{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,25]],"date-time":"2026-08-25T00:12:39Z","timestamp":1787616759767,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"4-6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2002,6,1]],"date-time":"2002-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1022889600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Neural Networks"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2002,6]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/s0893-6080(02)00058-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2002,10,11]],"date-time":"2002-10-11T21:02:29Z","timestamp":1034370149000},"page":"719-730","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":154,"title":["Acetylcholine in cortical inference"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Angela J.","family":"Yu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Dayan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/S0893-6080(02)00058-8_BIB1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1642","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1999.82.3.1642","article-title":"Injection of nicotine into the superior colliculus facilitates occurrence of express saccades in monkeys","volume":"82","author":"Aizawa","year":"1999","journal-title":"Journal of Neurophysiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0893-6080(02)00058-8_BIB2","series-title":"Modelling brain function: The world of attractor neural networks","author":"Amit","year":"1989"},{"issue":"6058","key":"10.1016\/S0893-6080(02)00058-8_BIB3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1038\/320172a0","article-title":"Modulation of visual cortical plasticity by acetylcholine and noradrenaline","volume":"320","author":"Bear","year":"1986","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/S0893-6080(02)00058-8_BIB4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1162\/089976699300016683","article-title":"Implicit learning in 3d object recognition: The importance of temporal context","volume":"11","author":"Becker","year":"1999","journal-title":"Neural Computation"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0893-6080(02)00058-8_BIB60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8038","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.18-19-08038.1998","article-title":"Removal of cholinergic input to rat posterior parietal cortex disrupts incremental processing of conditioned stimuli","volume":"18","author":"Bucci","year":"1998","journal-title":"Journal of Neuroscience"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0893-6080(02)00058-8_BIB5","series-title":"Pattern recognition by self-organizing neural networks","year":"1991"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0893-6080(02)00058-8_BIB6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"536","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-3223(93)90009-3","article-title":"Physostigmine ameliorates the delusions of Alzheimer's disease","volume":"33","author":"Cummings","year":"1993","journal-title":"Biological Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0893-6080(02)00058-8_BIB7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.1162\/089976699300016610","article-title":"Recurrent sampling models for the helmholtz machine","volume":"11","author":"Dayan","year":"1999","journal-title":"Neural Computation"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0893-6080(02)00058-8_BIB8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1218","DOI":"10.1038\/81504","article-title":"Learning and selective attention","volume":"3","author":"Dayan","year":"2000","journal-title":"Nature Neuroscience"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/S0893-6080(02)00058-8_BIB9","first-page":"691","article-title":"Basal forebrain stimulation induces discriminative receptive field plasticity in the auditory cortex","volume":"113","author":"Dimyan","year":"1999","journal-title":"American Psychological Association, US"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0893-6080(02)00058-8_BIB10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(87)90407-0","article-title":"Cholinergic modulation of sensory responses in rat primary somatic sensory cortex","volume":"408","author":"Donoghue","year":"1987","journal-title":"Brain Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0893-6080(02)00058-8_BIB11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.psych.48.1.649","article-title":"Central cholinergic systems and cognition","volume":"48","author":"Everitt","year":"1997","journal-title":"Annual Review in Psychology"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/S0893-6080(02)00058-8_BIB12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1002\/1098-2396(20010301)39:3<201::AID-SYN1001>3.0.CO;2-3","article-title":"Basal forebrain glutamatergic modulation of cortical acetylcholine release","volume":"39","author":"Fadel","year":"2001","journal-title":"Synapse"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0893-6080(02)00058-8_BIB13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1017\/S0317167100031255","article-title":"Visual hallucinations on eye closure associated with atropine toxicity","volume":"18","author":"Fisher","year":"1991","journal-title":"Canadian Journal of Neurological Sciences"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/S0893-6080(02)00058-8_BIB14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.1016\/S0896-6273(00)80380-3","article-title":"Differential regulation of neocortical synapses by neuromodulators and activity","volume":"19","author":"Gil","year":"1997","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0893-6080(02)00058-8_BIB15","series-title":"Elements