{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T20:52:29Z","timestamp":1760043149594},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2000,1,1]],"date-time":"2000-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":946684800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Government Information Quarterly"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2000,1]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/s0740-624x(99)00026-x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2002,7,25]],"date-time":"2002-07-25T09:54:11Z","timestamp":1027590851000},"page":"43-67","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Building state information highways: lessons for public and private sector leaders"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Donald K","family":"Jonas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/S0740-624X(99)00026-X_BIB1","unstructured":"Thomas W. Bonnett, Telewars in the States. Telecommunications Issues in the New Era of Competition (Council of Governors\u2019 Policy Advisors, 1996)."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0740-624X(99)00026-X_BIB2","unstructured":"In New State Ice Co. v. Liebmann (285 U.S. 262, 280\u2013311) (1932), Justice Brandeis dissents from the majority opinion in stating, \u201cDenial of the right to experiment may be fraught with serious consequences to the Nation. It is one of the happy incidents of the federal system that a single courageous State may, if its citizens choose, serve as a laboratory, and try novel social and economic experiments without risk to the rest of the country.\u201d"},{"key":"#cr-split#-10.1016\/S0740-624X(99)00026-X_BIB3.1","unstructured":"See, for example, John H. Anderson, \u201cTelecommunications: Initiatives taken by three states to promote increased access and investment,\u201d Report to the U.S. Senate Committee on Agriculture, Nutrition, and Forestry, GAO Report # RCED-96\u201368 (1996);"},{"key":"#cr-split#-10.1016\/S0740-624X(99)00026-X_BIB3.2","unstructured":"Mitch Betts, \u201cStates Bypassing Feds on Information Highway,\u201d Computerworld, 20 (June 1994): 8\u201311; William J. Cook, Jim Impoco, & Warren Cohen, \u201cFast Lane to the Future,\u201d U.S. News and World Report (January, 17 1994): 56\u201358."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0740-624X(99)00026-X_BIB4","unstructured":"J. Pfefer, Power in Organizations. (Glenview, Illinois: Scott, Foreman, 1981)."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0740-624X(99)00026-X_BIB5","unstructured":"G. Noblit & T. Hare, \u201cMeta-ethnography: Issues in the Synthesis and Replication of Qualitative Research.\u201d Paper presented at the annual conference of the American Educational Research Association in Montreal, Canada (1983)."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0740-624X(99)00026-X_BIB6","unstructured":"Norma K. Denzin, \u201cThe Research Act: A Theoretical Introduction to Sociological Methods (New York: McGraw Hill, 1978)."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0740-624X(99)00026-X_BIB7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Prior research by the National Association of State Information Resource Executives and by Kendall Guthrie & William Dutton, \u201cThe Politics of Citizen Access Technology: The Development of Public Information Utilities in Four Cities,\u201d Policy Studies Journal, 20 (1992): 574\u2013597, on municipal development of local information highway on-ramps suggests six major network issues as the key policy choices made in the construction of telecommunications infrastructures. These six major information highway characteristics are: \u2022 Ownership: who owns the hardware associated with the state\u2019s digital highway (public, private, public\/private partnership, nonprofit, or some other ownership arrangement); \u2022 Financing: through public, commercial, subscription-based or some other method; \u2022 Privacy: how is personal privacy protected (are commercial agents given access to personal records, and are there mechanisms to protect privacy?); \u2022 Accessibility: based on the dispersion of terminals and the monetary cost of using them (how accessible to the public should the network be?); \u2022 Architecture: deals with system capacity (both in terms of computer memory and the number of simultaneous users it can support) and the structure of the network itself (including channels between citizens and city officials, channels between citizens, and \u2018many-to-many\u2019 channels whereby any one user can broadcast to all others); \u2022 Information content: should the content on the network be devoted exclusively to either commercial or non-commercial interests or should the content be some hybrid of both commercial and non-commercial?","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1541-0072.1992.tb00184.x"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0740-624X(99)00026-X_BIB8","unstructured":"V.O. Key, Southern Politics in State and Nation. (Knoxville, TN: The University of Tennessee Press, 1984), pp. 205\u2013206."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0740-624X(99)00026-X_BIB9","unstructured":"See, for example, Thad Beyle & Merle Black, Politics and Policy in North Carolina (New York: MSS Information Corp, 1975); Jack Bass & Walter DeVries, The Transformation of Southern Politics (New York: Basic Books, 1976); Paul Luebke, Tar Heel Politics (Chapel Hill, NC: The University of North Carolina Press, 1990)."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0740-624X(99)00026-X_BIB10","unstructured":"Betts, \u201cStates Bypassing Feds on Information Highway.\u201d"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0740-624X(99)00026-X_BIB11","unstructured":"Larry Grovenstein, Charlie Pittman, & Bill Smith, The North Carolina Information Highway. (Review piece published by the North Carolina Governor\u2019s Office of Technology Policy, 1993)."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0740-624X(99)00026-X_BIB12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jane Patterson & William Smith, \u201cThe North Carolina Information Highway,\u201d IEEE Network, 8(6) (November\/December 1994): 12\u201317.","DOI":"10.1109\/65.336210"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0740-624X(99)00026-X_BIB13","unstructured":"Ibid."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0740-624X(99)00026-X_BIB14","unstructured":"Ibid."