{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,13]],"date-time":"2026-03-13T23:57:51Z","timestamp":1773446271198,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1999,1,1]],"date-time":"1999-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":915148800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Government Information Quarterly"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1999,1]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/s0740-624x(99)80003-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2002,7,25]],"date-time":"2002-07-25T14:18:40Z","timestamp":1027606720000},"page":"111-127","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":51,"title":["Becoming cyberactive: State and local governments on the World Wide Web"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Genie N.L.","family":"Stowers","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/S0740-624X(99)80003-3_bib1","first-page":"19","article-title":"Time for a Change: On the Patterns of Diffusion of Innovation","volume":"125","author":"Grubler","year":"1996","journal-title":"Daedalus"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0740-624X(99)80003-3_bib2","unstructured":"U.S.Department of Commerce, The Emerging Digital Economy (Available: http:\/\/www.ecommerce.gov\/ emerging.htm 1998)"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0740-624X(99)80003-3_bib3","author":"Hafner","year":"1996"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0740-624X(99)80003-3_bib4","author":"Hafner","year":"1996"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0740-624X(99)80003-3_bib5","author":"Hafner","year":"1996"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0740-624X(99)80003-3_bib6","unstructured":"U.S. Department of Commerce, \u201cThe Emerging Digital Economy,\u201d p. 7."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0740-624X(99)80003-3_bib7","unstructured":"p. 8."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0740-624X(99)80003-3_bib8","unstructured":"p. 2."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0740-624X(99)80003-3_bib9","first-page":"24","article-title":"Connecting to the Future: Local Governments On Line","author":"Moulder","year":"1996"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0740-624X(99)80003-3_bib10","unstructured":"Alaina Kanfer & Christopher Kolar, \u201cWhat Are Communities Doing On-Line?\u201d (Available: http:\/\/ www.ncsa.uiuc.edu\/People\/alaina\/com_online\/, last modified July 17, 1997)."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0740-624X(99)80003-3_bib11","unstructured":"Alaina Kanfer, \u201cGhost Towns in Cyberspace,\u201d (Available: http:\/\/www.ncsa.uiuc.edu\/edu\/trg\/ghosttown\/ slides\/slidel.html, Last modified: July 17, 1997)."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0740-624X(99)80003-3_bib12","unstructured":"Ibid. (http:\/\/www.ncsa.uiuc.edu\/edu\/trg\/ghosttown\/slides\/slide15.html)."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0740-624X(99)80003-3_bib13","unstructured":"Moulder & Huffman, \u201cConnecting to the Future.\u201d"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0740-624X(99)80003-3_bib14","unstructured":"Ibid"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0740-624X(99)80003-3_bib15","unstructured":"Ibid"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0740-624X(99)80003-3_bib16","unstructured":"Kanfer & Kolar, \u201cWhat Are Communities Doing On-Line?\u201d"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0740-624X(99)80003-3_bib17","first-page":"3","article-title":"Computers in Local Government","author":"Kraemer","year":"1996"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0740-624X(99)80003-3_bib18","first-page":"8","article-title":"The Rise of the Electronic City Hall","author":"Pine","year":"1990","journal-title":"Western City"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0740-624X(99)80003-3_bib19_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Local Governments Go on the World Wide Web","author":"Schooley","year":"1996"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0740-624X(99)80003-3_bib19_2","first-page":"15","article-title":"Local Governments Go on the World Wide Web","author":"Schooley","year":"1996"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0740-624X(99)80003-3_bib19_3","first-page":"31","article-title":"San Carlos Discovers the Internet and Shares Lessons That Were Learned","author":"Moura","year":"1996","journal-title":"Public Management"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0740-624X(99)80003-3_bib19_4","first-page":"19","article-title":"On The Net: Political Possibilities","author":"Greenberg","year":"1996","journal-title":"State Legislatures"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0740-624X(99)80003-3_bib19_5","first-page":"29","article-title":"The Cyber Campaigns","author":"Council of State Governments","year":"1995","journal-title":"State Government News"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0740-624X(99)80003-3_bib19_6","first-page":"52","article-title":"Innovation by Wire","author":"Gurwitt","year":"1994","journal-title":"Governing"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0740-624X(99)80003-3_bib20_1","unstructured":"Bruce Bimber, \u201cThe Demographics of Internet Access.\u201d (Available: http:\/\/www.sscf.ucsb.edu\/~survey1\/ access.html, 1997)"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0740-624X(99)80003-3_bib20_2","unstructured":"Bruce Bimber, \u201cThe Internet and Political Communication in the 1996 Election Season: Research Note, (Available: http:\/\/www.sscf.ucsb.edu\/~survey1\/mobilize.htm, May 10, 1997)"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0740-624X(99)80003-3_bib20_3","unstructured":"Bruce Bimber, \u201cThe Internet and Political Transformation\u201d (Available: http:\/\/www.sscf.ucsb.edu\/~surveyl\/ poltran2.htm, December 23, 1996)"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0740-624X(99)80003-3_bib20_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02691995","article-title":"Breaking Ground on the Virtual Frontier: Surveying Civic Life on the Internet","author":"Fisher","year":"1996","journal-title":"The American Sociologist"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0740-624X(99)80003-3_bib21","unstructured":"Schooley, \u201cLocal Governments Go on the World Wide Web;\u201d Moura, \"San Carlos Discovers the Internet and Shares Lessons That Were Learned; \u201c Council of State Governments, \u201cThe Cyber Campaigns;\u201d Gurwitt, \u201cInnovation by Wire.