{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,30]],"date-time":"2025-10-30T06:46:03Z","timestamp":1761806763528},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1997,1,1]],"date-time":"1997-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":852076800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Neural Networks"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1997,1]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/s0893-6080(96)00076-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2002,7,25]],"date-time":"2002-07-25T23:57:31Z","timestamp":1027641451000},"page":"111-123","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Pattern Categorization and Generalization with a Virtual Neuromolecular Architecture"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Jong-Chen","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Conrad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/S0893-6080(96)00076-7_BIB1","unstructured":"Chen, J.C. (1993). Computer Experiments on Evolutionary Learning in a Multilevel Neuromolecular Architecture. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Department of Computer Science, Wayne State University."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0893-6080(96)00076-7_BIB2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1016\/0167-2789(94)90295-X","article-title":"A Multilevel Neuromolecular Architecture that uses the Extradimensional Bypass Principle to Facilitate Evolutionary Learning","volume":"75","author":"Chen","year":"1994","journal-title":"Physica D"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0893-6080(96)00076-7_BIB3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/0303-2647(94)90036-1","article-title":"Learning Synergy in a Multilevel Neuronal Architecture","volume":"32","author":"Chen","year":"1994","journal-title":"BioSystems"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0893-6080(96)00076-7_BIB4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Conrad, M. (1974). Molecular Information Processing in the Central Nervous System, Parts I and II. In M. Conrad, W. G\u00fcttinger, & M. Dal Cin (Eds.), Physics and Mathematics of the Nervous System (pp. 82\u2013127). Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-80885-2_4"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0893-6080(96)00076-7_BIB5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/0303-2647(76)90015-0","article-title":"Complementary Molecular Models of Learning and Memory","volume":"8","author":"Conrad","year":"1976","journal-title":"BioSystems"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0893-6080(96)00076-7_BIB6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1002\/jnr.490020306","article-title":"Molecular Information Structures in the Brain","volume":"2","author":"Conrad","year":"1976","journal-title":"Journal of Neuroscience Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0893-6080(96)00076-7_BIB7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-5193(77)90195-3","article-title":"Principle of superposition free memory","volume":"67","author":"Conrad","year":"1977","journal-title":"Journal of Theoretical Biology"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0893-6080(96)00076-7_BIB8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Conrad, M. (1990). Molecular Computing. In M. Yovits (Ed.), Advances in Computers (pp. 235\u2013324). New York: Academic Press.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-2458(08)60155-2"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0893-6080(96)00076-7_BIB9","unstructured":"Conrad, M., Kampfner, R.R., & Kirby, K.G. (1988). Neuronal Dynamics and Evolutionary Learning. In M. Kochen and H.M. Hastings (Eds.), Advances in Cognitive Science (pp. 169\u2013189). Boulder, CO: Westview Press."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0893-6080(96)00076-7_BIB10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1016\/0303-2647(89)90024-5","article-title":"Towards an Artificial Brain","volume":"23","author":"Conrad","year":"1989","journal-title":"BioSystems"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0893-6080(96)00076-7_BIB11","unstructured":"Drummond, G.I. (1983). Cyclic Nucleotides in the Nervous System. In P. Greengard & G.A. Robinson (Eds.), Advances in Cyclic Nucleotide Research, Vol. 15, (pp. 373\u2013494). New York: Raven Press."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0893-6080(96)00076-7_BIB12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.3109\/10409238709101484","article-title":"The cAMP Cascade in the Nervous System: Molecular Sites of Action and Possible Relevance to Neuronal Plasticity","volume":"22","author":"Dudai","year":"1987","journal-title":"Critical Reviews of Biochemistry"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0893-6080(96)00076-7_BIB13","unstructured":"Greengard, P.C. (1978). Cyclic Nucleotides, Phosphorylated Proteins and Neuronal Function. New York: Raven Press."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0893-6080(96)00076-7_BIB14","unstructured":"Hameroff, S.R. (1987). Ultimate Computing. Amsterdam: North-Holland."