{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,14]],"date-time":"2026-03-14T09:05:15Z","timestamp":1773479115349,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2003,1,1]],"date-time":"2003-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1041379200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors and Actuators A: Physical"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2003,1]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/s0924-4247(02)00394-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2002,12,27]],"date-time":"2002-12-27T20:25:06Z","timestamp":1041020706000},"page":"223-233","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":100,"title":["Hybrid three-dimensional nanofluidic\/microfluidic devices using molecular gates"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"102","author":[{"given":"Tzu-Chi","family":"Kuo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"suffix":"Jr","given":"Donald M.","family":"Cannon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Mark A.","family":"Shannon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Paul W.","family":"Bohn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Jonathan V.","family":"Sweedler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/S0924-4247(02)00394-1_BIB1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1880","DOI":"10.1109\/T-ED.1979.19791","article-title":"A gas chromatographic air analyzer fabricated on a silicon wafer","volume":"ED-26","author":"Terry","year":"1979","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Electron Devices"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0924-4247(02)00394-1_BIB2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1016\/0925-4005(90)80209-I","article-title":"Miniaturized total chemical-analysis systems\u2014a novel concept for chemical sensing","volume":"1","author":"Manz","year":"1990","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0924-4247(02)00394-1_BIB3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11348","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.91.24.11348","article-title":"Ultra-high-speed DNA fragment separations using microfabricated capillary array electrophoresis chips","volume":"91","author":"Woolley","year":"1994","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0924-4247(02)00394-1_BIB4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5137","DOI":"10.1021\/ac990644t","article-title":"Single-molecule detection of DNA separations in microfabricated capillary electrophoresis chips employing focused molecular streams","volume":"71","author":"Haab","year":"1999","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0924-4247(02)00394-1_BIB5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3485","DOI":"10.1021\/ac00092a029","article-title":"Electroosmotic pumping and valveless control of fluid-flow within a manifold of capillaries on a glass chip","volume":"66","author":"Seiler","year":"1994","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0924-4247(02)00394-1_BIB6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1026","DOI":"10.1126\/science.288.5468.1026","article-title":"Separation of long DNA molecules in a microfabricated entropic trap array","volume":"288","author":"Han","year":"2000","journal-title":"Science (Washington, DC)"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0924-4247(02)00394-1_BIB7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"895","DOI":"10.1126\/science.261.5123.895","article-title":"Micromachining a miniaturized capillary electrophoresis-based chemical analysis system on a chip","volume":"261","author":"Harrison","year":"1993","journal-title":"Science (Washington, DC)"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0924-4247(02)00394-1_BIB8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1016\/S0924-4247(98)00318-5","article-title":"Micromachined chemical reaction system","volume":"74","author":"Koch","year":"1999","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators A"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0924-4247(02)00394-1_BIB9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/0925-4005(92)80030-2","article-title":"A silicon integrated miniature chemical analysis system","volume":"6","author":"van der Schoot","year":"1992","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0924-4247(02)00394-1_BIB10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2961","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.061014198","article-title":"Using three-dimensional microfluidic networks for solving computationally hard problems","volume":"98","author":"Chiu","year":"2001","journal-title":"Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. U.S.A."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0924-4247(02)00394-1_BIB11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1016\/S0924-4247(98)00269-6","article-title":"Micromachined membrane particle filters","volume":"73","author":"Yang","year":"1999","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators A"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0924-4247(02)00394-1_BIB12","first-page":"386","article-title":"An experimental-study of electroacoustic cross-flow microfiltration","volume":"69","author":"Wakeman","year":"1991","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. Res. Des."