{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,14]],"date-time":"2026-03-14T05:49:36Z","timestamp":1773467376466,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":101,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1997,2,1]],"date-time":"1997-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":854755200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["European Neuropsychopharmacology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1997,2]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/s0924-977x(96)00039-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2002,7,25]],"date-time":"2002-07-25T12:18:09Z","timestamp":1027599489000},"page":"9-24","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":275,"title":["Metabolic hyperfrontality and psychopathology in the ketamine model of psychosis using positron emission tomography (PET) and [18F]fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG)"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"F.X","family":"Vollenweider","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"K.L","family":"Leenders","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"C","family":"Scharfetter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"A","family":"Antonini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"P","family":"Maguire","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"J","family":"Missimer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"J","family":"Angst","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/S0924-977X(96)00039-9_BIB1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Anis, N.A., Berry, S.C., Burton, N.R. and Lodge, D. (1983) The dissociative anesthetics, ketamine and phencyclidine selective reduce excitation of central mammalian neurons by N-methyl-d-aspartate. Br. J. Pharmacol. 79, 565\u2013575.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1476-5381.1983.tb11031.x"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0924-977X(96)00039-9_BIB2","unstructured":"Arbeitsgemeinschaft f\u00fcr Methodik und Dokumentation in der Psychiatrie AMDP (1981) Das AMDP-System. Manual zur Dokumentation psychiatrischer Befunde. Springer-Verlag, Berlin."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0924-977X(96)00039-9_BIB3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bachneff, S.A. (1991) Positron emission tomography and magnetic resonance imaging: A review and a local circuit neurons hypo(dys)function hypothesis of schizophrenia. Biol. Psychiatry 30, 857\u2013886.","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-3223(91)90002-4"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0924-977X(96)00039-9_BIB4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bakker, C.B. and Amini, F.B. (1961) Observations on the psychomimetic effects of sernyl. Comp. Psychiatry 2, 269\u2013280.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0010-440X(61)80033-3"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0924-977X(96)00039-9_BIB5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ban, T.A., Lohrenz, J.J. and Lehmann, H.E. (1961) Observations on the action of sernyl \u2013 a new psychotropic drug. Can. Psychiatr. Assoc. J. 6, 150\u2013157.","DOI":"10.1177\/070674376100600307"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0924-977X(96)00039-9_BIB6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bartlett, E.J., Wolkin, A., Brodie, J.D., Laska, E.M., Wolf, A. and Sanfilipo, M. (1991) Importance of pharmacologic controlling PET studies: effects of thiothixene and haloperidol on cerebral glucose utilisation in chronic schizophrenia. Psychiatry Res. Neuroimag. 40, 115\u2013124.","DOI":"10.1016\/0925-4927(91)90003-9"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0924-977X(96)00039-9_BIB7","unstructured":"Bleuler, E. (1911) Dementia praecox oder die Gruppe der Schizophrenien. Deutike, Vienna."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0924-977X(96)00039-9_BIB8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bowers, M.B. and Freedman, D.X. (1966) `Psychedelic' experiences in acute psychoses. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 15, 240\u2013248.","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1966.01730150016003"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0924-977X(96)00039-9_BIB9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brodie, J.D., Christman, D.R., Corona, J.F., Fowler, J.S., Gomez Mont, F., Jaeger, J., Micheels, P.A., Rotrosen, J., Russell, J.A., Volkow, N.D., Wickler, A., Wolf, A.P. and Wolkin, A. (1984) Patterns of metabolic activity in the treatment of schizophrenia. Ann. Neurol. 15 Suppl, S166\u2013S169.","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410150731"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0924-977X(96)00039-9_BIB10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Buchsbaum, M.S., Ingvar, D.H. and Kessler, R. (1982) Cerebral glucography with positron tomography: use in normal subjects and in patients with schizophrenia. