{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,13]],"date-time":"2026-02-13T18:43:44Z","timestamp":1771008224303,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1999,1,1]],"date-time":"1999-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":915148800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Social Networks"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1999,1]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/s0378-8733(98)00010-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2002,7,25]],"date-time":"2002-07-25T09:26:40Z","timestamp":1027589200000},"page":"1-21","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":130,"title":["Centrality measures for disease transmission networks"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"David C","family":"Bell","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"John S","family":"Atkinson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jerry W","family":"Carlson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/S0378-8733(98)00010-0_BIB1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1097\/00001648-199001000-00007","article-title":"A family of mathematical models to describe the risk of infection by a sexually transmitted agent","volume":"1","author":"Allard","year":"1990","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0378-8733(98)00010-0_BIB2","first-page":"1010","article-title":"A mathematical model to describe the risk of infection from sharing injection equipment","volume":"3","author":"Allard","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Acquired Immune Defic. Syndr."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0378-8733(98)00010-0_BIB3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-8733(93)90019-H","article-title":"Reinterpreting network measures for models of disease transmission","volume":"15","author":"Altmann","year":"1993","journal-title":"Social Networks"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0378-8733(98)00010-0_BIB4","unstructured":"Barnes, J.A., 1972. Social networks. Addison\u2013Wesley Module in Anthropology, 26, pp. 1\u201329."},{"issue":"1\/2","key":"10.1016\/S0378-8733(98)00010-0_BIB5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1300\/J023v09n01_03","article-title":"The effect of psychosocial domains on AIDS risk behaviors","volume":"2","author":"Bell","year":"1996","journal-title":"Drugs Soc."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0378-8733(98)00010-0_BIB6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1097\/00042560-199704150-00012","article-title":"Oral sex and HIV transmission","volume":"14","author":"Berrey","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Acquired Immune Defic. Syndr. Hum. Retrovirol."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0378-8733(98)00010-0_BIB7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-8733(88)90014-7","article-title":"Sorting out centrality: An analysis of the performance of four centrality models in real and simulated networks","volume":"10","author":"Bolland","year":"1988","journal-title":"Social Networks"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/S0378-8733(98)00010-0_BIB8","first-page":"112","article-title":"Centrality and AIDS","volume":"18","author":"Borgatti","year":"1995","journal-title":"Connections"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0378-8733(98)00010-0_BIB9","unstructured":"Borgatti, S.P., Everett, M.G., Freeman, L.C., 1992. UCINET IV Version 1.0 Reference Manual. Analytic Technologies, Columbia, SC."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0378-8733(98)00010-0_BIB10","unstructured":"Buckley, W., 1968. Modem Systems Research for the Behavioral Scientist: A Source Book. Aldine, Chicago."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0378-8733(98)00010-0_BIB11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.2307\/2135469","article-title":"Family planning, sexually transmitted diseases and contraceptive choice: a literature update\u2014Part I","volume":"24","author":"Cates","year":"1992","journal-title":"Fam. Plann. Perspect."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0378-8733(98)00010-0_BIB12","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1996. HIV\/AIDS Surveillance Report, Vol. 8, no. 2."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0378-8733(98)00010-0_BIB13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"712","DOI":"10.2307\/2094546","article-title":"Power, equity and commitment in exchange networks","volume":"43","author":"Cook","year":"1978","journal-title":"American Sociological Review"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/S0378-8733(98)00010-0_BIB14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"849","DOI":"10.1016\/0895-4356(89)90098-X","article-title":"Infectiousness of HIV between male homosexual partners","volume":"42","author":"DeGruttola","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. Clin. Epidemiol."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/S0378-8733(98)00010-0_BIB15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1080\/0022250X.1994.9990138","article-title":"The structure of action and interaction: the structural similarity of systems in social science","volume":"19","author":"De Vree","year":"1994","journal-title":"Journal of Mathematical Sociology"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0378-8733(98)00010-0_BIB16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.2307\/2786807","article-title":"Measuring relative strength in small groups and bounded networks","volume":"49","author":"Doreian","year":"1986","journal-title":"Social Psychology Quarterly"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0378-8733(98)00010-0_BIB17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.1097\/00042560-199604010-00010","article-title":"Probability of heterosexual transmission of HIV: Relationship to the number of unprotected sexual contacts","volume":"11","author":"Downs","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Acquired Immune Defic. Syndr. Hum. Retrovirol."