{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,17]],"date-time":"2026-03-17T16:27:24Z","timestamp":1773764844383,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2003,1,1]],"date-time":"2003-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1041379200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Games and Economic Behavior"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2003,1]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/s0899-8256(02)00531-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2003,4,5]],"date-time":"2003-04-05T01:00:31Z","timestamp":1049504431000},"page":"48-74","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":57,"title":["Hiding information in electoral competition"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"42","author":[{"given":"Paul","family":"Heidhues","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Johan","family":"Lagerl\u00f6f","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/S0899-8256(02)00531-6_BIB001","first-page":"796","article-title":"Credibility and policy convergence in a two-party system with rational voters","volume":"78","author":"Alesina","year":"1988","journal-title":"Amer. Econ. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0899-8256(02)00531-6_BIB002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1006\/jeth.2001.2861","article-title":"Moral hazard and private monitoring","volume":"102","author":"Bhaskar","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Econ. Theory"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0899-8256(02)00531-6_BIB003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.2307\/2555842","article-title":"When managers cover their posteriors: making the decisions the market wants to see","volume":"27","author":"Brandenburger","year":"1996","journal-title":"RAND J. Econ."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0899-8256(02)00531-6_BIB004","unstructured":"Chan, J., 2001. Electoral competition with private information. Mimeo, Johns Hopkins University, April 2001"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0899-8256(02)00531-6_BIB005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1431","DOI":"10.2307\/1913390","article-title":"Strategic information transmission","volume":"50","author":"Crawford","year":"1982","journal-title":"Econometrica"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0899-8256(02)00531-6_BIB006","first-page":"180","article-title":"When does it take a Nixon to go to China?","volume":"88","author":"Cukierman","year":"1998","journal-title":"Amer. Econ. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0899-8256(02)00531-6_BIB007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-0343.1992.tb00087.x","article-title":"The revelation of information through the electoral process: An exploratory analysis","volume":"4","author":"Harrington","year":"1992","journal-title":"Econ. Politics"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0899-8256(02)00531-6_BIB008","first-page":"27","article-title":"Economic policy, economic performance, and elections","volume":"83","author":"Harrington","year":"1993","journal-title":"Amer. Econ. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0899-8256(02)00531-6_BIB009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01737554","article-title":"Games with randomly disturbed payoffs: A new rationale for mixed-strategy equilibrium points","volume":"2","author":"Harsanyi","year":"1973","journal-title":"Int. J. Game Theory"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0899-8256(02)00531-6_BIB010","unstructured":"Heidhues, P., Lagerl\u00f6f, J., 2000. Hiding information in electoral competition. Discussion paper FS IV 00-06, WZB Berlin"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0899-8256(02)00531-6_BIB011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"747","DOI":"10.1162\/00335530151144159","article-title":"A model of expertise","volume":"116","author":"Krishna","year":"2001","journal-title":"Quart. J. Econ."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0899-8256(02)00531-6_BIB012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lagerl\u00f6f, J., 2001. Are we better off if our politicians have more information? WZB Discussion Paper No. FS IV 98-7, revised version June 2001","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.331421"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0899-8256(02)00531-6_BIB013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1111\/1468-0343.00039","article-title":"Economic policy, model uncertainty and elections","volume":"10","author":"Letterie","year":"1998","journal-title":"Econ. Politics"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0899-8256(02)00531-6_BIB014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1017514106456","article-title":"Elections with privately informed parties and voters","volume":"108","author":"Martinelli","year":"2001","journal-title":"Public Choice"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0899-8256(02)00531-6_BIB015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1086\/319554","article-title":"Political correctness","volume":"109","author":"Morris","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Polit. Econ."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0899-8256(02)00531-6_BIB016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.2307\/136033","article-title":"Spatial models of political competition under plurality rule: A survey of some explanations of the number of candidates and the positions they take","volume":"27","author":"Osborne","year":"1995","journal-title":"Can. J. Econ."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0899-8256(02)00531-6_BIB017","series-title":"A Course in Game Theory","author":"Osborne","year":"1994"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0899-8256(02)00531-6_BIB018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ottaviani, M., S\u00f8rensen, P., 2000. Professional advice. Mimeo, University College London and University of Copenhagen","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.169394"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0899-8256(02)00531-6_BIB019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1016\/S0047-2727(00)00119-5","article-title":"Information aggregation in debate: Who should speak first?","volume":"81","author":"Ottaviani","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Public Econ."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0899-8256(02)00531-6_BIB020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"791","DOI":"10.1016\/S0014-2921(98)00094-4","article-title":"The information aggregation-approach to political institutions","volume":"43","author":"Piketty","year":"1999","journal-title":"Europ. Econ. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0899-8256(02)00531-6_BIB021","first-page":"757","article-title":"A theory of \u2018Yes men\u2019","volume":"83","author":"Prendergast","year":"1993","journal-title":"Amer. Econ. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0899-8256(02)00531-6_BIB022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.2307\/2944707","article-title":"The strategic role of party ideology when voters are uncertain about how the economy works","volume":"88","author":"Roemer","year":"1994","journal-title":"Amer. Polit. Sci. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0899-8256(02)00531-6_BIB023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.2307\/3440867","article-title":"The politics of persuasion when voters are rational","volume":"97","author":"Schultz","year":"1995","journal-title":"Scand. J. Econ."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0899-8256(02)00531-6_BIB024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.2307\/2297855","article-title":"Polarization and inefficient policies","volume":"63","author":"Schultz","year":"1996","journal-title":"Rev. Econ. Stud."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0899-8256(02)00531-6_BIB025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1111\/1468-0297.00425","article-title":"Monetary policy, delegation and polarisation","volume":"109","author":"Schultz","year":"1999","journal-title":"Econ. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0899-8256(02)00531-6_BIB026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01053227","article-title":"Partisanship as information","volume":"80","author":"W\u00e4rneryd","year":"1994","journal-title":"Public Choice"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0899-8256(02)00531-6_BIB027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1395","DOI":"10.1086\/261660","article-title":"Why democracies produce efficient results","volume":"97","author":"Wittman","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. Polit. Econ."}],"container-title":["Games and Economic Behavior"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0899825602005316?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0899825602005316?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,17]],"date-time":"2020-03-17T16:59:22Z","timestamp":1584464362000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0899825602005316"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2003,1]]},"references-count":27,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2003,1]]}},"alternative-id":["S0899825602005316"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0899-8256(02)00531-6","relation":{},"ISSN":["0899-8256"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0899-8256","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2003,1]]}}}