{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,6]],"date-time":"2026-05-06T17:47:37Z","timestamp":1778089657255,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":113,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"7-8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1999,10,1]],"date-time":"1999-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":938736000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Neural Networks"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1999,10]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/s0893-6080(99)00046-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2002,7,25]],"date-time":"2002-07-25T19:57:31Z","timestamp":1027627051000},"page":"961-974","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":593,"title":["What are the computations of the cerebellum, the basal ganglia and the cerebral cortex?"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"K.","family":"Doya","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/S0893-6080(99)00046-5_BIB1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/0025-5564(71)90051-4","article-title":"A theory of cerebellar function","volume":"10","author":"Albus","year":"1971","journal-title":"Mathematical Bioscience"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0893-6080(99)00046-5_BIB2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1016\/0166-2236(90)90107-L","article-title":"Functional architecture of basal ganglia circuits: neural substrates of parallel processing","volume":"13","author":"Alexander","year":"1990","journal-title":"Trends in Neuroscience"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0893-6080(99)00046-5_BIB3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00337348","article-title":"Mathematical theory on formation of category detecting nerve cells","volume":"29","author":"Amari","year":"1978","journal-title":"Biological Cybernetics"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0893-6080(99)00046-5_BIB4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/5.5.457","article-title":"Encoding of intention and spatial location in the posterior parietal cortex","volume":"5","author":"Andersen","year":"1995","journal-title":"Cerebral Cortex"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0893-6080(99)00046-5_BIB5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3969","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.14-06-03969.1994","article-title":"Responses of tonically active neurons in the primate's striatum undergo systematic changes during behavioral sensory-motor conditioning","volume":"14","author":"Aosaki","year":"1994","journal-title":"Journal of Neuroscience"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0893-6080(99)00046-5_BIB6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1038\/347069a0","article-title":"Different voltage-dependent thresholds for inducing long-term depression and long-term potentiation in slices of rat visual cortex","volume":"347","author":"Artola","year":"1990","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0893-6080(99)00046-5_BIB7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"556","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1736359","article-title":"Working memory","volume":"255","author":"Baddeley","year":"1992","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0893-6080(99)00046-5_BIB8","series-title":"Models of information processing in the basal ganglia","first-page":"215","article-title":"Adaptive critics and the basal ganglia","author":"Barto","year":"1995"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0893-6080(99)00046-5_BIB9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"834","DOI":"10.1109\/TSMC.1983.6313077","article-title":"Neuronlike adaptive elements that can solve difficult learning control problems","volume":"13","author":"Barto","year":"1983","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Systems Man and Cybernetics"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0893-6080(99)00046-5_BIB11","first-page":"138","article-title":"A predictive switching model of cerebellar movement control","volume":"8","author":"Barto","year":"1996"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0893-6080(99)00046-5_BIB12","series-title":"The handbook of brain theory and neural networks","first-page":"997","article-title":"Unsupervised learning with global objective functions","author":"Becker","year":"1995"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0893-6080(99)00046-5_BIB13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3327","DOI":"10.1016\/S0042-6989(97)00121-1","article-title":"The independent components of natural scenes are edge filters","volume":"37","author":"Bell","year":"1997","journal-title":"Vision Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0893-6080(99)00046-5_BIB14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1162\/089892998563815","article-title":"A computational model of how the basal ganglia produces sequences","volume":"10","author":"Berns","year":"1998","journal-title":"Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0893-6080(99)00046-5_BIB15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1272","DOI":"10.1126\/science.276.5316.1272","article-title":"Brain regions responsive to novelty in the absence of