of pattern theory","author":"Grenander","year":"1995"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0893-6080(02)00058-8_BIB16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/0306-4522(93)90562-T","article-title":"Basal forebrain stimulation facilitates tone-evoked responses in the auditory cortex of awake rat","volume":"56","author":"Hars","year":"1993","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/S0893-6080(02)00058-8_BIB17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/0166-4328(94)00113-T","article-title":"Neuromodulation and cortical function: Modeling the physiological basis of behavior","volume":"67","author":"Hasselmo","year":"1995","journal-title":"Behavioural Brain Research"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/S0893-6080(02)00058-8_BIB18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1016\/0166-2236(93)90159-J","article-title":"Acetylcholine and memory","volume":"16","author":"Hasselmo","year":"1993","journal-title":"Trends in Neuroscience"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0893-6080(02)00058-8_BIB19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/0166-4328(96)00010-1","article-title":"Suppression of synaptic transmission may allow combination of associative feedback and self-organizing feedforward connections in the neocortex","volume":"79","author":"Hasselmo","year":"1996","journal-title":"Behavioural Brain Research"},{"issue":"26","key":"10.1016\/S0893-6080(02)00058-8_BIB20","first-page":"1","article-title":"Visual perception: Essential readings","volume":"3","author":"Helmholtz","year":"1896","journal-title":"Physiological optics"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0893-6080(02)00058-8_BIB21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1177","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.1997.0101","article-title":"Generative models for discovering sparse distributed representations","volume":"352","author":"Hinton","year":"1997","journal-title":"Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/S0893-6080(02)00058-8_BIB22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03209846","article-title":"Brain mechanisms for changes in processing of conditioned stimuli in pavlovian conditioning: Implications for behavior theory","volume":"25","author":"Holland","year":"1997","journal-title":"Animal Learning and Behavior"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/S0893-6080(02)00058-8_BIB23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/S1364-6613(98)01271-6","article-title":"Amygdala circuitry in attentional and representational processes","volume":"3","author":"Holland","year":"1999","journal-title":"Trends in Cognitive Sciences"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0893-6080(02)00058-8_BIB24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02246150","article-title":"Dissociation between the attentional effects of infusions of a benzodiazepine receptor agonist and an inverse agonist into the basal forebrain","volume":"120","author":"Holley","year":"1995","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology"},{"issue":"6\u20137","key":"10.1016\/S0893-6080(02)00058-8_BIB25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"925","DOI":"10.1016\/S0893-6080(05)80152-2","article-title":"Networks of anatomical areas controlling visuospatial attention","volume":"7","author":"Jackson","year":"1994","journal-title":"Neural Networks"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/S0893-6080(02)00058-8_BIB26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/0149-7634(78)90007-6","article-title":"Dreams and hallucinations: A common neurochemical mechanism mediating their phenomenological similarities","volume":"2","author":"Jacobs","year":"1978","journal-title":"Neuroscience and Behavioral Reviews"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0893-6080(02)00058-8_BIB27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-4886(66)90143-9","article-title":"Effect of some stimulant and depressant drugs on sleep cycles of cats","volume":"15","author":"Jewett","year":"1986","journal-title":"Experimental Neurology"},{"issue":"19","key":"10.1016\/S0893-6080(02)00058-8_BIB61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7463","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.20-19-07463.2000","article-title":"The involvement of recurrent connections in area CA3 in establishing the properties of place fields: a model","volume":"20","author":"Ka'li","year":"2000","journal-title":"Journal of Neuroscience"},{"issue":"5357","key":"10.1016\/S0893-6080(02)00058-8_BIB28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1714","DOI":"10.1126\/science.279.5357.1714","article-title":"Cortical map reorganization enabled by nucleus basalis activity","volume":"279","author":"Kilgard","year":"1998","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/S0893-6080(02)00058-8_BIB29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3597","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1460-9568.1999.00779.x","article-title":"Acetylcholine suppresses the spread of excitation in the visual cortex revealed by optical recording: Possible differential effect depending on the source of input","volume":"11","author":"Kimura","year":"1999","journal-title":"European Journal of Neuroscience"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/S0893-6080(02)00058-8_BIB30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1599","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.19-05-01599.1999","article-title":"Modulation of long-term synaptic depression in visual cortex by acetylcholine and