"Estimation methods for models of spatial interaction","volume":"70","author":"Ord","year":"1975","journal-title":"Journal of the American Statistical Association"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0378-8733(01)00036-3_BIB54","unstructured":"Roethlisberger, F.J., Dickson, W.J., 1939. Management and the Worker. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0378-8733(01)00036-3_BIB55","unstructured":"Schuman, H., 1995. Attitudes, beliefs, and behavior. In: Cook, K.S., Fine, G.A., House, J.S. (Eds.), Sociological Perspectives on Social Psychology. Allyn and Bacon, Boston, pp. 68\u201389."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0378-8733(01)00036-3_BIB56","unstructured":"Sherif, C.W., Sherif, M., Nebergall, R.E., 1965. Attitude and Attitude Change: The Social Judgment-Involvement Approach. W.B. Saunders, Philadelphia."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0378-8733(01)00036-3_BIB57","unstructured":"Sherif, M., 1936. The Psychology of Social Norms. Harper, New York."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0378-8733(01)00036-3_BIB58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-1031(88)90028-5","article-title":"Computer simulation as a research tool: the DISCUSS model of group decision making","volume":"24","author":"Stasser","year":"1988","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Social Psychology"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0378-8733(01)00036-3_BIB59","unstructured":"Stasser, G., Kerr, N.L., Davis, J.H., 1989. Influence processes and consensus models in decision-making groups. In: Paulus, P.B. (Ed.), Psychology of Group Influence. Lawrence Erlbaum, Hillsdale, NJ, pp. 279\u2013326."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0378-8733(01)00036-3_BIB60","unstructured":"Strauss, A., 1978. Negotiations: Varieties, Contexts, Processes, and Social Order. Jossey-Bass, San Francisco."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0378-8733(01)00036-3_BIB61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stryker, S., 1981. Symbolic interactionism: themes and variations. In: Rosenberg, M., Turner, R.H. (Eds.), Social Psychology. Basic Books, New York, pp. 3\u201329.","DOI":"10.4324\/9781315129723-1"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0378-8733(01)00036-3_BIB62","unstructured":"Stryker, S., Statham, A., 1985. Symbolic interaction and role theory. In: Lindzey, G., Aronson, E. (Eds.), Handbook of Social Psychology, Vol. 1. Random House, New York, pp. 311\u2013378."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0378-8733(01)00036-3_BIB63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00364701","article-title":"Consensus through respect: a model of rational group decision-making","volume":"34","author":"Wagner","year":"1978","journal-title":"Philosphical Studies"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0378-8733(01)00036-3_BIB64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00133978","article-title":"Allocation, Lehrer models, and the consensus of probabilities","volume":"14","author":"Wagner","year":"1982","journal-title":"Theory and Decision"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0378-8733(01)00036-3_BIB65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wasserman, S., Katherine, F., 1994. Social Network Analysis: Methods and Applications. Cambridge University Press, New York.","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511815478"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0378-8733(01)00036-3_BIB66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02294547","article-title":"Logit models and logistic regressions for social networks. I. An introduction to Markov graphs and p*","volume":"60","author":"Wasserman","year":"1996","journal-title":"Psychometrika"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0378-8733(01)00036-3_BIB67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"730","DOI":"10.1086\/226141","article-title":"Social structure from multiple networks. I. Blockmodels of roles and positions","volume":"81","author":"White","year":"1976","journal-title":"American Journal of Sociology"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0378-8733(01)00036-3_BIB68","unstructured":"Witte, E.H., Davis, J.H., 1996. Understanding Group Behavior: Consensual Action by Small Groups. Lawrence Erlbaum, Mahwah, NJ."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0378-8733(01)00036-3_BIB69","unstructured":"Wrong, D.H., 1994. The Problem of Order. Harvard University Press, Cambrdige, MA."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0378-8733(01)00036-3_BIB70","unstructured":"Yamagishi, T., 1995. Social dilemmas. In: Cook, K.S., Fine, G.A., House, J.S. (Eds.), Sociological Perspectives on Social Psychology. Allyn and Bacon, Boston, pp. 311\u2013335."}],"container-title":["Social Networks"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0378873301000363?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0378873301000363?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,7]],"date-time":"2020-01-07T17:23:01Z","timestamp":1578417781000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0378873301000363"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2001,7]]},"references-count":70,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2001,7]]}},"alternative-id":["S0378873301000363"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0378-8733(01)00036-3","relation":{},"ISSN":["0378-8733"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0378-8733","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2001,7]]}}}