awareness","volume":"276","author":"Berns","year":"1997","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0893-6080(99)00046-5_BIB16","series-title":"Neuro-dynamic programming","author":"Bertsekas","year":"1996"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0893-6080(99)00046-5_BIB17","series-title":"Neural networks for pattern recognition","author":"Bishop","year":"1995"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0893-6080(99)00046-5_BIB18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1038\/228477a0","article-title":"Development of the brain depends on the visual environment","volume":"228","author":"Blakemore","year":"1970","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0893-6080(99)00046-5_BIB19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1016\/S0079-6123(08)63381-6","article-title":"Is the cerebellum sensory for motor's sake, or motor for sensory's sake: the view from the whisker of a rat?","volume":"114","author":"Bower","year":"1997","journal-title":"Progress in Brain Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0893-6080(99)00046-5_BIB20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(92)90110-U","article-title":"Agonists of cholinergic and noradrenergic receptors facilitate synergistically the induction of long-term potentiation in slices of rat visual cortex","volume":"573","author":"Brocher","year":"1992","journal-title":"Brain Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0893-6080(99)00046-5_BIB21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1016\/0004-3702(91)90053-M","article-title":"Intelligence without representation","volume":"47","author":"Brooks","year":"1991","journal-title":"Artificial Intelligence"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0893-6080(99)00046-5_BIB22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1016\/S0959-4388(97)80003-7","article-title":"Sensory and cognitive functions of the basal ganglia","volume":"7","author":"Brown","year":"1997","journal-title":"Current Opinion in Neurobiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0893-6080(99)00046-5_BIB23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/0166-2236(96)81862-5","article-title":"The corticostriatal projection: from synaptic plasticity to dysfunctions of the basal ganglia","volume":"19","author":"Calabresi","year":"1996","journal-title":"Trends in Neurosciences"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0893-6080(99)00046-5_BIB24","first-page":"401","article-title":"Cellular mechanisms of cerebellar ltd","volume":"2","author":"Daniel","year":"1998","journal-title":"Trends in Cognitive Sciences"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0893-6080(99)00046-5_BIB25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1006\/nimg.1997.0314","article-title":"Cerebral processes related to visuomotor imagery and generation of simple finger movements studied with positron emission tomography","volume":"7","author":"Deiber","year":"1998","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0893-6080(99)00046-5_BIB26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1016\/S1364-6613(98)01211-X","article-title":"Neuroimaging studies of the cerebellum: language learning and memory","volume":"2","author":"Desmond","year":"1998","journal-title":"Trends in Cognitive Sciences"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0893-6080(99)00046-5_BIB27","first-page":"391","article-title":"Microcircuitry and function of the inferior olive","volume":"2","author":"DeZeeuw","year":"1998","journal-title":"Trends in Cognitive Sciences"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0893-6080(99)00046-5_BIB28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn.1995.7.3.311","article-title":"A model of corticostriatal plasticity for learning oculomotor associations and sequences","volume":"7","author":"Dominey","year":"1995","journal-title":"Journal of Cognitive Neurosciences"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0893-6080(99)00046-5_BIB29","series-title":"The synaptic organization of the brain","first-page":"459","article-title":"Neocortex","author":"Douglas","year":"1998"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0893-6080(99)00046-5_BIB30","first-page":"1073","article-title":"Temporal difference learning in continuous time and space","volume":"8","author":"Doya","year":"1996"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0893-6080(99)00046-5_BIB114","unstructured":"Doya, K. (1999). Reinforced learning in continuous time and space. Neural Computation (in press)."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0893-6080(99)00046-5_BIB31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-9568.1996.tb01249.x","article-title":"Functional anatomy of visuomotor skill learning in human subjects examined with positron emission tomography","volume":"8","author":"Doyon","year":"1996","journal-title":"European Journal of Neuroscience"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0893-6080(99)00046-5_BIB32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00336192","article-title":"Adaptive filter model of the cerebellum","volume":"45","author":"Fujita","year":"1982","journal-title":"Biological Cybernetics"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0893-6080(99)00046-5_BIB33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00344251","article-title":"Neocognitron: A self-organizing neural network model for a mechanism of pattern recognition unaffected by shift