norepinephrine","volume":"19","author":"Kirkwood","year":"1999","journal-title":"Journal of Neuroscience"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0893-6080(02)00058-8_BIB31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.34.1.118","article-title":"Localized pontine lesion; nearly total absence of REM sleep","volume":"34","author":"Lavie","year":"1984","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/S0893-6080(02)00058-8_BIB32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1093\/chemse\/26.5.585","article-title":"Neuromodulation and the functional dynamics of piriform cortex","volume":"26","author":"Linster","year":"2001","journal-title":"Chemical Senses"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0893-6080(02)00058-8_BIB33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.neuro.21.1.25","article-title":"From biophysics to models of network function","volume":"21","author":"Marder","year":"1998","journal-title":"Annual Review in Neuroscience"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/S0893-6080(02)00058-8_BIB34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1037\/0735-7044.110.2.247","article-title":"Behavioral vigilance following infusions of 192 IgG-saporin into the basal forebrain: Selectivity of the behavioral impairment and relation to cortical AChE-positive fiber density","volume":"110","author":"McGaughy","year":"1996","journal-title":"Behavioral Neuroscience"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0893-6080(02)00058-8_BIB35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.1002\/syn.890060409","article-title":"Acetylcholine modifies neuronal acoustic rate-level functions in guinea pig auditory cortex by an action at muscarinic receptors","volume":"6","author":"Metherate","year":"1990","journal-title":"Synapse"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0893-6080(02)00058-8_BIB36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1002\/syn.890140206","article-title":"Nucleus basalis stimulation facilitates thalamocortical synaptic transmission in the rat auditory cortex","author":"Metherate","year":"1993","journal-title":"Synapse"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/S0893-6080(02)00058-8_BIB37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/0306-4522(87)90198-9","article-title":"Acetylcholine permits long-term enhancement of neuronal responsiveness in cat primary somatosensory cortex","volume":"22","author":"Metherate","year":"1987","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/S0893-6080(02)00058-8_BIB38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00229886","article-title":"Attentional functions of the forebrain cholinergic system: Effects of intraventricular hemicholium, physostigmine, basal forebrain lesions and intra cortical grafts on a multiple-choice serial reaction time task","volume":"89","author":"Muir","year":"1992","journal-title":"Experimental Brain Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0893-6080(02)00058-8_BIB39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2313","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.14-04-02313.1994","article-title":"AMPA-induced excitotoxic lesions of the basal forebrain: A significant role for the cortical cholinergic system in attentional function","volume":"14","author":"Muir","year":"1994","journal-title":"Journal of Neuroscience"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0893-6080(02)00058-8_BIB40","series-title":"Cognitive psychology","author":"Neisser","year":"1967"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0893-6080(02)00058-8_BIB41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"711","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/115.3.711","article-title":"Visuospatial attention in dementia of the alzheimer type","volume":"115","author":"Parasuraman","year":"1992","journal-title":"Brain"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/S0893-6080(02)00058-8_BIB42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"532","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295X.87.6.532","article-title":"A model for pavlovian learning: Variations in the effectiveness of conditioned but not of unconditioned stimuli","volume":"87","author":"Pearce","year":"1980","journal-title":"Psychological Review"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/S0893-6080(02)00058-8_BIB43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02260919","article-title":"Monoaminergic activities in Lewy body dementia: Relation to hallucinosis and extrapyramidal features","volume":"6","author":"Perry","year":"1993","journal-title":"Journal of Neural Transmission"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0893-6080(02)00058-8_BIB44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1006\/brcg.1995.1255","article-title":"Acetylcholine and hallucinations: Disease-related compared to drug-induced alterations in human consciousness","volume":"28","author":"Perry","year":"1995","journal-title":"Brain and Cognition"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0893-6080(02)00058-8_BIB45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"683","DOI":"10.1016\/S0959-4388(99)00026-4","article-title":"Neuromodulation during motor development and behavior","volume":"9","author":"Pfl\u00fcger","year":"1999","journal-title":"Current Opinion in Neurobiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0893-6080(02)00058-8_BIB46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1109\/5.18626","article-title":"A tutorial on hidden Markov models and selected applications in speech recognition","volume":"77","author":"Rabiner","year":"1989","journal-title":"Proceedings of the