{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,15]],"date-time":"2026-05-15T23:37:21Z","timestamp":1778888241643,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2000,11,1]],"date-time":"2000-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":973036800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Clinical Epidemiology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2000,11]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/s0895-4356(00)00242-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2002,7,25]],"date-time":"2002-07-25T21:00:46Z","timestamp":1027630846000},"page":"1119-1129","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1896,"title":["Publication and related bias in meta-analysis"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"53","author":[{"given":"Jonathan A.C","family":"Sterne","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"David","family":"Gavaghan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Matthias","family":"Egger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/S0895-4356(00)00242-0_BIB1","series-title":"Systematic reviews","author":"Chalmers","year":"1995"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0895-4356(00)00242-0_BIB2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1371","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.315.7119.1371","article-title":"Meta-analysis","volume":"315","author":"Egger","year":"1997","journal-title":"Br Med J"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0895-4356(00)00242-0_BIB3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"772","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(95)90646-0","article-title":"Predictive ability of meta-analyses of randomised controlled trials","volume":"345","author":"Villar","year":"1995","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0895-4356(00)00242-0_BIB4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"536","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199708213370806","article-title":"Discrepancies between meta-analyses and subsequent large randomized, controlled trials","volume":"337","author":"LeLorier","year":"1997","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0895-4356(00)00242-0_BIB5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Egger M, Davey Smith G, Schneider M, Minder CE. Bias in meta-analysis detected by a simple, graphical test. Br Med J 1997;315\u2013629\u201334.","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.315.7109.629"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0895-4356(00)00242-0_BIB6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1016\/0140-6736(92)93223-A","article-title":"Low-molecular-weight heparin versus standard heparin in general and orthopaedic surgery","volume":"340","author":"Nurmohamed","year":"1992","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0895-4356(00)00242-0_BIB7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"913","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.305.6859.913","article-title":"Low molecular weight heparin in prevention of perioperative thrombosis","volume":"305","author":"Leizorovicz","year":"1992","journal-title":"Br Med J"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0895-4356(00)00242-0_BIB8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"867","DOI":"10.1016\/0140-6736(91)90201-Y","article-title":"Publication bias in clinical research","volume":"337","author":"Easterbrook","year":"1991","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0895-4356(00)00242-0_BIB9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"374","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.267.3.374","article-title":"Factors influencing publication of research results. Follow-up of applications submitted to two institutional review boards","volume":"267","author":"Dickersin","year":"1992","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0895-4356(00)00242-0_BIB10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"640","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.315.7109.640","article-title":"Publication bias","volume":"315","author":"Stern","year":"1997","journal-title":"Br Med J"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0895-4356(00)00242-0_BIB11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(97)02419-7","article-title":"Language bias in randomised controlled trials published in English and German","volume":"350","author":"Egger","year":"1997","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0895-4356(00)00242-0_BIB12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"654","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.295.6599.654","article-title":"Reference bias in reports of drug trials","volume":"295","author":"G\u00f8tzsche","year":"1987","journal-title":"Br Med J"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0895-4356(00)00242-0_BIB13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"713","DOI":"10.1016\/0895-4356(94)00222-C","article-title":"Quotation bias in reviews of the diet-heart idea","volume":"48","author":"Ravnskov","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Clin Epidemiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0895-4356(00)00242-0_BIB14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00558064","article-title":"Multiple publication of reports of drug trials","volume":"36","author":"Gotzsche","year":"1989","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Pharmacol"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0895-4356(00)00242-0_BIB15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.315.7109.635","article-title":"Impact of covert duplicate publication on meta-analysis","volume":"315","author":"Tram\u00e8r","year":"1997","journal-title":"Br Med J"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0895-4356(00)00242-0_BIB16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"408","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.273.5.408","article-title":"Empirical evidence of bias. Dimensions of methodological quality associated with estimates of treatment effects in controlled trials","volume":"273","author":"Schulz","year":"1995","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0895-4356(00)00242-0_BIB17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(98)01085-X","article-title":"Dose quality of reports of randomised trials affect estimates of intervention efficacy reported in meta-analyses?","volume":"352","author":"Moher","year":"1998","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0895-4356(00)00242-0_BIB18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.44.1.16","article-title":"The impact of blinding on the results of a randomized, placebo-controlled multiple sclerosis clinical trial","volume":"44","author":"Noseworthy","year":"1994","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0895-4356(00)00242-0_BIB19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1185","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.4780121302","article-title":"Analysis as-randomized and the problem of non-adherence","volume":"12","author":"Peduzzi","year":"1993","journal-title":"Stat Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0895-4356(00)00242-0_BIB20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1456","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.274.18.1456","article-title":"Subverting