{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,4]],"date-time":"2022-04-04T09:34:22Z","timestamp":1649064862580},"reference-count":99,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1999,1,1]],"date-time":"1999-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":915148800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Government Information Quarterly"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1999,1]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/s0740-624x(99)80013-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2002,7,25]],"date-time":"2002-07-25T12:25:56Z","timestamp":1027599956000},"page":"5-27","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Security classification reviews and the search for reform"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Harold C.","family":"Relyea","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/S0740-624X(99)80013-6_BIB1","author":"U.S. Commission on Protecting and Reducing Government Secrecy","year":"1997"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0740-624X(99)80013-6_BIB2","first-page":"G-1","author":"U.S. Commission on Protecting and Reducing Government Secrecy","year":"1997"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0740-624X(99)80013-6_BIB3_1","first-page":"37","article-title":"The Culture of Secrecy","volume":"27","author":"Dupont","year":"1995","journal-title":"Government Executive"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0740-624X(99)80013-6_BIB3_2","first-page":"42","article-title":"The Culture of Secrecy","volume":"27","author":"Dupont","year":"1995","journal-title":"Government Executive"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0740-624X(99)80013-6_BIB4","unstructured":"For a discussion of the Commission's focus and issues relating to government secrecy that it did not address, see U.S. Commission on Protecting and Reducing Government Secrecy, Report of the Commission on Protecting and Reducing Government Secrecy, pp. 3\u20134."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0740-624X(99)80013-6_BIB5","unstructured":"52 Stat. 3."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0740-624X(99)80013-6_BIB6","first-page":"A18","article-title":"President Moves to Release Classified U.S. Documents","author":"Weiner","year":"1993","journal-title":"New York Times"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0740-624X(99)80013-6_BIB7_1","first-page":"472","article-title":"For Whose Eyes Only?","volume":"26","author":"Morrison","year":"1994","journal-title":"National Journal"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0740-624X(99)80013-6_BIB7_2","first-page":"A1","article-title":"U.S. Plans Overhaul on Secrecy, Seeking to Open Millions of Files","author":"Weiner","year":"1994","journal-title":"New York Times"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0740-624X(99)80013-6_BIB7_3","first-page":"B6","article-title":"U.S. Plans Overhaul on Secrecy, Seeking to Open Millions of Files","author":"Weiner","year":"1994","journal-title":"New York Times"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0740-624X(99)80013-6_BIB7_4","first-page":"A14","article-title":"CIA, Others Opposing White House Move to Bare Decades-Old Secrets","author":"Jeffrey Smith","year":"1994","journal-title":"Washington Post"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0740-624X(99)80013-6_BIB8","series-title":"hearing, 103rd Congress, 2nd session","article-title":"A Statutory Basis for Classifying Information","author":"U. S. Congress","year":"1995"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0740-624X(99)80013-6_BIB9","first-page":"59097","volume":"59","year":"1994","journal-title":"Federal Register"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0740-624X(99)80013-6_BIB10","first-page":"53492","volume":"60","year":"1995","journal-title":"Federal Register"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0740-624X(99)80013-6_BIB11_1","first-page":"78","article-title":"Secrecy and Publicity: Dilemmas of Democracy","author":"Rourke","year":"1961"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0740-624X(99)80013-6_BIB11_2","series-title":"hearings, 85th Congress, 1st session","first-page":"2018","article-title":"Availability of Information from Federal Departments and Agencies","author":"U.S. Congress","year":"1957"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0740-624X(99)80013-6_BIB12","series-title":"The full text of Secretary Wilson's letter appears in U.S. Department of Defense, Committee on Classified Information","first-page":"2146","year":"1956"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0740-624X(99)80013-6_BIB13","unstructured":"U.S. Congress, House Committee on Government Operations, Availability of Information from Federal Departments and Agencies, p. 2012, with a list of witnesses interviewed by the Coolidge Committee appearing at pp. 2012\u20132014."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0740-624X(99)80013-6_BIB14","unstructured":"Ibid., p. 2014."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0740-624X(99)80013-6_BIB15","unstructured":"U.S. Department of Defense, Committee on Classified Information, Report to the Secretary of Defense by the Committee on Classified Information, p. 1."