{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,9]],"date-time":"2026-03-09T18:01:59Z","timestamp":1773079319193,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2003,4,1]],"date-time":"2003-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1049155200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Games and Economic Behavior"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2003,4]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/s0899-8256(02)00553-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2003,4,25]],"date-time":"2003-04-25T01:18:33Z","timestamp":1051233513000},"page":"153-173","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":35,"title":["Optimal allocation of ownership rights in dynamic R&amp;D alliances"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"43","author":[{"given":"Stephanie","family":"Rosenkranz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Patrick W.","family":"Schmitz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/S0899-8256(02)00553-5_BIB001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1185","DOI":"10.2307\/2118360","article-title":"The management of innovation","volume":"109","author":"Aghion","year":"1994","journal-title":"Quart. J. Econ."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0899-8256(02)00553-5_BIB002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1006\/game.1999.0734","article-title":"One-way spillovers, endogenous innovator\/imitator roles, and research joint ventures","volume":"31","author":"Amir","year":"2000","journal-title":"Games Econ. Behav."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0899-8256(02)00553-5_BIB003","first-page":"1133","article-title":"Cooperative and noncooperative R&D in duopoly with spillovers","volume":"78","author":"d'Aspremont","year":"1988","journal-title":"Amer. Econ. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0899-8256(02)00553-5_BIB004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-4068(97)00050-5","article-title":"Knowledge as a public good: efficient sharing and incentives for development effort","volume":"30","author":"d'Aspremont","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Math. Econ."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0899-8256(02)00553-5_BIB005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1162\/003355302753399445","article-title":"Relational contracts and the theory of the firm","volume":"117","author":"Baker","year":"2002","journal-title":"Quart. J. Econ."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0899-8256(02)00553-5_BIB006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-0531(92)90068-S","article-title":"Licensing and the sharing of knowledge in research joint ventures","volume":"56","author":"Bhattacharya","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Econ. Theory"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0899-8256(02)00553-5_BIB007","first-page":"97","article-title":"Is your strategic alliance really a sale?","volume":"73","author":"Bleeke","year":"1995","journal-title":"Harvard Bus. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0899-8256(02)00553-5_BIB008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-405X(97)00029-9","article-title":"Do strategic alliances create value?","volume":"46","author":"Chan","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Finan. Econ."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0899-8256(02)00553-5_BIB009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.89.1.125","article-title":"Cooperative investments and the value of contracting","volume":"89","author":"Che","year":"1999","journal-title":"Amer. Econ. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0899-8256(02)00553-5_BIB010","first-page":"65","article-title":"When is virtual virtuous? Organizing for innovation","volume":"74","author":"Chesbrough","year":"1996","journal-title":"Harvard Bus. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0899-8256(02)00553-5_BIB011","first-page":"882","article-title":"Noncooperative bargaining, hostages, and optimal asset ownership","volume":"88","author":"Chiu","year":"1998","journal-title":"Amer. Econ. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0899-8256(02)00553-5_BIB012","series-title":"The Alliance Revolution: The New Shape of Business Rivalry","author":"Comes-Casseres","year":"1996"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0899-8256(02)00553-5_BIB013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-7187(96)01023-5","article-title":"Spillovers and innovative activities","volume":"15","author":"De Bondt","year":"1996","journal-title":"Int. J. Ind. Organ."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0899-8256(02)00553-5_BIB014","unstructured":"De Fraja, G., 1990. Strategic disclosure of R&D knowledge and research joint ventures. University of Bristol, Department of Economics, Discussion Paper No. 90\/278"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0899-8256(02)00553-5_BIB015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1016\/0167-7187(93)90040-J","article-title":"Strategic spillovers in patent races","volume":"11","author":"De Fraja","year":"1993","journal-title":"Int. J. Ind. Organ."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0899-8256(02)00553-5_BIB016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1006\/game.1998.0597","article-title":"After you sir. Hold-up, direct externalities, and sequential investment","volume":"26","author":"De Fraja","year":"1999","journal-title":"Games Econ. Behav."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0899-8256(02)00553-5_BIB017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1162\/003355398555621","article-title":"Does asset ownership always motivate managers? Outside options and the property rights theory of the firm","volume":"113","author":"De Meza","year":"1998","journal-title":"Quart. J. Econ."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0899-8256(02)00553-5_BIB018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1016\/0047-2727(93)90083-6","article-title":"Coordinating research through research joint ventures","volume":"51","author":"Gandal","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Public Econ."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0899-8256(02)00553-5_BIB019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1057\/palgrave.jibs.8490359","article-title":"Control and performance of international joint ventures","volume":"20","author":"Geringer","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. Int. Bus. Stud."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0899-8256(02)00553-5_BIB020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"691","DOI":"10.1086\/261404","article-title":"The costs and benefits of ownership: a theory of vertical and lateral integration","volume":"94","author":"Grossman","year":"1986","journal-title":"J. Polit. Econ."