{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,26]],"date-time":"2025-09-26T22:33:56Z","timestamp":1758926036970},"reference-count":70,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2000,4,1]],"date-time":"2000-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":954547200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Government Information Quarterly"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2000,4]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/s0740-624x(00)00027-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2002,7,25]],"date-time":"2002-07-25T13:55:25Z","timestamp":1027605325000},"page":"193-208","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Striving for perfection: a brief history of advances and undercounts in the U.S. Census"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Miriam D","family":"Rosenthal","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/S0740-624X(00)00027-7_BIB1","unstructured":"Hyman Alterman, Counting People: The Census in History (New York: Harcourt, Brace and World, Inc., 1969)."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0740-624X(00)00027-7_BIB2","unstructured":"Article 1, Section 2, Cl. 3 of the United States Constitution as it was in 1790, before Amendments 14 and 16."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0740-624X(00)00027-7_BIB3","unstructured":"Honorable William R. Merriam, American Census Taking: From the First Census of the United States (reprinted from the Century Magazine, April 1903), pp. 7\u20138."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0740-624X(00)00027-7_BIB4","unstructured":"Dan Halacy, Census: 190 Years of Counting America (New York: Elsevier\/Nelson, 1980), p. 37."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0740-624X(00)00027-7_BIB5","unstructured":"Alterman, Counting People, p. 203."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0740-624X(00)00027-7_BIB6","unstructured":"Margo J. Anderson, The American Census: A Social History (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1988), pp. 17\u201320."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0740-624X(00)00027-7_BIB7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, & John Jay, The Federalist Papers, edited by Clinton Rossitier (New York: Penguin Books, 1961), pp. 340\u2013341.","DOI":"10.4159\/harvard.9780674332133"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0740-624X(00)00027-7_BIB8","unstructured":"Ibid., p. 196."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0740-624X(00)00027-7_BIB9","unstructured":"Bureau of the Census, 200 Years of U.S. Census Taking: Population and Housing Questions, 1790\u20131990 (Washington, DC: GPO, 1989), p. 4."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0740-624X(00)00027-7_BIB10","unstructured":"Ibid., p. 205."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0740-624X(00)00027-7_BIB11","unstructured":"Ibid., p. 204."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0740-624X(00)00027-7_BIB12","unstructured":"Carroll D. Wright & William C. Hunt, The History and Growth of the United States Census: 1790\u20131890 (Washington, DC: GPO, 1900), p. 17."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0740-624X(00)00027-7_BIB13","unstructured":"Anderson, The American Census: p. 18."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0740-624X(00)00027-7_BIB14","unstructured":"Ibid., p. 25."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0740-624X(00)00027-7_BIB15","unstructured":"Wright & Hunt, The History and Growth of the United States Census: 1790\u20131890, p. 38."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0740-624X(00)00027-7_BIB16","unstructured":"Patricia C. Cohen, A Calculating People: The Spread of Numeracy in Early America (Chicago, IL: The University of Chicago Press, 1982), pp. 189\u2013191."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0740-624X(00)00027-7_BIB17","unstructured":"Ibid., p. 177."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0740-624X(00)00027-7_BIB18","unstructured":"Ibid., pp. 192\u2013204."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0740-624X(00)00027-7_BIB19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Steven Ruggles,\u201cSample Designs and Sampling Errors,\u201d Historical Methods, 28: (1995): 40\u201346.","DOI":"10.1080\/01615440.1995.9955312"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0740-624X(00)00027-7_BIB20","unstructured":"Bureau of the Census, 200 Years of U.S. Census Taking: Population and Housing Questions, 1790\u20131990 (Washington, DC: GPO, 1989), p. 4."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0740-624X(00)00027-7_BIB21","unstructured":"Wright & Hunt, The History and Growth of the United States Census: 1790\u20131890, pp. 58\u201360."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0740-624X(00)00027-7_BIB22","unstructured":"Anderson, The American Census, p. 40."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0740-624X(00)00027-7_BIB23","unstructured":"Alterman, Counting People, p. 223."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0740-624X(00)00027-7_BIB24","unstructured":"Ann Scott, Census USA: Fact Finding for the American People 1790\u20131970 (New York: The Seabury Press, 1968), p. 31."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0740-624X(00)00027-7_BIB25","unstructured":"Bureau of the Census, 200 Years of U.S. Census Taking, p. 1."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0740-624X(00)00027-7_BIB26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Samuel Shapiro,\u201cDevelopment of Birth Registration and Birth Statistics in the United States,\u201d Population Studies, 4 (1950): 89.","DOI":"10.1080\/00324728.1950.10415506"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0740-624X(00)00027-7_BIB27","unstructured":"Anderson, The American Census, pp. 45\u201346."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0740-624X(00)00027-7_BIB28","unstructured":"Ibid., p. 89."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0740-624X(00)00027-7_BIB29","unstructured":"Bureau of the Census, Historical Statistics of the U.S.: Colonial Times to 1970 (Washington, DC: GPO, 1975), p. 1."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0740-624X(00)00027-7_BIB30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"John W. Adams & Alice B. Kasakoff,\u201cEstimates of Census Underenumeration Based on Genealogies,\u201d Social Science History, 15 (Winter 1991): 527\u2013533.","DOI":"10.1017\/S0145553200021283"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0740-624X(00)00027-7_BIB31","unstructured":"Ibid., pp. 535\u2013539."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0740-624X(00)00027-7_BIB32","unstructured":"National Research Council. Commission on Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education. Committee on National Statistics. Panel to Evaluate Alternative Census Methods, Counting People in the Information Age (Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 1994), p. 106."