{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,1]],"date-time":"2026-02-01T17:55:49Z","timestamp":1769968549708,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2003,4,1]],"date-time":"2003-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1049155200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,8,22]],"date-time":"2013-08-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1377129600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":3796,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/open-access\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["International Journal of Approximate Reasoning"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2003,4]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/s0888-613x(02)00134-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2003,4,7]],"date-time":"2003-04-07T17:32:24Z","timestamp":1049736744000},"page":"1-49","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":30,"title":["A new understanding of subjective probability and its generalization to lower and upper prevision"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"33","author":[{"given":"Glenn","family":"Shafer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Peter R.","family":"Gillett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Richard B.","family":"Scherl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/S0888-613X(02)00134-2_BIB1","series-title":"Bayesian Theory","author":"Bernardo","year":"1994"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0888-613X(02)00134-2_BIB2","series-title":"Probability Theory: Independence, Interchangeability, Martingales","author":"Chow","year":"1997"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0888-613X(02)00134-2_BIB3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1142\/S021848859600007X","article-title":"Characterization of coherent conditional probabilities as a tool for their assessment and extension","volume":"4","author":"Coletti","year":"1996","journal-title":"International Journal of Uncertainty, Fuzziness and Knowledge-Based Systems"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0888-613X(02)00134-2_BIB4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.2307\/2981683","article-title":"Statistical theory: The prequential approach","volume":"147","author":"Dawid","year":"1984","journal-title":"Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, Series A"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0888-613X(02)00134-2_BIB5","unstructured":"G. de Cooman, P. Walley, The imprecise probabilities project. See <http:\/\/ippserv.rug.ac.be\/home\/ipp.html>"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0888-613X(02)00134-2_BIB6","unstructured":"B. de Finetti, La pr\u00e9vision, ses lois logiques, ses sources subjectives, Annales de l\u2019Institut Henri Poincar\u00e9 7 (1937) 1\u201368. An English translation by H.E. Kyburg Jr., is included in both editions of [16]"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0888-613X(02)00134-2_BIB7","unstructured":"B. de Finetti, Teoria Delle Probabilit\u00e0, Einaudi, Turin, 1970. An English translation, by Antonio Machi and Adrian Smith, was published as Theory of Probability by Wiley (London, England) in two volumes in 1974 and 1975"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0888-613X(02)00134-2_BIB8","series-title":"Stochastic Processes","author":"Doob","year":"1953"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0888-613X(02)00134-2_BIB9","series-title":"Possibility Theory: An Approach to Computerized Processing of Uncertainty","author":"Dubois","year":"1988"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0888-613X(02)00134-2_BIB10","series-title":"Probability: Theory and Examples","author":"Durrett","year":"1996"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0888-613X(02)00134-2_BIB11","unstructured":"W. Feller, An Introduction to Probability Theory and Its Applications, vol. 2, second ed., Wiley, New York, 1971. The first edition of this volume appeared in 1966"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0888-613X(02)00134-2_BIB12","series-title":"Knowledge in Flux: Modeling the Dynamics of Epistemic States","author":"G\u00e4rdenfors","year":"1988"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0888-613X(02)00134-2_BIB13","series-title":"Bayesian Data Analysis","author":"Gelman","year":"1995"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0888-613X(02)00134-2_BIB14","unstructured":"P.R. Gillett, R.B. Scherl, G. Shafer. A probabilistic logic based on the acceptability of gambles, Unpublished draft, 2002"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0888-613X(02)00134-2_BIB15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"H. Katsuno, A.O. Mendelzon, On the difference between updating a knowledge base and revising it, in: P. G\u00e4rdenfors, (Ed.), Belief Revision, Cambridge Tracts in Theoretical Computer Science 29, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1992, pp. 183\u2013203","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511526664.007"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0888-613X(02)00134-2_BIB16","unstructured":"H.E. Kyburg, Jr., H.E. Smokler (Eds.), Studies in Subjective Probability, Wiley, New York, 1964. A selection of readings, ranging chronologically from J. Venn in 1888 to L.J. Savage in 1961. A second edition, with a slightly different selection, was published by Krieger, New York, in 1980"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0888-613X(02)00134-2_BIB17","series-title":"The Enterprise of Knowledge","author":"Levi","year":"1980"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0888-613X(02)00134-2_BIB18","series-title":"The Bayesian Choice","author":"Robert","year":"2001"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0888-613X(02)00134-2_BIB19","series-title":"A Mathematical Theory of Evidence","author":"Shafer","year":"1976"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0888-613X(02)00134-2_BIB20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1075","DOI":"10.1214\/aos\/1176345974","article-title":"Bayes\u2019s two arguments for