IEEE"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/S0893-6080(02)00058-8_BIB47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"940","DOI":"10.1038\/78856","article-title":"Activity in primary visual cortex predicts performance in a visual detection task","volume":"3","author":"Ress","year":"2000","journal-title":"Nature Neuroscience"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0893-6080(02)00058-8_BIB48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4757-0145-6_12","article-title":"Electrophysiological studies of the functions of the nucleus basalis in primates","volume":"295","author":"Richardson","year":"1991","journal-title":"Advances in Experimental Medical Biology"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0893-6080(02)00058-8_BIB49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-0173(96)00009-4","article-title":"Cognitive functions of cortical acetylcholine: Toward a unifying hypothesis","volume":"23","author":"Sarter","year":"1997","journal-title":"Brain Research Reviews"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0893-6080(02)00058-8_BIB50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1006\/brcg.1998.1035","article-title":"Cortical acetylcholine, reality distortion, schizophrenia, and Lewy body dementia: Too much or too little cortical acetylcholine?","volume":"38","author":"Sarter","year":"1998","journal-title":"Brain and Cognition"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0893-6080(02)00058-8_BIB51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-0173(01)00044-3","article-title":"The cognitive neuroscience of sustained attention: Where top-down meets bottom-up","volume":"35","author":"Sarter","year":"2001","journal-title":"Brain Research Reviews"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0893-6080(02)00058-8_BIB52","unstructured":"Schultes, R. E., & Hofmann, A. (1992). Plants of the gods. Rochester, VT: Healing Arts Press."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0893-6080(02)00058-8_BIB62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1593","DOI":"10.1126\/science.275.5306.1593","article-title":"A neural substrate of prediction and reward","volume":"275","author":"Schultz","year":"1997","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0893-6080(02)00058-8_BIB53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(83)90015-X","article-title":"Cholinergic modulation of the functional organization of the cat visual cortex","volume":"289","author":"Sillito","year":"1983","journal-title":"Brain Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0893-6080(02)00058-8_BIB54","series-title":"Cerebral cortex","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4615-6616-8_4","article-title":"The cholinergic modulation of cortical function","author":"Sillito","year":"1987"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/S0893-6080(02)00058-8_BIB55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1212","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1990.64.4.1212","article-title":"Electrophysiological studies of acetylcholine and the role of the basal forebrain in the somatosensory cortex of the cat. II. Cortical neurons excited by somatic stimuli","volume":"64","author":"Tremblay","year":"1990","journal-title":"Journal of Neurophysiology"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/S0893-6080(02)00058-8_BIB56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1016\/S0926-6410(97)00027-X","article-title":"Cortical acetylcholine and processing capacity: Effects of cortical cholinergic deafferentation on crossmodal divided attention in rats","volume":"6","author":"Turchi","year":"1997","journal-title":"Brain Research Cognitive Brain Research"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/S0893-6080(02)00058-8_BIB57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1016\/S0306-4522(01)00089-6","article-title":"Bidirectional modulation of basal forebrain N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor function differentially affects visual attention but not visual discrimination performance","volume":"104","author":"Turchi","year":"2001","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0893-6080(02)00058-8_BIB58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1016\/S0079-6123(08)60924-3","article-title":"Acetylcholine and acetylcholine receptor subtypes in REM sleep generation","volume":"84","author":"Velazquez-Moctezuma","year":"1990","journal-title":"Progress in Brain Research"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"10.1016\/S0893-6080(02)00058-8_BIB59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1006\/nlme.1998.3850","article-title":"Physiological memory in primary auditory cortex: Characteristics and mechanisms","volume":"70","author":"Weinberger","year":"1998","journal-title":"Neurobiology of Learning and Memory"}],"container-title":["Neural Networks"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0893608002000588?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0893608002000588?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,5]],"date-time":"2020-03-05T14:27:10Z","timestamp":1583418430000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0893608002000588"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2002,6]]},"references-count":62,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4-6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2002,6]]}},"alternative-id":["S0893608002000588"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0893-6080(02)00058-8","relation":{},"ISSN":["0893-6080"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0893-6080","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2002,6]]}}}