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0924-4247(02)00394-1_BIB13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1107","DOI":"10.1021\/ac00079a028","article-title":"Effects of injection schemes and column geometry on the performance of microchip electrophoresis devices","volume":"66","author":"Jacobson","year":"1994","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0924-4247(02)00394-1_BIB14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4455","DOI":"10.1021\/ac990576a","article-title":"Microfluidic devices for electrokinetically driven parallel and serial mixing","volume":"71","author":"Jacobson","year":"1999","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0924-4247(02)00394-1_BIB15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"P.F. Man, C.H. Mastrangelo, M.A. Burns, D.T. Burke, Microfabricated capillarity-driven stop valve and sample injector, in: Proceedings-IEEE Annual International Workshop Micro Electra Mechanical Systems, 11th, New York, USA, 1998, pp. 45\u201350.","DOI":"10.1109\/MEMSYS.1998.659727"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0924-4247(02)00394-1_BIB16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1016\/S0924-4247(98)00074-0","article-title":"Microjoinery: concept, definition, and application to microsystem development","volume":"66","author":"Gonz\u00e1lez","year":"1998","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators A"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0924-4247(02)00394-1_BIB17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/S0924-4247(99)00185-5","article-title":"Novel interconnection technologies for integrated microfluidic systems","volume":"77","author":"Gray","year":"1999","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators A"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0924-4247(02)00394-1_BIB18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1522-2683(20000101)21:1<27::AID-ELPS27>3.0.CO;2-C","article-title":"Fabrication of microfluidic systems in poly(dimethylsiloxane)","volume":"21","author":"McDonald","year":"2000","journal-title":"Electrophoresis"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0924-4247(02)00394-1_BIB19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1088\/0960-1317\/9\/3\/301","article-title":"Rapid prototyping of microfluidic switches in poly(dimethy1 siloxane) and their actuation by electro-osmotic flow","volume":"9","author":"Duffy","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Micromech. Microeng."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0924-4247(02)00394-1_BIB20","first-page":"172","article-title":"Fabrication of plastic microfluidic components","volume":"3515","author":"Martin","year":"1998","journal-title":"Proc. SPIE-Int. Soc. Opt. Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0924-4247(02)00394-1_BIB21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"L.A. Christel, K. Petersen, W. McMillan, G.T.A. Kovacs, High Aspect ratio silicon microstructures for nucleic acid extraction, Solid-State Sensor and Actuator Workshop, Hilton Head, South Carolina, 1998, pp. 363\u2013366.","DOI":"10.31438\/trf.hh1998.84"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0924-4247(02)00394-1_BIB22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1115\/1.2798038","article-title":"Molding of deep polydimethylsiloxane microstructures for microfluidics and biological applications","volume":"121","author":"Folch","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Biomech. Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0924-4247(02)00394-1_BIB23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1522-2683(20000101)21:1<12::AID-ELPS12>3.0.CO;2-7","article-title":"Polymer microfabrication methods for microfluidic analytical applications","volume":"21","author":"Becker","year":"2000","journal-title":"Electrophoresis"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0924-4247(02)00394-1_BIB24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1016\/S0924-4247(98)00177-0","article-title":"High aspect ratio polymer microstructures and cantilevers for bioMEMS using low energy ion beam and photolithography","volume":"71","author":"Lee","year":"1998","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators A"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0924-4247(02)00394-1_BIB25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1038\/35003530","article-title":"Electrophoretic assembly of colloidal crystals with optically tunable micropatterns","volume":"404","author":"Hayward","year":"2000","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0924-4247(02)00394-1_BIB26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1038\/385321a0","article-title":"Template-directed colloidal crystallization","volume":"385","author":"van Blaaderen","year":"1997","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0924-4247(02)00394-1_BIB27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1002\/1522-2683(200101)22:2<187::AID-ELPS187>3.0.CO;2-0","article-title":"Nanofabrication: conventional and nonconventional methods","volume":"22","author":"Chen","year":"2001","journal-title":"Electrophoresis"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0924-4247(02)00394-1_BIB28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/0925-4005(93)85179-E","article-title":"Stacked modules for micro flow systems in chemical analysis: concept and studies using an enlarged model","volume":"17","author":"Fettinger","year":"1993","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0924-4247(02)00394-1_BIB29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1088\/0960-1317\/4\/4\/009","article-title":"Three-dimensional micro flow manifolds for miniaturized chemical analysis systems","volume":"4","author":"Verpoorte","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Micromech. Microeng."