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0740-624X(99)80013-6_BIB16","unstructured":"Ibid., pp. 2\u20133."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0740-624X(99)80013-6_BIB17","unstructured":"Ibid., pp. 3\u20135."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0740-624X(99)80013-6_BIB18","unstructured":"Ibid., p. 6."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0740-624X(99)80013-6_BIB19","unstructured":"Ibid., pp. 7\u20138."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0740-624X(99)80013-6_BIB20","unstructured":"U.S. Congress, House Committee on Government Operations, Availability of Information from Federal Departments and Agencies, p. 2025."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0740-624X(99)80013-6_BIB21","unstructured":"U.S. Department of Defense, Committee on Classified Information, Report"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0740-624X(99)80013-6_BIB22","unstructured":"Ibid., p. 4."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0740-624X(99)80013-6_BIB23","unstructured":"Ibid., p. 23."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0740-624X(99)80013-6_BIB24","unstructured":"Ibid., pp. 10, 11\u201312, 18."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0740-624X(99)80013-6_BIB25","unstructured":"Ibid., p. 11."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0740-624X(99)80013-6_BIB26","unstructured":"Ibid., pp. 13, 15\u201316."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0740-624X(99)80013-6_BIB27","unstructured":"Ibid., p. 16."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0740-624X(99)80013-6_BIB28","unstructured":"U.S. Congress, House Committee on Government Operations, Availability of Information from Federal Departments and Agencies, p. 2045."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0740-624X(99)80013-6_BIB29","series-title":"Department of Defense Implementation of Recommendations of Coolidge Committee on Classified Information","author":"U.S. Department of Defense, Office of the Secretary of Defense","year":"1957"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0740-624X(99)80013-6_BIB30","unstructured":"U.S. Department of Defense, Committee on Classified Information, Report to the Secretary of Defense by the Committee on Classified Information, p. 22."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0740-624X(99)80013-6_BIB31_1","first-page":"2336","article-title":"Department of Defense Implementation of Recommendations of Coolidge Committee on Classified Information","author":"U.S. Department of Defense, Office of the Secretary of Defense","year":"1957"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0740-624X(99)80013-6_BIB31_2","first-page":"199","article-title":"Political Power and the Press","author":"Small","year":"1972"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0740-624X(99)80013-6_BIB32_1","series-title":"Department of Defense Implementation of Recommendations of Coolidge Committee on Classified Information","author":"U.S. Department of Defense, Office of the Secretary of Defense","year":"1957"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0740-624X(99)80013-6_BIB32_2","series-title":"Department of Defense Implementation of Recommendations of Coolidge Committee on Classified Information","author":"U.S. Department of Defense, Office of the Secretary of Defense","year":"1957"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0740-624X(99)80013-6_BIB33","unstructured":"69 Stat. 595, as amended by 70 Stat. 634 extending the time for filing the panel's final report to June 30, 1957."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0740-624X(99)80013-6_BIB34","series-title":"Biographical information on commission members and staff appears in U.S. Commission on Government Security","first-page":"759","year":"1957"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0740-624X(99)80013-6_BIB35","series-title":"Biographical information on commission members and staff appears in U.S. Commission on Government Security","first-page":"v","year":"1957"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0740-624X(99)80013-6_BIB36","first-page":"4","article-title":"Report of the Special Committee on the Federal Loyalty-Security Program of the Association of the Bar of the City of New York","author":"Association of the Bar of the City of New York","year":"1956"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0740-624X(99)80013-6_BIB37_1","series-title":"hearings, 84th Congress, 1st session","article-title":"Commission on Government Security","author":"U.S. Congress, Senate Committee on Government Operations","year":"1955"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0740-624X(99)80013-6_BIB37_2","first-page":"500","article-title":"History of the United States Civil Service","author":"Van Riper","year":"1958"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0740-624X(99)80013-6_BIB38","unstructured":"U.S. Commission on Government Security, Report of the Commission on Government Security, p. 85."