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0378-8733(98)00010-0_BIB18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"809","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.304.6830.809","article-title":"Comparison of female to male and male to female transmission of HIV in 563 stable couples","volume":"304","year":"1992","journal-title":"Br. Med. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0378-8733(98)00010-0_BIB19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"590","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a115931","article-title":"A method of estimating HIV transmission rates among female sex partners of male intravenous drug users","volume":"133","author":"Fordyce","year":"1991","journal-title":"Amer. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0378-8733(98)00010-0_BIB20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-8733(78)90021-7","article-title":"Centrality in social networks: conceptual clarification","volume":"1","author":"Freeman","year":"1979","journal-title":"Social Networks"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0378-8733(98)00010-0_BIB21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-8733(79)90002-9","article-title":"Centrality in social networks: II. Experimental results","volume":"2","author":"Freeman","year":"1980","journal-title":"Social Networks"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0378-8733(98)00010-0_BIB22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1478","DOI":"10.1086\/229694","article-title":"Theoretical foundations for centrality measures","volume":"96","author":"Friedkin","year":"1991","journal-title":"Am. J. Sociol."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0378-8733(98)00010-0_BIB23","first-page":"404","article-title":"Condom failure among homosexual men","volume":"2","author":"Golombok","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. Acquired Immune Defic. Syndr."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/S0378-8733(98)00010-0_BIB24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/156.1.189","article-title":"Infectivity of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus: estimates from a prospective study of homosexual men","volume":"156","author":"Grant","year":"1987","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0378-8733(98)00010-0_BIB25","unstructured":"Hollander and Katz, 1994."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/S0378-8733(98)00010-0_BIB26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/160.1.116","article-title":"Biologic factors in the sexual transmission of human immunodeficiency virus","volume":"160","author":"Holmberg","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0378-8733(98)00010-0_BIB27","first-page":"1116","article-title":"A model-based estimate of HIV infectivity via needle sharing","volume":"5","author":"Kaplan","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Acquired Immune Defic. Syndr."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0378-8733(98)00010-0_BIB28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1203","DOI":"10.1016\/0277-9536(85)90269-2","article-title":"Social networks and the spread of infectious diseases: the AIDS example","volume":"21","author":"Klovdahl","year":"1985","journal-title":"Soc. Sci. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0378-8733(98)00010-0_BIB29","unstructured":"Klovdahl, A.S., 1989. Urban social networks: some methodological problems and possibilities. In: Kochen, M. (Ed.), The Small World. Ablex, Norwood, NJ, pp. 176\u2013210."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0378-8733(98)00010-0_BIB30","unstructured":"Knoke, D., Burt, R.S., 1983. Prominence. In: Burt, R.S., Minor, M.J. (Eds.), Applied Network Analysis: A Methodological Introduction. Sage, Beverly Hills, CA, pp. 195\u2013222."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0378-8733(98)00010-0_BIB31","unstructured":"Knoke, D., Kuklinski, J.H., 1982. Network Analysis. Sage, Newbury Park, CA."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/S0378-8733(98)00010-0_BIB32","first-page":"53","article-title":"Krackplot 3.0: an improved network drawing program","volume":"17","author":"Krackhardt","year":"1994","journal-title":"Connections"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0378-8733(98)00010-0_BIB33","unstructured":"Kuhn, A., 1974. The Logic of Social Systems: A Unified, Deductive, System-Based Approach to Social Science. Jossey\u2013Bass, San Francisco."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0378-8733(98)00010-0_BIB34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"867","DOI":"10.1177\/002204269202200405","article-title":"Risk behavior for HIV infection of intravenous drug users and their sexual partners recruited from street setting in Philadelphia","volume":"22","author":"Liebman","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Drug Issues"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0378-8733(98)00010-0_BIB35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-8733(95)00266-Q","article-title":"Eliciting social network data and ecological model-building: Focus on choice of name generators and administration of random-walk study procedures","volume":"17","author":"Liebow","year":"1995","journal-title":"Social Networks"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0378-8733(98)00010-0_BIB36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1080\/0022250X.1984.9989972","article-title":"Mathematical ideas in social structural analysis","volume":"10","author":"Marsden","year":"1984","journal-title":"Journal of Mathematical Sociology"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/S0378-8733(98)00010-0_BIB37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.87.3.421","article-title":"Condom breakage and slippage during heterosexual intercourse: a French national survey","volume":"87","author":"Messiah","year":"1997","journal-title":"Am. J. Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0378-8733(98)00010-0_BIB38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1177\/0265407592093007","article-title":"Comparative methods for delineating social networks","volume":"9","author":"Milardo","year":"1992","journal-title":"Journal of Social and Personal Relationships"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0378-8733(98)00010-0_BIB39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mitchell, J.C., 1973. Networks, norms and institutions. In: Boissevain J., Mitchell, J.C. (Eds.), Network Analysis: Studies in Human Interaction. Mouton, The Hague, pp. 15\u201335.","DOI":"10.1515\/9783110877779-004"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0378-8733(98)00010-0_BIB40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/0277-9536(94)90301-8","article-title":"The relevance of drug injectors' social and risk networks for understanding and preventing HIV infection","volume":"38","author":"Neaigus","year":"1994","journal-title":"Soc. Sci. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0378-8733(98)00010-0_BIB41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"570","DOI":"10.1097\/00001648-199411000-00003","article-title":"The efficiency of male-to-female and female-to-male sexual transmission of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus: a study of 730 stable couples","volume":"5","author":"Nicolosi","year":"1994","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/S0378-8733(98)00010-0_BIB42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1177\/095646249300400206","article-title":"How often do condoms break or slip off in use?","volume":"4","author":"Richters","year":"1993","journal-title":"Int. J. STD AIDS"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0378-8733(98)00010-0_BIB43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/03081078608934949","article-title":"Some comments on systems and system theory","volume":"13","author":"Rosen","year":"1986","journal-title":"International Journal of General Systems"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0378-8733(98)00010-0_BIB44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/S0010-7824(97)00069-3","article-title":"Latex condom breakage and slippage in a controlled clinical trial","volume":"56","author":"Rosenberg","year":"1997","journal-title":"Contraception"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0378-8733(98)00010-0_BIB45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1016\/0010-7824(93)90116-O","article-title":"Condom breakage during commercial sex in Chiang Mai, Thailand","volume":"48","author":"Rugpao","year":"1993","journal-title":"Contraception"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0378-8733(98)00010-0_BIB46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1097\/00042560-199702010-00011","article-title":"Multiple condom use and decreased condom breakage and slippage in Thailand","volume":"14","author":"Rugpao","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Acquired Immune Defic. Syndr. Hum. Retrovirol."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0378-8733(98)00010-0_BIB47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-8733(89)90016-6","article-title":"Rethinking centrality: methods and applications","volume":"11","author":"Stephenson","year":"1989","journal-title":"Soc. Networks"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0378-8733(98)00010-0_BIB48","first-page":"89","article-title":"Structure and proxy measures of HIV, drug and incarceration risks for active drug users","volume":"18","author":"Trotter","year":"1995","journal-title":"Connections"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0378-8733(98)00010-0_BIB49","unstructured":"Turner, J.H., 1991. The Structure of Sociological Theory, 5th edn. Wadsworth, Belmont, CA."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0378-8733(98)00010-0_BIB50","unstructured":"von Bertalanffy, L., 1968. General System Theory: Foundations, Developments, Applications, rev. edn. Braziller, New York."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0378-8733(98)00010-0_BIB51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wasserman, S., Faust, K., 1994. Social Network Analysis: Methods and Applications, Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge.","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511815478"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0378-8733(98)00010-0_BIB52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.4780080110","article-title":"Heterogeneity in the probability of HIV transmission per sexual contact: the case of male-to-female transmission in penile\u2013vaginal intercourse","volume":"8","author":"Wiley","year":"1989","journal-title":"Stat. Med."}],"container-title":["Social Networks"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0378873398000100?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0378873398000100?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,8]],"date-time":"2020-01-08T11:44:18Z","timestamp":1578483858000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0378873398000100"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1999,1]]},"references-count":52,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1999,1]]}},"alternative-id":["S0378873398000100"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0378-8733(98)00010-0","relation":{},"ISSN":["0378-8733"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0378-8733","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1999,1]]}}}