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0899-8256(02)00553-5_BIB021","unstructured":"Halonen, M., 1995. Reputation and allocation of ownership. LSE Discussion Paper No. TE\/95\/289"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0899-8256(02)00553-5_BIB022","unstructured":"Halonen, M., 1997. A theory of joint ownership. University of Bristol, Department of Economics, Discussion Paper No. 97\/437"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0899-8256(02)00553-5_BIB023","series-title":"Firms, Contracts, and Financial Structure","author":"Hart","year":"1995"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0899-8256(02)00553-5_BIB024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hart, O., 2001. Norms and the theory of the firm. Harvard Law School Discussion Paper No. 326","DOI":"10.2307\/3312896"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0899-8256(02)00553-5_BIB025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1119","DOI":"10.1086\/261729","article-title":"Property rights and the nature of the firm","volume":"98","author":"Hart","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Polit. Econ."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0899-8256(02)00553-5_BIB026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-937X.00080","article-title":"Foundations of incomplete contracts","volume":"66","author":"Hart","year":"1999","journal-title":"Rev. Econ. Stud."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0899-8256(02)00553-5_BIB027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1002\/smj.4250090406","article-title":"A transaction costs theory of equity joint ventures","volume":"9","author":"Hennart","year":"1988","journal-title":"Strategic Manage. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0899-8256(02)00553-5_BIB028","first-page":"38","article-title":"Strategic alliances in high technology","volume":"12","author":"Jacobini","year":"1994","journal-title":"Red Herring Magazine"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0899-8256(02)00553-5_BIB029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"995","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-7187(00)00054-0","article-title":"Meet me halfway: research joint ventures and absorptive capacity","volume":"18","author":"Kamien","year":"2000","journal-title":"Int. J. Ind. Organ."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0899-8256(02)00553-5_BIB030","first-page":"1293","article-title":"Research joint ventures and R&D cartels","volume":"82","author":"Kamien","year":"1992","journal-title":"Amer. Econ. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0899-8256(02)00553-5_BIB031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-6451.00075","article-title":"Endogenous spillovers and the performance of research joint ventures","volume":"46","author":"Katsoulacos","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Ind. Econ."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0899-8256(02)00553-5_BIB032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.2307\/2555479","article-title":"An analysis of cooperative research and development","volume":"17","author":"Katz","year":"1986","journal-title":"RAND J. Econ."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0899-8256(02)00553-5_BIB033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0266(199803)19:3<193::AID-SMJ949>3.0.CO;2-C","article-title":"The dynamics of learning alliances: competition, cooperation and relative scope","volume":"19","author":"Khanna","year":"1998","journal-title":"Strategic Manage. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0899-8256(02)00553-5_BIB034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1002\/smj.4250090403","article-title":"Joint ventures: theoretical and empirical perspectives","volume":"9","author":"Kogut","year":"1988","journal-title":"Strategic Manage. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0899-8256(02)00553-5_BIB035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1287\/mnsc.37.1.19","article-title":"Joint ventures and the option to expand and acquire","volume":"37","author":"Kogut","year":"1991","journal-title":"Manage. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0899-8256(02)00553-5_BIB036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-937X.00079","article-title":"Unforeseen contingencies and incomplete contracts","volume":"66","author":"Maskin","year":"1999","journal-title":"Rev. Econ. Stud."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0899-8256(02)00553-5_BIB037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.2307\/2556087","article-title":"Sequential investments and options to own","volume":"29","author":"N\u00f6ldeke","year":"1998","journal-title":"RAND J. Econ."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0899-8256(02)00553-5_BIB038","series-title":"Bargaining and Markets","author":"Osborne","year":"1990"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0899-8256(02)00553-5_BIB039","series-title":"Cooperation for Product Innovation","author":"Rosenkranz","year":"1996"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0899-8256(02)00553-5_BIB040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-1765(99)00038-5","article-title":"Know-how disclosure and incomplete contracts","volume":"63","author":"Rosenkranz","year":"1999","journal-title":"Econ. Lett."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0899-8256(02)00553-5_BIB041","unstructured":"Rosenkranz, S., Schmitz, P.W., 2001. Joint ownership and incomplete contracts: the case of perfectly substitutable investments. CEPR Discussion Paper No. 2679"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0899-8256(02)00553-5_BIB042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-8586.00114","article-title":"The hold-up problem and incomplete contracts: a survey of recent topics in contract theory","volume":"53","author":"Schmitz","year":"2001","journal-title":"Bull. Econ. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0899-8256(02)00553-5_BIB043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"741","DOI":"10.1111\/1468-0262.00052","article-title":"Incomplete contracts: where do we stand?","volume":"67","author":"Tirole","year":"1999","journal-title":"Econometrica"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0899-8256(02)00553-5_BIB044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1003243727470","article-title":"Collaboration in R&D: an assessment of theoretical and empirical findings","volume":"146","author":"Veugelers","year":"1998","journal-title":"De Economist"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0899-8256(02)00553-5_BIB045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1478","DOI":"10.2307\/256796","article-title":"Bargaining power, management control, and performance in United States\u2013China joint ventures: a comparative case study","volume":"37","author":"Yan","year":"1994","journal-title":"Acad. Manage. J."}],"container-title":["Games and Economic Behavior"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0899825602005535?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0899825602005535?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,27]],"date-time":"2019-03-27T06:21:28Z","timestamp":1553667688000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0899825602005535"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2003,4]]},"references-count":45,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2003,4]]}},"alternative-id":["S0899825602005535"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0899-8256(02)00553-5","relation":{},"ISSN":["0899-8256"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0899-8256","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2003,4]]}}}