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/S0893-6080(96)00076-7_BIB15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1109\/2.166406","article-title":"Models for Molecular Computation: Conformational Automata in the Cytoskeleton","volume":"25","author":"Hameroff","year":"1992","journal-title":"Computers"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0893-6080(96)00076-7_BIB16","unstructured":"Hebb, D.O. (1949). The Organization of Behavior. New York: Wiley."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0893-6080(96)00076-7_BIB17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1016\/0303-2647(94)90001-9","article-title":"Face Recognition as a Task Environment for the Reference Neuron Model of Memory","volume":"33","author":"Jeffries","year":"1994","journal-title":"BioSystems"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0893-6080(96)00076-7_BIB18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"969","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02458824","article-title":"Computational Modeling of Evolutionary Learning Processes in the Brain","volume":"45","author":"Kampfner","year":"1983","journal-title":"Bulletin of Mathematical Biology"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0893-6080(96)00076-7_BIB19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1016\/0167-2789(86)90241-1","article-title":"Intraneuronal Dynamics as a Substrate for Evolutionary Learning","volume":"22","author":"Kirby","year":"1986","journal-title":"Physica D"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0893-6080(96)00076-7_BIB20","first-page":"85","article-title":"New Models of Cellular Control: Membrane Cytoskeletons, Membrane Curvature Potential, and Possible Interactions","volume":"11","author":"Kirkpatrick","year":"1978","journal-title":"BioSystems"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0893-6080(96)00076-7_BIB21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1016\/0303-2647(90)90011-O","article-title":"Molecular Networks as a Sub-neural Factor of Neural Networks","volume":"23","author":"Koruga","year":"1990","journal-title":"BioSystems"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0893-6080(96)00076-7_BIB22","first-page":"75","article-title":"The study of the metabolic synapse:","volume":"22","author":"Liberman","year":"1975","journal-title":"Biophysics"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0893-6080(96)00076-7_BIB23","first-page":"863","article-title":"Change of Mechanical Parameters as a Possible Means for Information Processing by the Neuron (in Russian)","volume":"27","author":"Liberman","year":"1982","journal-title":"Biophysics"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0893-6080(96)00076-7_BIB24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1016\/0303-2647(82)90026-0","article-title":"Microinjection of Cyclic Nucleotides Provides Evidence for a Diffusional Mechanism of Intraneuronal Control","volume":"15","author":"Liberman","year":"1982","journal-title":"BioSystems"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0893-6080(96)00076-7_BIB25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(85)90245-8","article-title":"Neuron Generator Potentials Evoked by Intracellular Injection of Cyclic Nucleotides and Mechanical Distension","volume":"338","author":"Liberman","year":"1985","journal-title":"Brain Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0893-6080(96)00076-7_BIB26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5193(84)80137-X","article-title":"A Proposed Membrane Model for Generation of Sodium Currents in Squid Giant Axons","volume":"107","author":"Matsumoto","year":"1984","journal-title":"Journal of Theoretical Biology"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0893-6080(96)00076-7_BIB27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01868784","article-title":"Microtubules inside the Plasma Membrane of Squid Giant Axons and their Possible Physiological Function","volume":"50","author":"Matsumoto","year":"1979","journal-title":"Journal of Membrane Biology"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0893-6080(96)00076-7_BIB28","unstructured":"Matsumoto, G., Tsukita, S., & Arai, T. (1989). Organization of the Axonal Cytoskeleton: Differentiation of the Microtubule and Actin Filament Arrays. In Cell Movement, Vol. 2: Kinesin, Dynein, and Microtubule Dynamics (pp. 335\u2013356). New York: Alan R. Liss."