{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,21]],"date-time":"2026-02-21T02:03:11Z","timestamp":1771639391523,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"3-4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1997,12,1]],"date-time":"1997-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":880934400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Robotics and Autonomous Systems"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1997,12]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/s0921-8890(97)00044-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2002,7,26]],"date-time":"2002-07-26T00:55:01Z","timestamp":1027644901000},"page":"303-315","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":33,"title":["A feedback control structure for on-line learning tasks"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Manfred","family":"Huber","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Roderic A.","family":"Grupen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/S0921-8890(97)00044-4_BIB1","series-title":"Clinical Examinations in Neurology","author":"Aronson","year":"1981"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0921-8890(97)00044-4_BIB2","article-title":"Learning to act using real-time dynamic programming","author":"Barto","year":"1993"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/S0921-8890(97)00044-4_BIB3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"834","DOI":"10.1109\/TSMC.1983.6313077","article-title":"Neuronlike adaptive elements that can solve difficult learning control problems","volume":"13","author":"Barto","year":"1983","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions Systems Man, and Cybernetics Cyber"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0921-8890(97)00044-4_BIB4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.2307\/1127671","article-title":"Organization of early skilled action","volume":"44","author":"Bruner","year":"1973","journal-title":"Child Development"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0921-8890(97)00044-4_BIB5","article-title":"Effective multifingered grasp synthesis","author":"Coelho","year":"1994"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0921-8890(97)00044-4_BIB6","series-title":"IEEE Proc. Int. Conf. Robotics and Automation","article-title":"Harmonic functions and collision probabilities","author":"Connolly","year":"1994"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/S0921-8890(97)00044-4_BIB7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"931","DOI":"10.1002\/rob.4620100704","article-title":"The applications of harmonic functions to robotics","volume":"10","author":"Connolly","year":"1993","journal-title":"Journal of Robotic Systems"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0921-8890(97)00044-4_BIB8","article-title":"Improving elevator performance using reinforcement learning","volume":"Vol. 8","author":"Crites","year":"1995"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/S0921-8890(97)00044-4_BIB9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"408","DOI":"10.1109\/3477.499792","article-title":"Rapid, safe and incremental learning of navigation strategies","volume":"26","author":"Mill\u00e1n","year":"1996","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions Systems Man, and Cybernetic"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/S0921-8890(97)00044-4_BIB10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1109\/64.395356","article-title":"Distributed control representation for manipulation tasks","volume":"10","author":"Grupen","year":"1995","journal-title":"IEEE Expert"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0921-8890(97)00044-4_BIB11","series-title":"Workshop on Mechatronical Computer Systems for Perception and Action","article-title":"Manipulability-based spatial isotropy: A kinematic reflex","author":"Grupen","year":"1993"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0921-8890(97)00044-4_BIB12","series-title":"IEEE Proc. Conf. on Robotics and Automation","first-page":"1475","article-title":"Learning reactive admittance control","author":"Gullapalli","year":"1992"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0921-8890(97)00044-4_BIB13","series-title":"Proc. IEEE Int. Conf. on Neural Networks","first-page":"2375","article-title":"An architecture for behavior coordination learning","author":"Hoff","year":"1996"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0921-8890(97)00044-4_BIB14","article-title":"A hybrid discrete event dynamic systems approach to robot control","author":"Huber","year":"1996"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0921-8890(97)00044-4_BIB15","first-page":"2988","article-title":"A control basis for multilegged walking","volume":"Vol. 4","author":"Huber","year":"1996"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0921-8890(97)00044-4_BIB16","series-title":"IEEE Proc. Int. Conf. Robotics and Automation","first-page":"2557","article-title":"Application of discrete event systems for modeling and controlling robotic agents","author":"Ko\u0161eck\u00e1","year":"1994"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0921-8890(97)00044-4_BIB17","series-title":"Proc. AAAI Conf. on Artificial Intelligence","article-title":"Learning to coordinate behaviors","author":"Maes","year":"1990"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0921-8890(97)00044-4_BIB18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1016\/0004-3702(92)90058-6","article-title":"Automatic programming of behavior-based robots using reinforcement learning","volume":"55","author":"Mahadevan","year":"1992","journal-title":"Artificial Intelligence"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0921-8890(97)00044-4_BIB19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00993104","article-title":"Prioritized sweeping: Reinforcement learning with less data and less real time","volume":"13","author":"Moore","year":"1993","journal-title":"Machine Learning"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/S0921-8890(97)00044-4_BIB20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"797","DOI":"10.1109\/9.57018","article-title":"Observability of discrete event dynamic systems","volume":"35","author":"\u00d6zveren","year":"1990","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0921-8890(97)00044-4_BIB21","series-title":"The Origins of Intelligence in Childhood","author":"Piaget","year":"1952"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0921-8890(97)00044-4_BIB22","first-page":"127","article-title":"Hybrid position\/force control of manipulators","volume":"102","author":"Raibert","year":"1981","journal-title":"Journal of Dynamic Systems, Measurements, and Control"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0921-8890(97)00044-4_BIB23","first-page":"81","article-title":"The control of discrete event systems","volume":"77","author":"Ramadge","year":"1989"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0921-8890(97)00044-4_BIB24","article-title":"Robust reinforcement learning in motion planning","volume":"6","author":"Singh","year":"1994"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/S0921-8890(97)00044-4_BIB25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1109\/100.298482","article-title":"A subject-indexed bibliography of discrete event dynamic systems","volume":"1","author":"Sobh","year":"1994","journal-title":"IEEE Robotics and Automation Magazine"},{"issue":"11\/12","key":"10.1016\/S0921-8890(97)00044-4_BIB26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/0895-7177(96)00064-7","article-title":"A logical approach to the design of hybrid systems","volume":"27","author":"Stiver","year":"1996","journal-title":"Mathematical and Computer Modelling"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0921-8890(97)00044-4_BIB27","series-title":"Neural Networks for Control","first-page":"179","article-title":"First results with Dyna, an integrated architecture for learning, planning and reacting","author":"Sutton","year":"1990"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0921-8890(97)00044-4_BIB28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1022676722315","article-title":"Technical note: Q-learning","volume":"8","author":"Watkins","year":"1992","journal-title":"Machine Learning"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0921-8890(97)00044-4_BIB29","article-title":"Learning from delayed rewards","author":"Watkins","year":"1989"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0921-8890(97)00044-4_BIB30","series-title":"Foundations of Robotics: Analysis and Control","author":"Yoshikawa","year":"1990"}],"container-title":["Robotics and Autonomous Systems"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0921889097000444?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0921889097000444?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,16]],"date-time":"2019-04-16T09:50:53Z","timestamp":1555408253000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0921889097000444"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1997,12]]},"references-count":30,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3-4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1997,12]]}},"alternative-id":["S0921889097000444"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0921-8890(97)00044-4","relation":{},"ISSN":["0921-8890"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0921-8890","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1997,12]]}}}