the rule of conditioning","volume":"10","author":"Shafer","year":"1982","journal-title":"Annals of Statistics"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0888-613X(02)00134-2_BIB21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.2307\/1402890","article-title":"Conditional probability","volume":"53","author":"Shafer","year":"1985","journal-title":"International Statistical Review"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0888-613X(02)00134-2_BIB22","series-title":"The Art of Causal Conjecture","author":"Shafer","year":"1996"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0888-613X(02)00134-2_BIB23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"G. Shafer, Mathematical foundations for probability and causality, in: F. Hoffman, (Ed.), Mathematical Aspects of Artificial Intelligence, vol. 55 of Symposia in Applied Mathematics, American Mathematical Society, Providence, Rhode Island, 1998, pp. 207\u2013270","DOI":"10.1090\/psapm\/055\/1619610"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0888-613X(02)00134-2_BIB24","first-page":"101","article-title":"Causality and responsibility","volume":"22","author":"Shafer","year":"2001","journal-title":"Cardozo Law Review"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0888-613X(02)00134-2_BIB25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1018964524717","article-title":"The logic of events","volume":"28","author":"Shafer","year":"2000","journal-title":"Annals of Mathematics and Artificial Intelligence"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0888-613X(02)00134-2_BIB26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"G. Shafer, V. Vovk, Probability and Finance: It\u2019s Only a Game!, Wiley, New York, 2001. For more information on this book, see <http:\/\/www.cs.rhul.ac.uk\/~vovk\/book\/>","DOI":"10.1002\/0471249696"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0888-613X(02)00134-2_BIB27","series-title":"Probability","author":"Shiryaev","year":"1996"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0888-613X(02)00134-2_BIB28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1016\/0020-0255(91)90073-4","article-title":"Varieties of ignorance","volume":"57\u201358","author":"Smets","year":"1991","journal-title":"Information Sciences"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0888-613X(02)00134-2_BIB29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2517-6161.1961.tb00388.x","article-title":"Consistency in statistical inference and decision","volume":"23","author":"Smith","year":"1961","journal-title":"Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, Series B"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0888-613X(02)00134-2_BIB30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.2307\/2343466","article-title":"Personal probabilities and statistical analysis","volume":"128","author":"Smith","year":"1965","journal-title":"Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, Series A"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0888-613X(02)00134-2_BIB31","series-title":"Belief Functions in Business Decisions","year":"2002"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0888-613X(02)00134-2_BIB32","unstructured":"P. Walley, Coherent lower (and upper) probabilities, Technical Report 22, Department of Statistics, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK, 1981"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0888-613X(02)00134-2_BIB33","series-title":"Statistical Reasoning with Imprecise Probabilities","author":"Walley","year":"1991"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0888-613X(02)00134-2_BIB34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2517-6161.1996.tb02065.x","article-title":"Inferences from multinomial data: learning about a bag of marbles (with discussion)","volume":"58","author":"Walley","year":"1996","journal-title":"Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, Series B"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0888-613X(02)00134-2_BIB35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/S0888-613X(00)00031-1","article-title":"Towards a unified theory of imprecise probability","volume":"24","author":"Walley","year":"2000","journal-title":"International Journal of Approximate Reasoning"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0888-613X(02)00134-2_BIB36","unstructured":"H. Wiese, On interpreting and changing decision trees, Note de recherche 99-03, GRID, \u00c9cole Normale Sup\u00e9rieure de Cachan, France, March 1999"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0888-613X(02)00134-2_BIB37","first-page":"29","article-title":"Coherence, strict coherence and zero probabilities","volume":"VI","author":"Williams","year":"1975","journal-title":"Fifth International Congress of Logic, Methodology and Philosophy of Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0888-613X(02)00134-2_BIB38","unstructured":"P.M. Williams, Notes on conditional previsions, Research Report, School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, University of Sussex, February 1975"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0888-613X(02)00134-2_BIB39","series-title":"Formal Methods in the Methodology of Empirical Sciences","first-page":"229","article-title":"Indeterminate probabilities","author":"Williams","year":"1976"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Approximate Reasoning"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0888613X02001342?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0888613X02001342?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,11]],"date-time":"2024-12-11T08:20:55Z","timestamp":1733905255000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0888613X02001342"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2003,4]]},"references-count":39,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2003,4]]}},"alternative-id":["S0888613X02001342"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0888-613x(02)00134-2","relation":{},"ISSN":["0888-613X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0888-613X","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2003,4]]}}}