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0740-624X(00)00027-7_BIB33","unstructured":"J. G. Robinson,\u201cPerspectives on the Completeness of Coverage of Population in the United States Decennial Censuses,\u201d paper presented at the 1988 annual meetings of the Population Association of America in New Orleans, p. 24."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0740-624X(00)00027-7_BIB34","unstructured":"Anderson, The American Census, pp. 128\u2013129."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0740-624X(00)00027-7_BIB35","unstructured":"Ibid., p. 151."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0740-624X(00)00027-7_BIB36","unstructured":"Ibid., p. 139."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0740-624X(00)00027-7_BIB37","unstructured":"Ibid., pp. 164\u2013165."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0740-624X(00)00027-7_BIB38","unstructured":"Ibid., p. 168."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0740-624X(00)00027-7_BIB39","unstructured":"Ibid., p. 177."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0740-624X(00)00027-7_BIB40","unstructured":"Ibid., pp. 189\u2013190."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0740-624X(00)00027-7_BIB41","unstructured":"Ibid., pp. 183\u2013185."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0740-624X(00)00027-7_BIB42","unstructured":"Ibid., pp. 186\u2013187."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0740-624X(00)00027-7_BIB43","unstructured":"Ibid., pp. 188\u2013189."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0740-624X(00)00027-7_BIB44","unstructured":"Bureau of the Census, 1990 Census of Population and Housing: History (Washington, DC: GPO, 1996), p. 11\u20133."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0740-624X(00)00027-7_BIB45","unstructured":"Anderson, The American Census, p. 187."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0740-624X(00)00027-7_BIB46","unstructured":"Alterman, Counting People, p. 237."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0740-624X(00)00027-7_BIB47","unstructured":"Ruggles,\u201cSample Designs and Sampling Errors,\u201d p. 44."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0740-624X(00)00027-7_BIB48","unstructured":"Robert M. Jenkins, Procedural History of the 1940 Census of Population and Housing (Madison, WI: The University of Wisconsin Press, 1985), p. 62."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0740-624X(00)00027-7_BIB49","unstructured":"Ibid., p. 66."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0740-624X(00)00027-7_BIB50","unstructured":"Alterman, Counting People, pp. 278\u2013279."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0740-624X(00)00027-7_BIB51","unstructured":"Bureau of the Census, Census of Population: 1950 (Washington, DC: GPO, 1952), p. xii."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0740-624X(00)00027-7_BIB52","unstructured":"Alterman, Counting People, p. 239."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0740-624X(00)00027-7_BIB53","unstructured":"Bureau of the Census, The 1950 Censuses: How They Were Taken (Washington, DC: GPO, 1955), p. 24."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0740-624X(00)00027-7_BIB54","unstructured":"Ibid., p. 36."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0740-624X(00)00027-7_BIB55","unstructured":"Bureau of the Census, 1990 Census of Population and Housing: History, p. 11\u20133."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0740-624X(00)00027-7_BIB56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Anderson, The American Census, pp. 201\u2013202.","DOI":"10.1038\/201202a0"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0740-624X(00)00027-7_BIB57","unstructured":"Bureau of the Census, Census of Population: 1960 (Washington, DC: GPO, 1961), p. x."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0740-624X(00)00027-7_BIB58","unstructured":"Anderson, The American Census, pp. 208\u2013209."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0740-624X(00)00027-7_BIB59","unstructured":"Ibid., p. 224."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0740-624X(00)00027-7_BIB60","unstructured":"Ibid., p. 230."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0740-624X(00)00027-7_BIB61","unstructured":"Robinson,\u201cPerspectives on the Completeness of Coverage of Population in the United States Decennial Censuses,\u201d p. 13."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0740-624X(00)00027-7_BIB62","unstructured":"Anderson, The American Census, p. 211."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0740-624X(00)00027-7_BIB63","unstructured":"Ibid., p. 211."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0740-624X(00)00027-7_BIB64","unstructured":"Ibid., p. 227."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0740-624X(00)00027-7_BIB65","unstructured":"Bureau of the Census, 1990 Census of Population and Housing: History, p. 11\u20133."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0740-624X(00)00027-7_BIB66","unstructured":"Bureau of the Census, Report to Congress\u2013The Plan for Census 2000, unpublished report (August 1997), pp. 3\u20134."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0740-624X(00)00027-7_BIB67","unstructured":"Bureau of the Census, 1990 Census of Population and Housing: History, p. 11\u201314."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0740-624X(00)00027-7_BIB68","unstructured":"Michael R. Lavin, Understanding the Census: A Guide for Marketers, Planners, Grant Writers, and Other Data Users (Kenmore, NY: Epoch Books, Inc., 1996), p. 87."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0740-624X(00)00027-7_BIB69","unstructured":"National Research Council. Commission on Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education. Committee on National Statistics. Panel to Evaluate Alternative Census Methods, Counting People in the Information Age, p. 4."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0740-624X(00)00027-7_BIB70","unstructured":"Supreme Court of the United States, Department of Commerce et al. v. United States House of Representatives et al., Appeal from the United States District Court for the District of Columbia, No. 98\u2013404, Argued November 30, 1998, Decided January 25, 1999. (525 U.S. 316)."}],"container-title":["Government Information Quarterly"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0740624X00000277?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0740624X00000277?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,8]],"date-time":"2023-04-08T22:55:34Z","timestamp":1680994534000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0740624X00000277"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2000,4]]},"references-count":70,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2000,4]]}},"alternative-id":["S0740624X00000277"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0740-624x(00)00027-7","relation":{},"ISSN":["0740-624X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0740-624X","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2000,4]]}}}