{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,20]],"date-time":"2025-12-20T22:22:22Z","timestamp":1766269342912},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,16]],"date-time":"2020-04-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1586995200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":7807,"URL":"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/terms"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Eur. psychiatr."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1998,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title><jats:p>Clinical evidence suggests that hallucinogenic drug-induced altered states of consciousness (ASCs) and the incipient, acute stages of endogenous psychoses share many common phenomenological features. The aim of our study was to assess hallucinogen-like phenomena in endogenous psychotic patients using standardised methods. We examined 93 endogenous psychotic patients, 50 healthy controls and a small group of drug induced psychotic patients (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>= 7) with two ASC self-assessment scales (questionnaire APZ =<jats:underline>A<\/jats:underline>bnormer<jats:underline>P<\/jats:underline>sychischer<jats:underline>Z<\/jats:underline>ustand = Altered State of Consciousness [Dittrich et al, 1985]; and questionnaire OAV = Abbreviation of the three subscales:<jats:underline>O<\/jats:underline>ceanic Boundlessness\/<jats:underline>A<\/jats:underline>ngst = Dread of Ego Dissolution\/<jats:underline>V<\/jats:underline>isionary Restructuralisation [Bodmer 1989]). Patients were examined shortly after remission of their last acute psychotic episode and they answered the questionnaires referring to the early phase of this episode. Differences in the questionnaire scores were significant between psychotic patients and controls. Drug induced patients had numerically higher scores than endogenous psychotic patients, however these differences were only significant for the APZ total score and the undifferentiated items of the APZ, but not for the three APZ subscale and the OAV scores. More than 50% of the endogenous psychotic patients answered 26% of the APZ-and 43% of the OAV-items with \u201cyes\u201d. The OAV total score and the OSE (<jats:underline>O<\/jats:underline>zeanische<jats:underline>S<\/jats:underline>elbst<jats:underline>e<\/jats:underline>ntgrenzung = oceanic boundlessness) scores of both questionnaires correlated significantly with BPRS Factor 3 (thought disturbance). Our results support the hypothesis that hallucinogen-like experiences represent common phenomena during the acute stages of endogenous psychoses. Remarkably, these phenomena include subjectively pleasant experiences of the OSE dimension. In the routine clinical assessment of endogenous psychotic patients experiences of this dimension may be more easily overlooked than the negative experiences of the AIA dimension (AIA:<jats:underline>A<\/jats:underline>ngst vor der<jats:underline>I<\/jats:underline>ch-<jats:underline>A<\/jats:underline>ufl\u00f6sung = dread of ego dissolution).<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1016\/s0924-9338(99)80686-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2002,7,25]],"date-time":"2002-07-25T20:43:06Z","timestamp":1027629786000},"page":"399-406","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":50,"title":["Hallucinogenic drug induced states resemble acute endogenous psychoses: results of an empirical study"],"prefix":"10.1017","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"E","family":"Gouzoulis-Mayfrank","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"E","family":"Habermeyer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"L","family":"Hermle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"AM","family":"Steinmeyer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"HJ","family":"Kunert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"H","family":"Sass","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"56","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"S0924933800020265_ref033","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-3223(95)00200-6"},{"key":"S0924933800020265_ref031","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00005053-199503000-00002"},{"key":"S0924933800020265_ref027","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.111.12.881"},{"key":"S0924933800020265_ref024","first-page":"157","volume-title":"Assessment Manual for Psychopharmacology","author":"Overall","year":"1976"},{"key":"S0924933800020265_ref019","first-page":"38","article-title":"Erwartete Fitwerte f\u00fcr Zufallskonfigurationen in PINDIS","volume":"11","author":"Langeheine","year":"1980","journal-title":"Ztschr Sozialpsychol"},{"key":"S0924933800020265_ref017","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1962.tb50103.x"},{"key":"S0924933800020265_ref014","first-page":"48","article-title":"The Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS): a comprehensive review","volume":"11","author":"Hedlund","year":"1980","journal-title":"J Operational Psychiatry"},{"key":"S0924933800020265_ref011","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/h0034952"},{"key":"S0924933800020265_ref04","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02036408"},{"key":"S0924933800020265_ref03","unstructured":"3 Bodmer, I Konstruktion des Fragebogens OAV zut quantitativen Erfassung au\u03b2ergew\u00f6hnlicher Bewu\u03b2tseinszust\u00e4nde (ABZ) Thesis 1989 Institute of Psychology, University of Zurich"},{"key":"S0924933800020265_ref028","unstructured":"28 Schroeter-Rosendahl, C Beginnende Schizophrenie und ver\u00e4ndertes Wachbewu\u03b2tsein Gesunder: ein empirischer Vergleich mittels einer Selbstbeurteilungsskala Thesis 1980 Medical Faculty, University of Zurich"},{"key":"S0924933800020265_ref013","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000131191"},{"key":"S0924933800020265_ref06","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.112.484.225"},{"key":"S0924933800020265_ref08","volume-title":"\u00c4tiologie-unabh\u00e4ngige Strukturen ver\u00e4nderter Wachbewusstseinszust\u00e4nde","author":"Dittrich","year":"1985"},{"key":"S0924933800020265_ref023","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.128.10.1239"},{"key":"S0924933800020265_ref01","volume-title":"Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders","author":"American Psychiatric Association","year":"1987"},{"key":"S0924933800020265_ref038","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.127.6.553"},{"key":"S0924933800020265_ref030","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.86.360.29"},{"key":"S0924933800020265_ref07","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Psychiatrie der Gegenwart","author":"Conrad","year":"1972"},{"key":"S0924933800020265_ref012","first-page":"198","article-title":"Psychedelic experiences at the beginning of acute endogenous psychotic episodes","volume":"65","author":"Gouzoulis","year":"1994","journal-title":"Nervenarzt"},{"key":"S0924933800020265_ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"20 Leuner, HC Die experimentelle Psychose. 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