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0924-4247(02)00394-1_BIB30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2408","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.040562297","article-title":"Patterned deposition of cells and proteins onto surfaces by using three-dimensional microfluidic systems","volume":"97","author":"Chiu","year":"2000","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0924-4247(02)00394-1_BIB31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3158","DOI":"10.1021\/ac9912294","article-title":"Fabrication of topologically complex three-dimensional microfluidic systems in PDMS by rapid prototyping","volume":"72","author":"Anderson","year":"2000","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0924-4247(02)00394-1_BIB32","first-page":"222","article-title":"Fabrication of three-dimensional microfluidic systems by stacking molded polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) layers in","volume":"3877","author":"Jo","year":"1999","journal-title":"Proc. SPIE-Int. Soc. Opt. Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0924-4247(02)00394-1_BIB33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1109\/84.846699","article-title":"Passive mixing in a three-dimensional serpentine microchannel","volume":"9","author":"Liu","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Microelectromech. Syst."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0924-4247(02)00394-1_BIB34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"700","DOI":"10.1126\/science.268.5211.700","article-title":"Metal nanotubule membranes with electrochemically switchable ion-transport selectivity","volume":"268","author":"Nishizawa","year":"1995","journal-title":"Science (Washington, DC)"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0924-4247(02)00394-1_BIB35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6603","DOI":"10.1021\/ja980045o","article-title":"Introducing chemical transport selectivity into gold nanotubule membranes","volume":"120","author":"Hulteen","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0924-4247(02)00394-1_BIB36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4913","DOI":"10.1021\/ac990615i","article-title":"Effect of thiol chemisorption on the transport properties of gold nanotubule membranes","volume":"71","author":"Jirage","year":"1999","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0924-4247(02)00394-1_BIB37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2401","DOI":"10.1021\/la991045k","article-title":"Self-assembled monolayers on electroless gold impart pH-responsive transport of ions in porous membranes","volume":"16","author":"Hou","year":"2000","journal-title":"Langmuir"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0924-4247(02)00394-1_BIB38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5271","DOI":"10.1021\/la010066n","article-title":"External control of ion transport in nanoporous membranes with surfaces modified with self-assembled monolayers","volume":"17","author":"Chun","year":"2001","journal-title":"Langmuir"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0924-4247(02)00394-1_BIB39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8668","DOI":"10.1021\/la9902441","article-title":"Surface effects on cation transport across porous alumina membranes","volume":"15","author":"Bluhm","year":"1999","journal-title":"Langmuir"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0924-4247(02)00394-1_BIB40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7056","DOI":"10.1021\/la000357g","article-title":"Surface effects on metal ion transport across porous alumina membranes. Part 2. Trivalent cations: Am, Tb, Eu, and Fe","volume":"16","author":"Bluhm","year":"2000","journal-title":"Langmuir"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0924-4247(02)00394-1_BIB41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"768","DOI":"10.1021\/ac0008901","article-title":"pH Switchable, ion-permselective gold nanotubule membrane based on chemisorbed cysteine","volume":"73","author":"Lee","year":"2001","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0924-4247(02)00394-1_BIB42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2884","DOI":"10.1021\/la980147s","article-title":"Electric field mediated transport in nanometer diameter channels","volume":"14","author":"Kemery","year":"1998","journal-title":"Langmuir"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0924-4247(02)00394-1_BIB43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6298","DOI":"10.1021\/la010429j","article-title":"Manipulating molecular transport through nanoporous membranes by control of electrokinetic flow: effect of surface charge density and Debye length","volume":"17","author":"Kuo","year":"2001","journal-title":"Langmuir"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0924-4247(02)00394-1_BIB44","unstructured":"T.-C. Kuo, D.M. Cannon Jr., Y. Chen, J.J. Tulock, M.A. Shannon, J.V. Sweedler, P.W. Bohn, Gateable nanofluidic interconnects for multilayered microfluidic systems, Anal. Chem., submitted for publication."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0924-4247(02)00394-1_BIB45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"T.