in position","volume":"36","author":"Fukushima","year":"1980","journal-title":"Biological Cybernetics"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0893-6080(99)00046-5_BIB34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1126\/science.272.5261.545","article-title":"Cerebellum implicated in sensory acquisition and discrimination rather than motor control","volume":"272","author":"Gao","year":"1996","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0893-6080(99)00046-5_BIB35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"506","DOI":"10.1016\/0166-2236(95)92775-L","article-title":"Current issues in directional motor control","volume":"18","author":"Georgopoulos","year":"1995","journal-title":"Trends in Neurosciences"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0893-6080(99)00046-5_BIB36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00201432","article-title":"Adaptive feedback control models of the vestibulocerebellum and spinocerebellum","volume":"68","author":"Gomi","year":"1992","journal-title":"Biological Cybernetics"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0893-6080(99)00046-5_BIB37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"818","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1998.80.2.818","article-title":"Temporal firing patterns of Purkinje cells in the cerebellar ventral paraflocculus during ocular following responses in monkeys","volume":"80","author":"Gomi","year":"1998","journal-title":"I. Simple spikes, Journal of Neurophysiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0893-6080(99)00046-5_BIB38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn.1995.7.4.497","article-title":"Functional mapping of sequence learning in normal humans","volume":"7","author":"Grafton","year":"1995","journal-title":"Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0893-6080(99)00046-5_BIB39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9420","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.18-22-09420.1998","article-title":"Abstract and effector-specific representations of motor sequences identified with PET","volume":"18","author":"Grafton","year":"1998","journal-title":"Journal of Neuroscience"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0893-6080(99)00046-5_BIB40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"733","DOI":"10.1016\/0959-4388(95)80100-6","article-title":"Building action repertories: memory and learning functions of the basal ganglia","volume":"5","author":"Graybiel","year":"1995","journal-title":"Current Opinion in Neurobiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0893-6080(99)00046-5_BIB41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2268","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1997.77.5.2268","article-title":"Visuo-spatial properties of ventral premotor cortex","volume":"77","author":"Graziano","year":"1997","journal-title":"Journal of Neurophysiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0893-6080(99)00046-5_BIB42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00337422","article-title":"On the development of detectors is the visual cortex with applications to learning and reaction-diffusion systems","volume":"21","author":"Grossberg","year":"1976","journal-title":"Biological Cybernetics"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0893-6080(99)00046-5_BIB43","unstructured":"Harpur, G. F., & Prager, R. W., (1995). Techniques in low entropy coding with neural networks. CUED\/F-INFENG\/TR 197, Cambridge University Engineering Department, Cambridge, England."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0893-6080(99)00046-5_BIB44","series-title":"Adaptive filter theory","author":"Haykin","year":"1996"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0893-6080(99)00046-5_BIB45","unstructured":"Hikosaka, O., Miyachi, S., Miyashita, K., & Karadi, Z., (1995). Possible roles of the basal ganglia in procedural learning. In Fourth IBRO World Congress of Neuroscience Abstracts, p. 55, Oxford. IBRO, Rapid Communications."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0893-6080(99)00046-5_BIB46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1996.76.1.617","article-title":"Activation of human presupplementary motor area in learning of sequential procedures: a functional MRI study","volume":"76","author":"Hikosaka","year":"1996","journal-title":"Journal of Neurophysiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0893-6080(99)00046-5_BIB47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"869","DOI":"10.1126\/science.168.3933.869","article-title":"Visual experience modifies distribution of horizontally and vertically oriented receptive field in cat","volume":"168","author":"Hirsch","year":"1970","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0893-6080(99)00046-5_BIB48","first-page":"545","article-title":"On the role of the cerebellum and basal ganglia in cognitive signal processing","volume":"114","author":"Houk","year":"1997","journal-title":"Progress in Brain Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0893-6080(99)00046-5_BIB49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1017\/S0140525X00081735","article-title":"Computational significance of the cellular mechanisms for synaptic plasticity in Purkinje cells","volume":"19","author":"Houk","year":"1996","journal-title":"Behavioral and Brain