{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,31]],"date-time":"2025-10-31T21:45:53Z","timestamp":1761947153535,"version":"3.30.1"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"3-4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2002,7,1]],"date-time":"2002-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1025481600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Computer Speech & Language"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2002,7]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/s0885-2308(02)00029-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2002,10,8]],"date-time":"2002-10-08T14:34:08Z","timestamp":1034087648000},"page":"273-281","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Spoken language generation"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Marilyn A","family":"Walker","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Owen C","family":"Rambow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/S0885-2308(02)00029-3_BIB1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Axelrod, S. (2000). Natural language generation in the IBM flight information system. ANLP\/NAACL Workshop on Conversational Systems","DOI":"10.3115\/1117562.1117567"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0885-2308(02)00029-3_BIB2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bangalore, S. & Rambow, O. (2000). Exploiting a probabilistic hierarchical model for generation. COLING, Saarbucken, Germany","DOI":"10.3115\/990820.990827"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0885-2308(02)00029-3_BIB3","unstructured":"Beutnagel, M., Conkie, A., Schroeter, J., Stylianou, Y. & Syrdal, A. (1999). The AT&T next-generation text-to-speech system. Meeting of ASA\/EAA\/DAGA in Berlin, Germany"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0885-2308(02)00029-3_BIB4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Black, A. & Lenzo, K. (2000). Limited domain synthesis. ICSLP, pp. 411\u2013414","DOI":"10.21236\/ADA461150"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0885-2308(02)00029-3_BIB5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bulyko, I. & Ostendorf, M. (2001). Joint prosody prediction and unit selection for concatenative speech synthesis. ICASSP, Volume II, pp. 781\u2013784","DOI":"10.1109\/ICASSP.2001.941031"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0885-2308(02)00029-3_BIB6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/S0885-2308(02)00023-2","article-title":"Efficient integrated response generation from multiple targets using weighted finite state transducers","author":"Bulyko","year":"2002","journal-title":"Computer Speech and Language: Special Issue on Spoken Language Generation"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0885-2308(02)00029-3_BIB7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cahill, L., Carroll, J., Evans, R., Paiva, D., Power, R., Scott, D. & van Deemter, K. (2001). From rags to riches: Exploiting the potential of a flexible generation architecture. Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics","DOI":"10.3115\/1073012.1073027"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0885-2308(02)00029-3_BIB8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cahill, L., Doran, C., Evans, R., Mellish, C., Paiva, D., Reape, M., Scott, D. & Tipper, N. (1999). Towards a reference architecture for natural language generation systems. Technical Report ITRI-99-14, University of Brighton Information Technology Research Institute","DOI":"10.3115\/1118253.1118264"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/S0885-2308(02)00029-3_BIB9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1109\/TMMS.1970.299942","article-title":"AI in CAI: An artificial intelligence approach to computer assisted instruction","volume":"11","author":"Carbonell","year":"1970","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Man Machine Systems"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0885-2308(02)00029-3_BIB10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Carenini, G. & Moore, J. (2000). A strategy for generating evaluative arguments. Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Natural Language Generation (INLG-00), Mitzpe Ramon, Israel","DOI":"10.3115\/1118253.1118261"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0885-2308(02)00029-3_BIB11","series-title":"Proceedings of SIGGRAPH94","first-page":"413","article-title":"Animated conversation: Rule-based generation of facial expression, gesture and spoken intonation for multiple conversational agents","author":"Cassell","year":"1994"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0885-2308(02)00029-3_BIB12","series-title":"Perspectives on socially shared cognition","article-title":"Grounding in communication","author":"Clark","year":"1990"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0885-2308(02)00029-3_BIB13","series-title":"EUROSPEECH 2001","first-page":"1175","article-title":"Learning prosodic features using a tree representation","author":"Hirschberg","year":"2001"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0885-2308(02)00029-3_BIB14","series-title":"Proceedings of the International Conference on Spoken Language Processing, ICSLP98","first-page":"2763","article-title":"On the use of automatically generated discourse-level information in a concept-to-speech synthesis system","author":"Hitzeman","year":"1998"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0885-2308(02)00029-3_BIB15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Johnston, M., Bangalore, S., Vasireddy, G., Stent, A., Ehlen, P., Walker, M., Whittaker, S. & Maloor, P. (2002). MATCH: An architecture for multimodal dialogue systems. Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics, ACL","DOI":"10.3115\/1073083.1073146"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/S0885-2308(02)00029-3_BIB16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1991","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8640.1991.tb00403.x","article-title":"On the need for domain communication knowledge","volume":"7","author":"Kittredge","year":"1991","journal-title":"Computational Intelligence"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0885-2308(02)00029-3_BIB17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kittredge, R., Polgu\u00e8re, A. & Goldberg, E. (1986). Synthesis of weather forecasts from formatted data. COLING86: Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Computational Linguistics","DOI":"10.3115\/991365.991529"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0885-2308(02)00029-3_BIB18","unstructured":"Klabbers, E. (2000). Segmental and Prosodic Improvements to Speech Generation. PhD Thesis, Eindhoven University of Technology"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0885-2308(02)00029-3_BIB19","series-title":"Proceedings of the 6th Applied Natural Language Processing Conference and the 1st Meeting of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics (ANLP-NAACL 2000)","first-page":"170","article-title":"Forest-based statistical sentence generation","author":"Langkilde","year":"1998"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0885-2308(02)00029-3_BIB20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Langkilde, I. & Knight, K. (1998). Generation that exploits corpus-based statistical knowledge. Proceedings of COLING-ACL","DOI":"10.3115\/980451.980963"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0885-2308(02)00029-3_BIB21","series-title":"Proceedings of the Third Conference on Applied Natural Language Processing, ANLP97","first-page":"265","article-title":"A fast and portable realizer for text generation systems","author":"Lavoie","year":"1997"},{"year":"1989","series-title":"Speaking: From Intention to Articulation","author":"Levelt","key":"10.1016\/S0885-2308(02)00029-3_BIB22"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0885-2308(02)00029-3_BIB23","unstructured":"Marcu, D. (1997). From local to global coherence: a bottom-up approach to text planning. Proceedings of the National Conference on Artificial Intelligence (AAAI\u201997)"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/S0885-2308(02)00029-3_BIB24","first-page":"111","article-title":"Description directed control","volume":"9","author":"McDonald","year":"1983","journal-title":"Computers and Mathematics"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/S0885-2308(02)00029-3_BIB25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/0004-3702(85)90082-7","article-title":"Discourse strategies for generating natural language text","volume":"27","author":"McKeown","year":"1985","journal-title":"Artificial Intelligence"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0885-2308(02)00029-3_BIB26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1006\/csla.1998.0106","article-title":"Evaluation in the context of natural language generation","volume":"4","author":"Mellish","year":"1998","journal-title":"Computer Speech and Language"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0885-2308(02)00029-3_BIB27","series-title":"Proceedings of International Conference on Natural Language Generation","first-page":"97","article-title":"Experiments using stochastic search for text planning","author":"Mellish","year":"1998"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/S0885-2308(02)00029-3_BIB28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8640.1991.tb00402.x","article-title":"Bridging the generation gap between text planning and linguistic realization","volume":"7","author":"Meteer","year":"1991","journal-title":"Computational Intelligence"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/S0885-2308(02)00029-3_BIB29","article-title":"Planning text for advisory dialogues: Capturing intentional and rhetorical information","volume":"19","author":"Moore","year":"1993","journal-title":"Computational Linguistics"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0885-2308(02)00029-3_BIB30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1373","DOI":"10.1098\/rsta.2000.0592","article-title":"Stochastic text generation","volume":"358","author":"Oberlander","year":"2000","journal-title":"Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Series A"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0885-2308(02)00029-3_BIB31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/S0885-2308(02)00012-8","article-title":"Stochastic natural language generation for spoken dialog systems","author":"Oh","year":"2002","journal-title":"Computer Speech and Language: Special Issue on Spoken Language Generation"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0885-2308(02)00029-3_BIB32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/S0885-2308(02)00022-0","article-title":"Exploring features from natural language generation for prosody modeling","author":"Pan","year":"2002","journal-title":"Computer Speech and Language: Special Issue on Spoken Language Generation"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0885-2308(02)00029-3_BIB33","series-title":"Proceedings of the Third Conference on Applied Natural Language Processing, ANLP92","first-page":"40","article-title":"Applied text generation","author":"Rambow","year":"1992"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0885-2308(02)00029-3_BIB34","series-title":"Proceedings of the 7th International Workshop on Natural Language Generation, Maine","first-page":"163","article-title":"Has a consensus NL generation architecture appeared, and is it psycholinguistically plausible?","author":"Reiter","year":"1994"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0885-2308(02)00029-3_BIB35","article-title":"Learning to generate visually grounded spoken language","author":"Roy","year":"2002","journal-title":"Computer Speech and Language: Special Issue on Spoken Language Generation"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/S0885-2308(02)00029-3_BIB36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8640.1992.tb00380.x","article-title":"Conversation acts in task-oriented spoken dialogue","volume":"8","author":"Traum","year":"1992","journal-title":"Computational