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0740-624X(99)80013-6_BIB39","unstructured":"See Ibid., pp. 40\u201350."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0740-624X(99)80013-6_BIB40","unstructured":"Ibid., pp. 174\u2013176."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0740-624X(99)80013-6_BIB41","unstructured":"Ibid., pp. 177\u2013179."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0740-624X(99)80013-6_BIB42","unstructured":"Ibid., p. xx."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0740-624X(99)80013-6_BIB43","unstructured":"Ibid., pp. 179\u2013180."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0740-624X(99)80013-6_BIB44","unstructured":"Ibid., p. 181; also see Ibid., pp. 633\u2013643."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0740-624X(99)80013-6_BIB45","unstructured":"Ibid., pp. 183, 619\u2013620, 737."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0740-624X(99)80013-6_BIB46","unstructured":"Van Riper, History of the United States Civil Service, p. 505; the decision creating \u201cconfusion\u201d was Jencks v. United States (353 U.S. 657 (1957))."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0740-624X(99)80013-6_BIB47","unstructured":"See U.S. Congress, House Committee on Government Operations, Availability of Information from Federal Departments and Agencies (Department of Defense), H. Rept. 1884, 85th Congress, 2nd session (Washington, D.C.: GPO, 1958), pp. 14\u201319, 31\u201339, 166."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0740-624X(99)80013-6_BIB48_1","article-title":"A History of the Federal Records Law","author":"Blanchard","year":"1967"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0740-624X(99)80013-6_BIB48_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1177\/107769907204900207","volume":"49","author":"Blanchard","year":"1972","journal-title":"Journalism Quarterly"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0740-624X(99)80013-6_BIB48_3","first-page":"188","article-title":"Crisis in Credibility","author":"Ladd","year":"1968"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0740-624X(99)80013-6_BIB49","unstructured":"80 Stat. 250; codified, as amended, at 5 U.S.C. 552 (1994)."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0740-624X(99)80013-6_BIB50","first-page":"152","article-title":"Availability of Information from Federal Departments and Agencies (Department of Defense)","author":"U.S. Congress","year":"1884","journal-title":"H. Rept."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0740-624X(99)80013-6_BIB51_1","first-page":"105","article-title":"Availability of Information from Federal Departments and Agencies (Department of Defense)","author":"U.S. Congress","year":"1884"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0740-624X(99)80013-6_BIB51_2","first-page":"152","article-title":"Availability of Information from Federal Departments and Agencies (Department of Defense)","author":"U.S. Congress","year":"1884"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0740-624X(99)80013-6_BIB52","first-page":"161","article-title":"Availability of Information from Federal Departments and Agencies (Department of Defense)","author":"U.S. Congress","year":"1884"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0740-624X(99)80013-6_BIB53","series-title":"H. Rept. 93\u2013221, 93rd Congress, 1st session","first-page":"104","article-title":"Executive Classification of Information-Security Classification Problems Involving Exemption (b)(1) of the Freedom of Information Act (5 U.S.C. 552)","author":"U.S. Congress","year":"1973"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0740-624X(99)80013-6_BIB54","first-page":"iii","author":"U.S. Department of Defense, Office of the Director of Defense Research and Engineering","year":"1970"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0740-624X(99)80013-6_BIB55","first-page":"1","author":"U.S. Department of Defense, Office of the Director of Defense Research and Engineering","year":"1970"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0740-624X(99)80013-6_BIB56","first-page":"2","author":"U.S. Department of Defense, Office of the Director of Defense Research and Engineering","year":"1970"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0740-624X(99)80013-6_BIB57","first-page":"1","article-title":"Keeping The Nation's Secrets","author":"U. S. Department of Defense, Department of Defense Security Review Commission","year":"1985"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0740-624X(99)80013-6_BIB58","first-page":"48","article-title":"Keeping The Nation's Secrets","author":"U. S. Department of Defense, Department of Defense Security Review Commission","year":"1985"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0740-624X(99)80013-6_BIB59","first-page":"57","article-title":"Keeping The Nation's Secrets","author":"U. S. Department of Defense, Department of Defense Security Review Commission","year":"1985"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0740-624X(99)80013-6_BIB60","first-page":"58","article-title":"Keeping The Nation's Secrets","author":"U. S. Department of Defense, Department of Defense Security Review