Sciences"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0893-6080(99)00046-5_BIB50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/5.2.95","article-title":"Distributed modular architectures linking basal ganglia, cerebellum, and cerebral cortex: their role in planning and controlling action","volume":"2","author":"Houk","year":"1995","journal-title":"Cerebral Cortex"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0893-6080(99)00046-5_BIB51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/0166-2236(93)90049-R","article-title":"Distributed motor commands in the limb premotor networks","volume":"16","author":"Houk","year":"1993","journal-title":"Trends in Neuroscience"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0893-6080(99)00046-5_BIB52","series-title":"Models of information processing in the basal ganglia","first-page":"249","article-title":"A model of how the basal ganglia generate and use neural signals that predict reinforcement","author":"Houk","year":"1995"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0893-6080(99)00046-5_BIB53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.1017\/S0140525X00081474","article-title":"Models of the cerebellum and motor learning","volume":"19","author":"Houk","year":"1996","journal-title":"Behavioral and Brain Sciences"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0893-6080(99)00046-5_BIB54","series-title":"The cerebellum and neural control","author":"Ito","year":"1984"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0893-6080(99)00046-5_BIB55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.1016\/0166-2236(93)90073-U","article-title":"Movement and thought: identical control mechanisms by the cerebellum","volume":"16","author":"Ito","year":"1993","journal-title":"Trends in Neurosciences"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0893-6080(99)00046-5_BIB56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1982.sp014103","article-title":"Climbing fibre induced depression of both mossy fibre reponsiveness and gultamate sensitivity of cerebellar Purkinje cells","volume":"324","author":"Ito","year":"1982","journal-title":"Journal of Physiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0893-6080(99)00046-5_BIB57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"851","DOI":"10.1016\/S0959-4388(96)80037-7","article-title":"The representation of temporal information in perception and motor control","volume":"6","author":"Ivry","year":"1996","journal-title":"Current Opinion in Neurobiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0893-6080(99)00046-5_BIB58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3775","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.14-06-03775.1994","article-title":"Motor sequence learning: a study with positron emission tomography","volume":"14","author":"Jenkins","year":"1994","journal-title":"Journal of Neuroscience"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0893-6080(99)00046-5_BIB59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1313","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1997.77.3.1313","article-title":"Anatomy of motor learning. I. Frontal cortex and attention to action","volume":"77","author":"Jeuptner","year":"1997","journal-title":"Journal of Neurophysiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0893-6080(99)00046-5_BIB60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1016\/0166-2236(92)90008-V","article-title":"The cerebellum and VOR\/OKR learning models","volume":"15","author":"Kawato","year":"1992","journal-title":"Trends in Neurosciences"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0893-6080(99)00046-5_BIB61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00201431","article-title":"A computational model of four regions of the cerebellum based on feedback-error learning","volume":"68","author":"Kawato","year":"1992","journal-title":"Biological Cybernetics"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0893-6080(99)00046-5_BIB62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00364149","article-title":"A hierarchical neural network model for control and learning of voluntary movement","volume":"57","author":"Kawato","year":"1987","journal-title":"Biological Cybernetics"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0893-6080(99)00046-5_BIB63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2115","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1997.77.4.2115","article-title":"Prediction of complex two-dimensional trajectories by a cerebellar model of smooth pursuit eye movement","volume":"77","author":"Kettner","year":"1997","journal-title":"Journal of Neurophysiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0893-6080(99)00046-5_BIB64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"494","DOI":"10.1038\/33141","article-title":"Cerebellar complex spikes encode both destinations and errors in arm movements","volume":"392","author":"Kitazawa","year":"1998","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0893-6080(99)00046-5_BIB65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"832","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1998.80.2.832","article-title":"Temporal firing patterns of Purkinje cells in the cerebellar ventral paraflocculus during ocular following responses in monkeys. II. Complex spikes","volume":"80","author":"Kobayashi","year":"1998","journal-title":"Journal of Neurophysiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0893-6080(99)00046-5_BIB66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00337288","article-title":"Self-organized formation of topologically correct feature maps","volume":"43","author":"Kohonen","year":"1982","journal-title":"Biological Cybernetics"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0893-6080(99)00046-5_BIB67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1016\/S1364-6613(98)01231-5","article-title":"Cognitive functions and corti-costriatal circuits: insights from Huntington's disease","volume":"2","author":"Lawrence","year":"1998","journal-title":"Trends in Cognitive Sciences"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0893-6080(99)00046-5_BIB68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"444","DOI":"10.1016\/0166-2236(93)90072-T","article-title":"Cognitive and language functions of the cerebellum","volume":"16","author":"Leiner","year":"1993","journal-title":"Trends in Neurosciences"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0893-6080(99)00046-5_BIB69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7508","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.83.19.7508","article-title":"From basic network principles to neural architecture","volume":"83","author":"Linsker","year":"1986","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0893-6080(99)00046-5_BIB70","series-title":"The synaptic organization of the brain","first-page":"255","article-title":"Cerebellum","author":"Llinas","year":"1998"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0893-6080(99)00046-5_BIB71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1969.sp008820","article-title":"A theory of cerebellar cortex","volume":"202","author":"Marr","year":"1969","journal-title":"Journal of Physiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0893-6080(99)00046-5_BIB72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6504","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.16-20-06504.1996","article-title":"Functional anatomy of spatial mental imagery generated from verbal instructions","volume":"16","author":"Mellet","year":"1996","journal-title":"Journal of Neuroscience"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0893-6080(99)00046-5_BIB73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1080\/00222895.1993.9942050","article-title":"Is the cerebellum a Smith predictor?","volume":"25","author":"Miall","year":"1993","journal-title":"Journal of Motor Behaviour"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0893-6080(99)00046-5_BIB74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"458","DOI":"10.1126\/science.7939688","article-title":"Anatomical evidence for cerebellar and basal ganglia involvement in higher cognitive function","volume":"266","author":"Middleton","year":"1994","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0893-6080(99)00046-5_BIB75","series-title":"Integrative and molecular approach to brain function","first-page":"253","article-title":"New concepts regarding the organization of basal ganglia and cerebellar output","author":"Middleton","year":"1996"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0893-6080(99)00046-5_BIB76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.1016\/S1364-6613(98)01220-0","article-title":"Cerebellar output: motor and cognitive channels","volume":"2","author":"Middleton","year":"1998","journal-title":"Trends in Cognitive Sciences"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0893-6080(99)00046-5_BIB77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/PL00005669","article-title":"Differential roles of monkey striatum in learning of sequential hand movement","volume":"151","author":"Miyachi","year":"1997","journal-title":"Experimental Brain Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0893-6080(99)00046-5_BIB78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1936","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.16-05-01936.1996","article-title":"A framework for mesencephalic dopamine systems based on predictive Hebbian learning","volume":"16","author":"Montague","year":"1996","journal-title":"Journal of Neuroscience"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0893-6080(99)00046-5_BIB79","first-page":"277","article-title":"Functional relationship of the basal ganglia and cerebellum with motor cortices","volume":"39","author":"Mushiake","year":"1995","journal-title":"Advances in Neurological Sciences"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0893-6080(99)00046-5_BIB80","first-page":"778","article-title":"Multiple representations in the basal ganglia loops for acquisition and execution of sequential motor control","volume":"23","author":"Nakahara","year":"1997","journal-title":"Society for Neuroscience Abstracts"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0893-6080(99)00046-5_BIB81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nakahara, H., Doya, K., Hikosaka, O., & Nagano, S., (1998). Reinforcement learning with multiple representations in the basal ganglia loops for sequential motor control. In International joint conference on neural networks, pp. 1553\u20131558.","DOI":"10.1109\/IJCNN.1998.686008"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0893-6080(99)00046-5_BIB82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1109\/72.80202","article-title":"Identification