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0740-624X(99)00026-X_BIB15","unstructured":"Patterson & Smith. \u201cThe North Carolina Information Highway,\u201d report that the designs for this network called for 10 Fujitsu FETEX-150 Broadband ATM switches and two AT&T switches to provide service across the state. The three private sector companies would divide up the deployment of the switches as five of the 10 Fujitsu switches would be deployed by BellSouth, three by Carolina Telephone, and two by GTE. Each phone company would also be responsible for integrating video multipoint control units (MCUs) that would work in coordination with the ATM switch to provide continuous presence audio and enhanced features such as \u2018quad-splitters\u2019 to allow four locations to be viewed simultaneously on a single monitor. In addition to these three larger telephone companies, a consortium of independent telephone companies in the High Point and Concord service area deployed a network to link to the statewide NCIH."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0740-624X(99)00026-X_BIB16","unstructured":"Patterson & Smith. \u201cThe North Carolina Information Highway.\u201d"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0740-624X(99)00026-X_BIB17","unstructured":"Kay McFadden. \u201cN.C. Cuts Staff for Info Highway: Budget Reductions Blamed, But Use Also Lags Initial Projections,\u201d Charlotte Observer (September 8, 1995), sec. 1A, 15A."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0740-624X(99)00026-X_BIB18","unstructured":"Ibid."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0740-624X(99)00026-X_BIB19","unstructured":"Ibid."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0740-624X(99)00026-X_BIB20","unstructured":"The ICN has the ability to \u2018multiplex\u2019 digital information, allowing data, voice, and full-motion, two-way interactive video information to share the same transport system. The ICN architecture allows for a future upgrade to ATM to allow all voice, data, and video traffic to share the same virtual circuit. When implementation of the final stages of the development plan is complete, the ICN is expected to connect 474 sites at mainly K-12 institutions and libraries across the state. See the ICN home page at: http:\/\/www.icn.state.ia.us\/ICN for more detailed information on the technical specifications of the ICN."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0740-624X(99)00026-X_BIB21","unstructured":"Roughly four out of five Iowans live in rural areas."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0740-624X(99)00026-X_BIB22","unstructured":"David N. Townsend, John T. McDermott, Douglas S. Williams, & Andrew Reamer, \u201cStudy of the Impacts of the Iowa Communications Network upon the Iowa Telecommunications Industry,\u201d Final Report from the Iowa Utilities Board, (December 19, 1995)."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0740-624X(99)00026-X_BIB23","unstructured":"Richard D. Johnson, \u201cIowa Communications Network: Independent Auditor\u2019s Report, Financial Statements, Comments and Recommendations,\u201d Office of Auditor of State (June 30, 1995), p. 10."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0740-624X(99)00026-X_BIB24","unstructured":"Ibid."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0740-624X(99)00026-X_BIB25","unstructured":"Iowa Acts, Chapter 319, Section 33 (1989)."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0740-624X(99)00026-X_BIB26","unstructured":"See, for example, Joanie Wexler, \u201cState of Envy,\u201d Network World (November 21, 1994): 64\u201366."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0740-624X(99)00026-X_BIB27","unstructured":"Townsend, et al. \u201cStudy of the Impacts of the Iowa Communications Network \u2026 .\u201d"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0740-624X(99)00026-X_BIB28","unstructured":"John A. Fugel, \u201cThe Iowa Communications Network: A Bad Deal for Everyone,\u201d Rural Telecommunications (January\/February 1995), pp. 13\u201322."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0740-624X(99)00026-X_BIB29","unstructured":"Ibid."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0740-624X(99)00026-X_BIB30","unstructured":"Ibid."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0740-624X(99)00026-X_BIB31","unstructured":"Iowa House File 461 (1995)."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0740-624X(99)00026-X_BIB32","unstructured":"Peter Elstrom, \u201cA Collision on the Iowa I-way,\u201d Business Week (May 19, 1997), p. 44."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0740-624X(99)00026-X_BIB33","unstructured":"Ibid."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0740-624X(99)00026-X_BIB34","unstructured":"It should be emphasized that, based on this limited dataset and the nature of the research methodology employed, it is impossible to generalize confidently these findings to other settings. However, this intensive study of two model statewide communications systems suggests, that devising a major public policy initiative of this nature is highly idiosyncratic."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0740-624X(99)00026-X_BIB35","unstructured":"Mitch Betts, \u201cState Builds Budget Infobahn,\u201d Computerworld (April 24, 1995), pp. 67\u201369."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0740-624X(99)00026-X_BIB36","unstructured":"For more information on the Kentucky Information Highway see http:\/\/www.state.ky.us\/hwy\/hwy3.htm."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0740-624X(99)00026-X_BIB37","unstructured":"Mitch Betts, \u201cFlorida Info Highways Don\u2019t Intersect,\u201d Computerworld (May 1, 1995), pp. 71\u201373."}],"container-title":["Government Information Quarterly"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0740624X9900026X?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0740624X9900026X?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,28]],"date-time":"2019-04-28T19:56:08Z","timestamp":1556481368000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0740624X9900026X"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2000,1]]},"references-count":38,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2000,1]]}},"alternative-id":["S0740624X9900026X"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0740-624x(99)00026-x","relation":{},"ISSN":["0740-624X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0740-624X","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2000,1]]}}}