{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,28]],"date-time":"2026-06-28T23:33:43Z","timestamp":1782689623024,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2001,1,1]],"date-time":"2001-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":978307200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Computers in Human Behavior"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2001,1]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/s0747-5632(00)00036-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2002,7,25]],"date-time":"2002-07-25T13:14:12Z","timestamp":1027602852000},"page":"35-49","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":116,"title":["The structure of computer anxiety: a six-factor model"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"J.J","family":"Beckers","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"H.G","family":"Schmidt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/S0747-5632(00)00036-4_BIB1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/0747-5632(95)00019-4","article-title":"Predictors of computer anxiety and performance in information systems","volume":"12","author":"Anderson","year":"1996","journal-title":"Computers in Human Behavior"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0747-5632(00)00036-4_BIB2","series-title":"EQS: structural equations program manual","author":"Bentler","year":"1989"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/S0747-5632(00)00036-4_BIB3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"995","DOI":"10.2466\/pr0.1996.78.3.995","article-title":"Psychology of computer use: XXXIX. Prevalence of computer anxiety in British managers and professionals","volume":"78","author":"Bozionelos","year":"1996","journal-title":"Psychological Reports"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0747-5632(00)00036-4_BIB5","series-title":"Technophobia: the psychological impact of information technology","author":"Brosnan","year":"1998"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0747-5632(00)00036-4_BIB4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1016\/S0747-5632(98)00024-7","article-title":"A cross-cultural comparison of gender differences in computer attitudes and anxieties","volume":"14","author":"Brosnan","year":"1998","journal-title":"Computers in Human Behavior"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/S0747-5632(00)00036-4_BIB30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.1016\/S0747-5632(99)00039-4","article-title":"Computer anxiety and its correlates: a meta-analysis","volume":"15","author":"Chua","year":"1999","journal-title":"Computers in Human Behavior"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/S0747-5632(00)00036-4_BIB6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/S0747-5632(97)00032-0","article-title":"The changing construct of computer anxiety for younger and older adults","volume":"14","author":"Dyck","year":"1998","journal-title":"Computers in Human Behavior"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0747-5632(00)00036-4_BIB7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"884","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-9010.74.6.884","article-title":"Effects of alternative training methods on self-efficacy and performance in computer software training","volume":"74","author":"Gist","year":"1989","journal-title":"Journal of Applied Psychology"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0747-5632(00)00036-4_BIB8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01173303","article-title":"Cognitive factors in computer anxiety","volume":"12","author":"Glass","year":"1988","journal-title":"Cognitive Therapy and Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0747-5632(00)00036-4_BIB9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/0747-5632(87)90010-0","article-title":"Assessing computer anxiety","volume":"3","author":"Heinssen","year":"1987","journal-title":"Computers in Human Behavior"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0747-5632(00)00036-4_BIB10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1016\/S0747-5632(98)00009-0","article-title":"Self-directedness in nontraditional college students: a behavioral factor in computer anxiety?","volume":"14","author":"Hemby","year":"1998","journal-title":"Computers in Human Behavior"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0747-5632(00)00036-4_BIB11","series-title":"Structural equations modeling: concepts, issues, and applications","article-title":"Evaluating model fit","author":"Hu","year":"1995"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0747-5632(00)00036-4_BIB13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1016\/0305-0483(95)00035-6","article-title":"The effects of self-efficacy on computer usage","volume":"3","author":"Igbaria","year":"1995","journal-title":"Omega, International Journal of Management Sciences"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0747-5632(00)00036-4_BIB12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1177\/014920638901500302","article-title":"A path analytic study of individual characteristics, computer anxiety and attitudes towards microcomputers","volume":"15","author":"Igbaria","year":"1989","journal-title":"Journal of Management"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0747-5632(00)00036-4_BIB14","first-page":"47","article-title":"Computerphobia","volume":"21","author":"Jay","year":"1981","journal-title":"Educational Technology"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0747-5632(00)00036-4_BIB15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1080\/10447319309526067","article-title":"Measurements of computer anxiety","volume":"5","author":"Lalomia","year":"1993","journal-title":"International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0747-5632(00)00036-4_BIB16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.1177\/0013164486463030","article-title":"The effects of past computer experience on computerized aptitude test performance","volume":"46","author":"Lee","year":"1986","journal-title":"Educational and Psychological Measurement"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/S0747-5632(00)00036-4_BIB17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/S0747-5632(97)00036-8","article-title":"Computer use, confidence, attitudes, and knowledge","volume":"14","author":"Levine","year":"1998","journal-title":"Computers in Human Behavior"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0747-5632(00)00036-4_BIB18","first-page":"67","article-title":"The effects of sex, age, and computer experience on computer attitudes","volume":"17","author":"Loyd","year":"1984","journal-title":"Association for Educational Data Systems Journal"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0747-5632(00)00036-4_BIB19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.2190\/CVYH-M8F9-9WDV-38JG","article-title":"A cross-cultural comparison of computer anxiety in college