and control of dynamical systems using neural networks","volume":"1","author":"Narendra","year":"1990","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0893-6080(99)00046-5_BIB83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1038\/381607a0","article-title":"Emergence of simple-cell receptive field properties by learning sparse code for natural images","volume":"381","author":"Olshausen","year":"1996","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0893-6080(99)00046-5_BIB84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1159\/000113822","article-title":"The role of the cerebellum in motor control and perception","volume":"41","author":"Paulin","year":"1993","journal-title":"Brain, Behaviour and Evolution"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0893-6080(99)00046-5_BIB85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.460030403","article-title":"A PET investigation of implict and explicit sequence learning","volume":"3","author":"Rauch","year":"1995","journal-title":"Human Brain Mapping"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0893-6080(99)00046-5_BIB86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1126","DOI":"10.1126\/science.272.5265.1126","article-title":"The cerebellum: a neuronal learning machine?","volume":"272","author":"Raymond","year":"1996","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0893-6080(99)00046-5_BIB87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1006\/nimg.1996.0011","article-title":"Visualizing cortical activation during mental calculation with functional MRI","volume":"3","author":"Rueckert","year":"1996","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0893-6080(99)00046-5_BIB88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1827","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.18-05-01827.1998","article-title":"Transition of brain activation from frontal to parietal areas in visuomotor sequence learning","volume":"18","author":"Sakai","year":"1998","journal-title":"Journal of Neuroscience"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0893-6080(99)00046-5_BIB89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1016\/0893-6080(89)90044-0","article-title":"Optimal unsupervised learning in a single-layer linear feedforward neural network","volume":"2","author":"Sanger","year":"1989","journal-title":"Neural Networks"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0893-6080(99)00046-5_BIB90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1998.80.1.1","article-title":"Predictive reward signal of dopamine neurons","volume":"80","author":"Schultz","year":"1998","journal-title":"Journal of Neurophysiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0893-6080(99)00046-5_BIB91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"900","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.13-03-00900.1993","article-title":"Responses of monkey dopamine neurons to reward and conditioned stimuli during successive steps of learning a delayed response task","volume":"13","author":"Schultz","year":"1993","journal-title":"Journal of Neuroscience"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0893-6080(99)00046-5_BIB92","series-title":"Models of information processing in the basal ganglia","first-page":"11","article-title":"Context-dependent activity in primate striatum reflecting past and future behavioral events","author":"Schultz","year":"1995"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0893-6080(99)00046-5_BIB93","first-page":"1593","article-title":"A neural substrate of prediction and reward","volume":"275","author":"Schultz","year":"1997","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0893-6080(99)00046-5_BIB94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00238736","article-title":"A model of the cerebellum in adaptive control of saccadic gain. I. The model and its biological substrate","volume":"75","author":"Schweighofer","year":"1996","journal-title":"Biological Cybernetics"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0893-6080(99)00046-5_BIB95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1460-9568.1998.00006.x","article-title":"Role of the cerebellum in reaching movements in humans. II. A neural model of the intermediate cerebellum","volume":"10","author":"Schweighofer","year":"1998","journal-title":"European Journal of Neuroscience"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0893-6080(99)00046-5_BIB96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1016","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1997.77.2.1016","article-title":"Comparison of onset time and magnitude of activity for proximal arm muscles and motor cortical cells before reaching movements","volume":"77","author":"Scott","year":"1997","journal-title":"Journal of Neurophysiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0893-6080(99)00046-5_BIB97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1038\/365050a0","article-title":"Inverse-dynamics model eye movement control by Purkinje cells in the cerebellum","volume":"365","author":"Shidara","year":"1993","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0893-6080(99)00046-5_BIB98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1335","DOI":"10.1126\/science.282.5392.1335","article-title":"Role for cingulate motor area cells in voluntary movement selection based on