\u201d"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0740-624X(99)80003-3_bib22_1","first-page":"29","article-title":"Savvy Citizens","author":"Bourquard","year":"1996","journal-title":"State Legislatures"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0740-624X(99)80003-3_bib22_2","first-page":"16","article-title":"Zapping the Capitol","author":"Blanton","year":"1995","journal-title":"State Government News"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0740-624X(99)80003-3_bib22_3","first-page":"31","article-title":"Legislatures Hit Cyberspace","author":"Bourquard","year":"1994","journal-title":"State Legislatures"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0740-624X(99)80003-3_bib23","article-title":"Savvy Citizens;\" Howard Rheingold","author":"Bourquard","year":"1993"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0740-624X(99)80003-3_bib24","unstructured":"Bruce J. Neubauer & Chandrasekhar Commuri, \u201cGovernment Administration in The Internet Age: Cyber-space and the Information Elite,\u201d (Presented at the 1996 Meeting of The American Political Science Association, August 29\u2013September 1, San Francisco)."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0740-624X(99)80003-3_bib25","unstructured":"Bruce Bimber, \u201cThe Internet and Political Transformation.\u201d"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0740-624X(99)80003-3_bib26","unstructured":"Ibid.; Fisher, Margolis, & Resnick, \u201cBreaking Ground on the Virtual Frontier.\u201d"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0740-624X(99)80003-3_bib27","unstructured":"Kanfer & Kolar, \u201cWhat Are Communities Doing On-Line?\u201d."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0740-624X(99)80003-3_bib28","unstructured":"Moulder & Huffman, \u201cConnecting to the Future.\u201d"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0740-624X(99)80003-3_bib29","unstructured":"Kanfer & Kolar, \u201cWhat Are Communities Doing On-Line?\u201d"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0740-624X(99)80003-3_bib30","unstructured":"Ibid"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0740-624X(99)80003-3_bib31","unstructured":"Ibid. (http:\/\/www.ncsa.uiuc.edu\/People\/alaina\/ com_online.slide 11.html)."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0740-624X(99)80003-3_bib32","first-page":"15","article-title":"Citizen Service and the Superhighway","volume":"24","author":"Stowers","year":"1995","journal-title":"The Public Manager"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0740-624X(99)80003-3_bib33","unstructured":"Charles R. McClure & J. Timothy Sprehe, \u201cAnalysis and Development of Model Quality Guidelines for Electronic Records Management on State and Federal Websites: Final Report (HTML Version),\u201d (Available: http:\/\/istweb.syr.edu\/~mcclure\/ nhprc\/nhprc_title.html, January 1998)."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0740-624X(99)80003-3_bib34","unstructured":"Stowers, \u201cCitizen Service and the Superhighway.\u201d"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0740-624X(99)80003-3_bib35_1","author":"Miles","year":"1994"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0740-624X(99)80003-3_bib35_2","author":"Philip","year":"1990"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0740-624X(99)80003-3_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1016\/S0740-624X(97)90034-4","article-title":"Web Usage Statistics: Measurement Issues and Analytical Techniques","volume":"14","author":"Bertot","year":"1997","journal-title":"Government Information Quarterly"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0740-624X(99)80003-3_bib37","unstructured":"According to the domain name registry system, city Web site addresses are typically represented as http:\/\/ www.ci.cityname.stateinitials.us\/, although there are many exceptions. A state's Web site address is typically http:\/\/www.state.stateinitials.us\/."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0740-624X(99)80003-3_bib38","year":"1996"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0740-624X(99)80003-3_bib39","unstructured":"Miles & Huberman, Qualitative Data Analysis; Philip, Basic Content Analysis."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0740-624X(99)80003-3_bib40_1","first-page":"22","article-title":"States Progress toward Digital Nation","author":"Towns","year":"1998","journal-title":"Government Technology"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0740-624X(99)80003-3_bib40_2","first-page":"66","article-title":"States Progress toward Digital Nation","author":"Towns","year":"1998","journal-title":"Government Technology"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0740-624X(99)80003-3_bib41","unstructured":"See http:\/\/www.leg.state.mn.us\/leg\/statutes.htm for an example from Minnesota."}],"container-title":["Government Information Quarterly"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0740624X99800033?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0740624X99800033?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,23]],"date-time":"2019-04-23T20:20:50Z","timestamp":1556050850000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0740624X99800033"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1999,1]]},"references-count":53,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1999,1]]}},"alternative-id":["S0740624X99800033"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0740-624x(99)80003-3","relation":{},"ISSN":["0740-624X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0740-624X","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1999,1]]}}}