Intelligence"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0885-2308(02)00029-3_BIB37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rudnicky, A., Bennett, C., Black, A., Chotimongkol, A., Lenzo, K., Oh, A. & Singh, R. (2000). Task and domain specific modelling in the Carnegie Mellon Communicator system. ICSLP, Volume II, pp. 130\u2013133","DOI":"10.21437\/ICSLP.2000-226"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0885-2308(02)00029-3_BIB38","unstructured":"Schapire, R. E. (1999). A brief introduction to boosting. Proceedings of the Sixteenth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0885-2308(02)00029-3_BIB39","series-title":"Current Research in Natural Language Generation","article-title":"Getting the message across in RST-based text generation","author":"Scott","year":"1990"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0885-2308(02)00029-3_BIB40","series-title":"Proceedings of Eurospeech \u201999","first-page":"1271","article-title":"Organization, communication, and control in the GALAXY-II conversational system","author":"Seneff","year":"1999"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0885-2308(02)00029-3_BIB41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Seneff, S. & Polifroni, J. (2000). Formal and natural language generation in the MERCURY conversational system. Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Spoken Language Processing, Beijing","DOI":"10.21437\/ICSLP.2000-382"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/S0885-2308(02)00029-3_BIB42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"891","DOI":"10.1145\/355604.361595","article-title":"Generating English discourse from semantic networks","volume":"15","author":"Simmons","year":"1975","journal-title":"CACM"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0885-2308(02)00029-3_BIB43","series-title":"Speech Coding and Synthesis","first-page":"611","article-title":"An approach to text-to-speech synthesis","author":"Sproat","year":"1995"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0885-2308(02)00029-3_BIB44","unstructured":"Stent, A. (2001). Dialogue systems as conversational partners: Applying conversation acts theory to natural language generation for task-oriented mixed-initiative spoken dialogue. PhD Thesis, University of Rochester"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0885-2308(02)00029-3_BIB45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stent, A., Walker, M., Whittaker, S. & Maloor, P. (2002). User-tailored generation for spoken dialogue: An experiment. ICSLP, 7th International Conference on Speech and Language Processing, 2002","DOI":"10.21437\/ICSLP.2002-393"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/S0885-2308(02)00029-3_BIB46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1017\/S1351324901002625","article-title":"From data to speech: A generic approach","volume":"7","author":"Theune","year":"2001","journal-title":"Natural Language Engineering"},{"issue":"1\/2","key":"10.1016\/S0885-2308(02)00029-3_BIB47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-6393(96)00069-6","article-title":"Context modeling and the generation of spoken discourse","volume":"21","author":"van Deemter","year":"1997","journal-title":"Speech Communication"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/S0885-2308(02)00029-3_BIB48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1017\/S1351324999002156","article-title":"Robust grammatical analysis for spoken dialogue systems","volume":"5","author":"van Noord","year":"1999","journal-title":"Journal of Natural Language Engineering"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0885-2308(02)00029-3_BIB49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Walker, M., Rudnicky, A., Prasad, R., Aberdeen, J., Bratt, E., Garofolo, J., Hastie, H., Le, A., Pellom, B., Potamianos, A., Passonneau, R., Roukos, S., Sanders, G., Seneff, S. & Stallard, D. (2002). Darpa communicator: Cross-system results for the 2001 evaluation. ICSLP, 7th International Conference on Speech and Language Processing, 2002","DOI":"10.21437\/ICSLP.2002-132"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0885-2308(02)00029-3_BIB50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/S0885-2308(02)00027-X","article-title":"Training a sentence planner for spoken dialogue using boosting","author":"Walker","year":"2002","journal-title":"Computer Speech and Language: Special Issue on Spoken Language Generation"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0885-2308(02)00029-3_BIB51","unstructured":"Young, M. R., Moore, J. D. & Pollack, M. E. (1994). Towards a principled representation of discourse plans. Cognitive Science Society"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0885-2308(02)00029-3_BIB52","series-title":"Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, Series A","first-page":"1389","article-title":"Probabilistic methods in spoken dialogue systems","author":"Young","year":"2000"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/S0885-2308(02)00029-3_BIB53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"685","DOI":"10.1121\/1.383695","article-title":"Speech synthesis from concept: a method for speech output from information systems","volume":"66","author":"Young","year":"1979","journal-title":"Journal of the Acoustic Society of America"}],"container-title":["Computer Speech & Language"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0885230802000293?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0885230802000293?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,10]],"date-time":"2024-12-10T03:46:08Z","timestamp":1733802368000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0885230802000293"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2002,7]]},"references-count":53,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3-4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2002,7]]}},"alternative-id":["S0885230802000293"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0885-2308(02)00029-3","relation":{},"ISSN":["0885-2308"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0885-2308"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2002,7]]}}}