reward","volume":"282","author":"Shima","year":"1998","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0893-6080(99)00046-5_BIB99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8694","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.93.16.8694","article-title":"Role for cells in the presupplementary motor area in updating motor plans","volume":"93","author":"Shima","year":"1996","journal-title":"Proceedings of National Academy of Sciences USA"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0893-6080(99)00046-5_BIB100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"887","DOI":"10.1038\/29777","article-title":"Separate body-and world-referenced representation of visual space in parietal cortex","volume":"394","author":"Snyder","year":"1998","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0893-6080(99)00046-5_BIB101","series-title":"Neurons, networks, and motor behaviours","author":"Stein","year":"1997"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0893-6080(99)00046-5_BIB102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1007\/s002210050467","article-title":"Learning of sequential movements by neural network model with dopamine-like reinforcement signal","volume":"121","author":"Suri","year":"1998","journal-title":"Experimental Brain Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0893-6080(99)00046-5_BIB103","series-title":"Reinforcement learning","author":"Sutton","year":"1998"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0893-6080(99)00046-5_BIB104","series-title":"Roles of cerebellum and basal ganglia in voluntary movement","first-page":"235","article-title":"Combining versus gating motor programs: Differential roles for cerebellum and basal ganglia?","author":"Thach","year":"1993"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0893-6080(99)00046-5_BIB105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.ne.17.030194.002511","article-title":"Organization of memory traces in the mammalian brain","volume":"17","author":"Thompson","year":"1994","journal-title":"Annual Review of Neuroscience"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0893-6080(99)00046-5_BIB106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(79)90138-0","article-title":"Cross-depression: an electrophysiological manifestation of binocular competition in developing visual cortex","volume":"168","author":"Tsumoto","year":"1979","journal-title":"Brain Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0893-6080(99)00046-5_BIB107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1126\/science.283.5401.549","article-title":"The role of locus coeruleus in the regulation of cognitive performance","volume":"283","author":"Usher","year":"1999","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0893-6080(99)00046-5_BIB108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1016\/0166-2236(83)90167-4","article-title":"Hierarchical organization and functional streams in the visual cortex","volume":"6","author":"van Essen","year":"1983","journal-title":"Trends in Neurosciences"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0893-6080(99)00046-5_BIB109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00288907","article-title":"Self-organization of orientation sensitive cells in the striate cortex","volume":"14","author":"von der Malsburg","year":"1973","journal-title":"Kybernetik"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0893-6080(99)00046-5_BIB110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/0306-4522(95)00436-M","article-title":"Dopamine reverses the depression of rat corticostriatal synapses which normally follows high-frequency stimulation of cortex in vitro","volume":"70","author":"Wickens","year":"1996","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0893-6080(99)00046-5_BIB111","series-title":"The synaptic organization of the brain","first-page":"329","article-title":"Basal ganglia","author":"Wilson","year":"1998"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0893-6080(99)00046-5_BIB112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1317","DOI":"10.1016\/S0893-6080(98)00066-5","article-title":"Multiple paired forward and inverse models for motor control","volume":"11","author":"Wolpert","year":"1998","journal-title":"Neural Networks"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0893-6080(99)00046-5_BIB113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1016\/S1364-6613(98)01221-2","article-title":"Internal models in the cerebellum","volume":"2","author":"Wolpert","year":"1998","journal-title":"Trends in Cognitive Sciences"}],"container-title":["Neural Networks"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0893608099000465?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0893608099000465?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,29]],"date-time":"2020-01-29T18:12:03Z","timestamp":1580321523000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0893608099000465"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1999,10]]},"references-count":113,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7-8","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1999,10]]}},"alternative-id":["S0893608099000465"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0893-6080(99)00046-5","relation":{},"ISSN":["0893-6080"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0893-6080","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1999,10]]}}}