-C. Kuo, D.M. Cannon Jr., W. Feng, M.A. Shannon, J.V. Sweedler, P.W. Bohn, Three-dimensional fluidic architectures using nanofluidic diodes to control transport between microfluidic channels in microelectromechanical devices, Micro Total Analysis Systems 2001, Monterey, CA, USA, 21\u201325 October 2001, pp. 60\u201362.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-010-1015-3_21"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0924-4247(02)00394-1_BIB46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"M.G. Spencer, B.R. Flachsbart, T. Yasunaga, T.-C. Kuo, J.V. Sweedler, P.W. Bohn, M.A. Shannon, Design and fabrication of multiple nanofluidic interconnects for three-dimensional microanalysis systems, Micro Total Analysis Systems 2001, Monterey, CA, USA, 21\u201325 October 2001, pp. 195\u2013196.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-010-1015-3_85"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0924-4247(02)00394-1_BIB47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"D.M. Cannon Jr., T.-C. Kuo, W. Feng, M.A. Shannon, J.V. Sweedler, P.W. Bohn, Characterization of molecular transport within gateable nanofluidic interconnects for three-dimensional microfluidic systems, Micro Total Analysis Systems 2001, Monterey, CA, USA, 21\u201325 October 2001, pp. 199\u2013200.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-010-1015-3_87"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0924-4247(02)00394-1_BIB48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4017","DOI":"10.1021\/j100895a062","article-title":"Electrokinetic flow in a narrow cylindrical capillary","volume":"69","author":"Rice","year":"1965","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0924-4247(02)00394-1_BIB49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9797(77)90349-6","article-title":"Electrokinetic parameters for capillaries of different geometries","volume":"59","author":"Anderson","year":"1977","journal-title":"J. Colloid Interf. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0924-4247(02)00394-1_BIB50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"839","DOI":"10.1149\/1.2119832","article-title":"Experimental verification of the space-charge model for electrokinetics in charged microporous membranes","volume":"130","author":"Westermann-Clark","year":"1983","journal-title":"J. Electrochem. Soc."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0924-4247(02)00394-1_BIB51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/0376-7388(88)80005-X","article-title":"Streaming potential and phenomenological coefficients in nuclepore membranes","volume":"36","author":"Ibanez","year":"1988","journal-title":"J. Membr. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0924-4247(02)00394-1_BIB52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1016\/0013-4686(95)00112-R","article-title":"Streaming potentials of nuclepore membranes by the electric work method","volume":"41","author":"Brendler","year":"1996","journal-title":"Electrochim. Acta"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0924-4247(02)00394-1_BIB53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5939","DOI":"10.1021\/ac000932l","article-title":"Dynamic coating using polyelectrolyte multilayers for chemical control of electroosmotic flow in capillary electrophoresis microchips","volume":"72","author":"Liu","year":"2000","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0924-4247(02)00394-1_BIB54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-4347(01)00327-9","article-title":"Electroosmotic properties of microfluidic channels composed of polydimethylsiloxane","volume":"762","author":"Ren","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Chromatogr. B"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0924-4247(02)00394-1_BIB55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"S.C. Jacobson, J.P. Alarie, J.M. Ramsey, Electrokinetic transport through nanometer deep channels, Micro Total Analysis Systems 2001, Monterey, CA, USA, 21\u201325 October 2001, pp. 57\u201359.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-010-1015-3_20"},{"issue":"71","key":"10.1016\/S0924-4247(02)00394-1_BIB56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1039\/f29757100001","article-title":"Theory of electrokinetic flow in a narrow parallel-plate channel","volume":"2","author":"Levine","year":"1975","journal-title":"J. Chem. Soc., Faraday Trans."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0924-4247(02)00394-1_BIB57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1815","DOI":"10.1021\/ac981161c","article-title":"Microfabricated porous membrane structure for sample concentration and electrophoretic analysis","volume":"71","author":"Khandurina","year":"1999","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."}],"container-title":["Sensors and Actuators A: Physical"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0924424702003941?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0924424702003941?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,2]],"date-time":"2021-06-02T14:31:43Z","timestamp":1622644303000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0924424702003941"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2003,1]]},"references-count":57,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2003,1]]}},"alternative-id":["S0924424702003941"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0924-4247(02)00394-1","relation":{},"ISSN":["0924-4247"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0924-4247","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2003,1]]}}}