students","volume":"6","author":"Marcoulides","year":"1990","journal-title":"Journal of Educational Computing Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0747-5632(00)00036-4_BIB20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1016\/0747-5632(94)90062-0","article-title":"Computer anxiety correlates and what they tell us","volume":"10","author":"Maurer","year":"1994","journal-title":"Computers in Human Behavior"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0747-5632(00)00036-4_BIB21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1016\/0747-5632(85)90030-5","article-title":"Computer aversion","volume":"1","author":"Meier","year":"1985","journal-title":"Computers in Human Behavior"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0747-5632(00)00036-4_BIB22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"893","DOI":"10.1177\/001316448904900412","article-title":"Development and validation of the computer self-efficacy scale","volume":"49","author":"Murphy","year":"1989","journal-title":"Educational and Psychological Measurement"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/S0747-5632(00)00036-4_BIB23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1016\/0747-5632(86)90010-5","article-title":"The computer attitude scale","volume":"2","author":"Nickell","year":"1986","journal-title":"Computers in Human Behavior"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0747-5632(00)00036-4_BIB24","series-title":"The invisible computer: why good products can fail, the personal computer is so complex, and information appliances are the solution","author":"Norman","year":"1999"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/S0747-5632(00)00036-4_BIB38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0747-5632(98)00030-2","article-title":"Computer-related success and failure: a longitudinal field study of the factors influencing computer-related performance","volume":"15","author":"Rosen","year":"1999","journal-title":"Computers in Human Behavior"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0747-5632(00)00036-4_BIB25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1080\/08917779008248751","article-title":"Myths and realities of computerphobia","volume":"3","author":"Rosen","year":"1990","journal-title":"Anxiety Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0747-5632(00)00036-4_BIB26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/0747-5632(93)90019-O","article-title":"Treating technophobia","volume":"9","author":"Rosen","year":"1993","journal-title":"Computers in Human Behavior"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0747-5632(00)00036-4_BIB27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/0747-5632(94)00021-9","article-title":"Computer anxiety","volume":"11","author":"Rosen","year":"1994","journal-title":"Computers in Human Behavior"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/S0747-5632(00)00036-4_BIB28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/0747-5632(94)00018-D","article-title":"Computer anxiety: a cross-cultural comparison of university students in ten countries","volume":"11","author":"Rosen","year":"1995","journal-title":"Computers in Human Behavior"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0747-5632(00)00036-4_BIB29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1037\/0735-7028.27.6.635","article-title":"Psychologists and technology","volume":"27","author":"Rosen","year":"1996","journal-title":"Professional Psychology Research and Practice"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/S0747-5632(00)00036-4_BIB37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.2190\/7CHY-5CM0-4D00-6JCG","article-title":"Development of a standardized test of computer literacy and a computer anxiety index","volume":"3","author":"Simenson","year":"1987","journal-title":"Journal of Educational Computing Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0747-5632(00)00036-4_BIB31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1016\/S0747-5632(99)00020-5","article-title":"A review of the construct of computer experience","volume":"15","author":"Smith","year":"1999","journal-title":"Computers in Human Behavior"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0747-5632(00)00036-4_BIB32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1016\/0747-5632(94)90045-0","article-title":"Qualitative differences in computer experience, computer anxiety, and students' use of computers","volume":"10","author":"Todman","year":"1994","journal-title":"Computers in Human Behavior"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0747-5632(00)00036-4_BIB33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"813","DOI":"10.1177\/0013164494054003028","article-title":"Factorial validity of a computer self-efficacy scale and the impact of computer training","volume":"54","author":"Torkzadeh","year":"1994","journal-title":"Educational and Psychological Measurement"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0747-5632(00)00036-4_BIB34","first-page":"404","article-title":"Attitudes toward the computer revolution","volume":"8","author":"Turnipseed","year":"1995","journal-title":"International Journal of Computer Applications in Technology"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0747-5632(00)00036-4_BIB35","first-page":"1","article-title":"Computer literacy: what should schools be doing about it?","volume":"1","author":"Watt","year":"1980","journal-title":"Classroom Computer News"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0747-5632(00)00036-4_BIB39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Weil, M. M., & Rosen, L. D. (1995). The psychological impact of technology from a global perspective: a study of technological sophistication and technophobia in university students from twenty three countries. Computers in Human Behavior, 11(1), 95\u2013133.","DOI":"10.1016\/0747-5632(94)00026-E"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0747-5632(00)00036-4_BIB36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1016\/0747-5632(90)90014-8","article-title":"The etiology of computerphobia","volume":"6","author":"Weil","year":"1990","journal-title":"Computers in Human Behavior"}],"container-title":["Computers in Human Behavior"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0747563200000364?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0747563200000364?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,25]],"date-time":"2019-04-25T00:56:20Z","timestamp":1556153780000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0747563200000364"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2001,1]]},"references-count":39,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2001,1]]}},"alternative-id":["S0747563200000364"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0747-5632(00)00036-4","relation":{},"ISSN":["0747-5632"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0747-5632","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2001,1]]}}}