Commission","year":"1985"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0740-624X(99)80013-6_BIB61","first-page":"60","article-title":"Keeping The Nation's Secrets","author":"U. S. Department of Defense, Department of Defense Security Review Commission","year":"1985"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0740-624X(99)80013-6_BIB62","author":"Secretary of Defense","year":"1986","journal-title":"Subject: Implementation of the Stilwell Commission Report"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0740-624X(99)80013-6_BIB63","first-page":"4","article-title":"Redefining Security","author":"U.S. Joint Security Commission","year":"1994"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0740-624X(99)80013-6_BIB64","first-page":"7","article-title":"Redefining Security","author":"U.S. Joint Security Commission","year":"1994"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0740-624X(99)80013-6_BIB65","first-page":"10","article-title":"Redefining Security","author":"U.S. Joint Security Commission","year":"1994"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0740-624X(99)80013-6_BIB66","first-page":"29","article-title":"Redefining Security","author":"U.S. Joint Security Commission","year":"1994"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0740-624X(99)80013-6_BIB67_1","first-page":"31","article-title":"Redefining Security","author":"U.S. Joint Security Commission","year":"1994"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0740-624X(99)80013-6_BIB67_2","first-page":"107","article-title":"Redefining Security","author":"U.S. Joint Security Commission","year":"1994"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0740-624X(99)80013-6_BIB67_3","first-page":"128","article-title":"Redefining Security","author":"U.S. Joint Security Commission","year":"1994"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0740-624X(99)80013-6_BIB68_1","first-page":"33","article-title":"Behind Closed Doors","volume":"28","author":"Lardner","year":"1996","journal-title":"Government Executive"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0740-624X(99)80013-6_BIB68_2","first-page":"36","article-title":"Behind Closed Doors","volume":"28","author":"Lardner","year":"1996","journal-title":"Government Executive"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0740-624X(99)80013-6_BIB68_3","first-page":"39","article-title":"Behind Closed Doors","volume":"28","author":"Lardner","year":"1996","journal-title":"Government Executive"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0740-624X(99)80013-6_BIB69","article-title":"Senate Select Committee on Intelligence","author":"US Congress","year":"1995"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0740-624X(99)80013-6_BIB70","first-page":"S596","volume":"139","author":"Moynihan","year":"1993","journal-title":"Congressional Record"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0740-624X(99)80013-6_BIB71","unstructured":"See Senator Daniel P. Moynihan, remarks in the Senate upon introducing S. 174 to end certain Cold War practices, Congressional Record, 139 January 21, 1993: S605-S606 (daily edition), and remarks in the Senate upon introducing S. 1682 to unify the formulation and execution of United States diplomacy, Ibid., 139 (November 18, 1993): S16226 (daily edition)."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0740-624X(99)80013-6_BIB72","unstructured":"108 Stat. 525."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0740-624X(99)80013-6_BIB73","unstructured":"Profiles of the members of the Commission appear in U.S. Commission on Protecting and Reducing Government Secrecy, Report of the Commission on Protecting and Reducing Government Secrecy, Appendix D."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0740-624X(99)80013-6_BIB74","unstructured":"Ibid., p. 1."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0740-624X(99)80013-6_BIB75","unstructured":"Ibid."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0740-624X(99)80013-6_BIB76","unstructured":"Ibid., p. 3."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0740-624X(99)80013-6_BIB77","unstructured":"Ibid."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0740-624X(99)80013-6_BIB78","unstructured":"Ibid., p. 4."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0740-624X(99)80013-6_BIB79","unstructured":"These recommendations appear collectively in summary forms in U.S. Commission on Protecting and Reducing Government Secrecy, Report of the Commission on Protecting and Reducing Government Secrecy, Appendix C."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0740-624X(99)80013-6_BIB80_1","first-page":"H2350","volume":"143","year":"1997"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0740-624X(99)80013-6_BIB80_2","first-page":"S4110","volume":"143","year":"1997"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0740-624X(99)80013-6_BIB81","first-page":"S1249","volume":"144","year":"1998"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0740-624X(99)80013-6_BIB82","series-title":"hearing, 105th Congress, 2d session","article-title":"S. 712-Government Secrecy Act of 1997","author":"U.S. Congress. 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