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0893-6080(96)00076-7_BIB29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1986.tb38393.x","article-title":"Microtubule-associated Proteins in the Developing Brain","volume":"466","author":"Matus","year":"1986","journal-title":"Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0893-6080(96)00076-7_BIB30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1207\/s15516709cog0402_1","article-title":"K-lines: A Theory of Memory","volume":"4","author":"Minsky","year":"1980","journal-title":"Cognitive Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0893-6080(96)00076-7_BIB31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.1016\/0167-2789(90)90093-5","article-title":"Computtional Connectionism with Neurons: a Model of Cytoskeletal Automata Subserving Neural Networks","volume":"42","author":"Rasmussen","year":"1990","journal-title":"Physica D"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0893-6080(96)00076-7_BIB32","unstructured":"Reeke, G.N., & Edelman, G.M. (1988). Selective Networks and Recognition Automata. In: M. Kochen and H.M. Hastings (eds). Advances in Cognitive Science, (pp. 50\u201371). Boulder, CO: Westview Press."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0893-6080(96)00076-7_BIB33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7064","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)32333-0","article-title":"Phosphorylation of Microtubule-associated Proteins Regulates their Interaction with Actin Filaments","volume":"258","author":"Selden","year":"1983","journal-title":"Journal of Biological Chemistry"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0893-6080(96)00076-7_BIB34","unstructured":"Smalz, R., & Conrad, M. (1991). A Credit Apportionment Algorithm for Evolutionary Learning with Neural Networks. In A.V. Holden and V.J. Kryukov (Eds.), Neurocomputers and Attention II: Connectionism and Neurocomputers, (pp. 663\u2013673). Manchester, UK: Manchester University Press."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0893-6080(96)00076-7_BIB35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1016\/0893-6080(94)90028-0","article-title":"Combining Evolution with Credit Apportionment: A New Learning Algorithm for Neural Nets","volume":"7","author":"Smalz","year":"1994","journal-title":"Neural Networks"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0893-6080(96)00076-7_BIB36","unstructured":"Spiessens, P., & Torreele, J. (1992). Massively Parallel Evolution of Recurrent Networks: An Approach to Temporal Processing. In: F.J. Varela and P. Bourgnine (Eds.), Toward a Practice of Autonomous Systems: Proceedings of the First European Conference on Artificial Life (pp. 70\u201377). Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0893-6080(96)00076-7_BIB37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1037\/0735-7044.100.2.147","article-title":"The hippocampal memory indexing theory","volume":"110","author":"Teyler","year":"1986","journal-title":"Behavioral Neuroscience"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0893-6080(96)00076-7_BIB38","unstructured":"Trenary, R., & Conrad, M. (1987). A Neuron Model of a Memory System for Autonomous Exploration of an Environment. In: L.O. Hertzberger and F.C.A. Green (Eds.), Intelligent Autonomous Systems, (pp. 601\u2013609). Amsterdam: North-Holland."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0893-6080(96)00076-7_BIB39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1038\/261062a0","article-title":"Alteration of Electrical Activity in Molluscan Neurons by Cyclic Nucleotides and Peptide Factors","volume":"261","author":"Triestman","year":"1976","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0893-6080(96)00076-7_BIB40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38s","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.99.1.38s","article-title":"Microtubule-associated Proteins: Subunits of the Cytomatrix","volume":"99","author":"Vallee","year":"1984","journal-title":"Journal of Cell Biology"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0893-6080(96)00076-7_BIB41","first-page":"75","article-title":"The Cytoskeleton: Why it May be Crucial to Human Learning and Neurocontrol","volume":"1","author":"Werbos","year":"1992","journal-title":"Nanobiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0893-6080(96)00076-7_BIB42","unstructured":"Whitley, D., & Hanson, T. (1989). Optimizing Neural Networks Using Faster, More Accurate Genetic Search, Proceedings of the 3rd Intern. Conference on Genetic Algorithms IEEE, pp. 157\u2013255. Palo Alto, CA: Kaufmann"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0893-6080(96)00076-7_BIB43","unstructured":"Zeigler, B.P. (1984). Multifacetted Modelling and Discrete Event Simulation. New York: Academic Press."}],"container-title":["Neural Networks"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0893608096000767?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0893608096000767?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,13]],"date-time":"2021-05-13T08:13:20Z","timestamp":1620893600000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0893608096000767"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1997,1]]},"references-count":43,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1997,1]]}},"alternative-id":["S0893608096000767"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0893-6080(96)00076-7","relation":{},"ISSN":["0893-6080"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0893-6080","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1997,1]]}}}