randomization in controlled trials","volume":"274","author":"Schulz","year":"1995","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0895-4356(00)00242-0_BIB21","series-title":"Summing up. The science of reviewing research","author":"Light","year":"1984"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0895-4356(00)00242-0_BIB22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"997","DOI":"10.1016\/S0895-4356(97)00148-0","article-title":"Factors affecting the comparability of meta-analyses and largest trials results in perinatology","volume":"50","author":"Villar","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Clin Epidemiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0895-4356(00)00242-0_BIB23","first-page":"72","article-title":"Who benefits from medical interventions? Treating low risk patients can be a high risk strategy","volume":"308","author":"Davey Smith","year":"1994","journal-title":"Br Med J"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0895-4356(00)00242-0_BIB24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1088","DOI":"10.2307\/2533446","article-title":"Operating characteristics of a rank correlation test for publication bias","volume":"50","author":"Begg","year":"1994","journal-title":"Biometrics"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0895-4356(00)00242-0_BIB25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.315.7109.617","article-title":"Meta-analysis and the meta-epidemiology of clinical research","volume":"315","author":"Naylor","year":"1997","journal-title":"Br Med J"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0895-4356(00)00242-0_BIB26","first-page":"470","article-title":"Graphical test is itself biased","volume":"316","author":"Irwig","year":"1998","journal-title":"Br Med J"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0895-4356(00)00242-0_BIB27","first-page":"470","article-title":"Bias in meta-analysis detected by a simple, graphical test\u2014authors reply","volume":"316","author":"Egger","year":"1998","journal-title":"Br Med J"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0895-4356(00)00242-0_BIB28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2693","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0258(19991030)18:20<2693::AID-SIM235>3.0.CO;2-V","article-title":"Explaining heterogeneity in meta-analysis","volume":"18","author":"Thompson","year":"1999","journal-title":"Stat Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0895-4356(00)00242-0_BIB29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"752","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.310.6982.752","article-title":"Misleading meta-analysis. Lessons from \u201can effective, safe, simple\u201d intervention that wasn't","volume":"310","author":"Egger","year":"1995","journal-title":"Br Med J"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0895-4356(00)00242-0_BIB30","first-page":"3","article-title":"sbe19.1","volume":"44","author":"Steichen","year":"1998","journal-title":"Stata Technical Bulletin"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0895-4356(00)00242-0_BIB31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1332","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.276.16.1332","article-title":"Large trials vs meta-analysis of smaller trials. How do their results compare?","volume":"276","author":"Cappelleri","year":"1996","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0895-4356(00)00242-0_BIB32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.316.7124.61","article-title":"Davey, Smith G. Meta-analysis","volume":"316","author":"Egger","year":"1998","journal-title":"Br Med J"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0895-4356(00)00242-0_BIB33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1214\/ss\/1030037958","article-title":"Publication bias in meta-analysis","volume":"12","author":"Givens","year":"1997","journal-title":"Statist Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0895-4356(00)00242-0_BIB34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-985X.00123","article-title":"What works?","volume":"162","author":"Copas","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Royal Stat Soc (Series A)"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0895-4356(00)00242-0_BIB35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1089","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.279.14.1089","article-title":"Issues in comparisons between meta-analyses and large trials","volume":"279","author":"Ioannidis","year":"1998","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0895-4356(00)00242-0_BIB36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.280.3.278","article-title":"Methodology and reports of systematic reviews and meta-analyses. A comparison of Cochrane reviews with articles published in paper-based journals","volume":"280","author":"Jadad","year":"1998","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0895-4356(00)00242-0_BIB37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(97)08468-7","article-title":"Summing up evidence","volume":"351","author":"Lau","year":"1998","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0895-4356(00)00242-0_BIB38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1054","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.282.11.1054","article-title":"The hazards of scoring the quality of clinical trial for meta-analysis","volume":"282","author":"J\u00fcni","year":"1999","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0895-4356(00)00242-0_BIB39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2741","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0258(19971215)16:23<2741::AID-SIM703>3.0.CO;2-0","article-title":"Investigating underlying risk as a source of heterogeneity in meta-analysis","volume":"16","author":"Thompson","year":"1997","journal-title":"Stat Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0895-4356(00)00242-0_BIB40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1923","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0258(19980915)17:17<1923::AID-SIM874>3.0.CO;2-6","article-title":"An empirical study of the effect of the control rate as a predictor of treatment efficacy in meta-anslysis of clinical trials","volume":"17","author":"Schmid","year":"1998","journal-title":"Stat Med"}],"container-title":["Journal of Clinical Epidemiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0895435600002420?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0895435600002420?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,20]],"date-time":"2019-04-20T21:22:03Z","timestamp":1555795323000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0895435600002420"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2000,11]]},"references-count":40,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2000,11]]}},"alternative-id":["S0895435600002420"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0895-4356(00)00242-0","relation":{},"ISSN":["0895-4356"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0895-4356","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2000,11]]}}}