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 39, 251\u2013259.","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1982.04290030001001"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0924-977X(96)00039-9_BIB11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Buchsbaum, M.S., Wu, J.C., DeLisi, L.E., Holcomb, H.H., Hazlett, E., Cooper-Langston, K. and Kessler, R. (1987) Positron emission tomography studies of basal ganglia and somatosensory cortex neuroleptic drug effects: differences between normal controls and schizophrenic patients. Biol. Psychiatry 22, 479\u2013494.","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-3223(87)90170-3"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0924-977X(96)00039-9_BIB12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Buchsbaum, M.S., Nuechterlein, K.H., Haier, R.J., Wu, J., Sicotte, N., Hazlett, E., Asarnow, R., Potkin, S. and Guich, S. (1990) Glucose metabolic rate in normals and schizophrenics during the continuous performance test assessed by positron emission tomography. Br. J. Psychiatry 156, 216\u2013227.","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.156.2.216"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0924-977X(96)00039-9_BIB13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Buchsbaum, M.S., Potkin, S.G., Siegel, B.V.J., Lohr, J., Katz, M., Gottschalk, L.A., Gulasekaram, B., Marshall, J.F., Lottenberg, S., Teng, C.Y., Bunney, W.E., Abel, L. and Plon, L. (1992) Striatal metabolic rate and clinical response to neuroleptics in schizophrenia. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 49, 966\u2013974.","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1992.01820120054008"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0924-977X(96)00039-9_BIB14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Carlsson, A. (1988) The current status of the dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia. Neuropsychopharmacology 1, 179\u2013186.","DOI":"10.1016\/0893-133X(88)90012-7"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0924-977X(96)00039-9_BIB15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Carlsson, M. and Carlsson, A. (1990) Schizophrenia: A subcortical neurotransmitter imbalance syndrome? Schizophrenia Bull. 16, 425\u2013432.","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/16.3.425"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0924-977X(96)00039-9_BIB16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cleghorn, J.M., Garnett, E.S., Nahmias, C., Firnau, G., Brown, G.M., Kaplan, R., Szechtman, H. and Szechtman, B. (1989) Increased frontal and reduced parietal glucose metabolism in acute untreated schizophrenia. Psychiatry Res. 28, 119\u2013133.","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-1781(89)90040-1"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0924-977X(96)00039-9_BIB17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Collier, B.B. (1972) Ketamine and the conscious mind. Anaesthesia 27, 120\u2013137.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2044.1972.tb08186.x"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0924-977X(96)00039-9_BIB18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Corssen, G., Miyasaka, M. and Domino, E.F. (1968) Changing concepts in pain control during surgery: Dissociative anesthesia with CI-581. A progress report. Anesth. Analg. 47, 745\u2013759.","DOI":"10.1213\/00000539-196811000-00022"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0924-977X(96)00039-9_BIB19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Crosby, G., Crane, A.M. and Sokoloff, L. (1982) Local changes in cerebral glucose utilisation during ketamine anesthesia. Anesthesiology 56, 437\u2013443.","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-198206000-00005"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0924-977X(96)00039-9_BIB20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Davies, B.M. and Beech, H.R. (1960) The effect of 1-arylcyclohexylamine (sernyl) on twelve normal volunteers. J. Mental Sci. 106, 912\u2013924.","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.106.444.912"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0924-977X(96)00039-9_BIB21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Deakin, J.F.W., Slater, P., Simpson, M.D.C., Gilchrist, A.C., Skan, W.J., Royston, M.C., Reynolds, G.P. and Cross, A.J. (1989) Frontal cortical and left temporal glutamatergic dysfunction in schizophrenia. J. Neurochem. 52, 1781\u20131786.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.1989.tb07257.x"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0924-977X(96)00039-9_BIB22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"DeLisi, L.E., Buchsbaum, M.S., Holcomb, H.H., Langston, K.C., King, A.C., Kessler, R., Pickar, D., Carpenter, W.T., Morihisa, J.M., Magolin, R. and Weinberger, D.R. (1989) Increased temporal lobe glucose use in chronic schizophrenic patients. Biol. Psychiatry 25, 835\u2013851.","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-3223(89)90263-1"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0924-977X(96)00039-9_BIB23","unstructured":"Dittrich, A. (1985) \u00c4tiologie-unabh\u00e4ngige Strukturen ver\u00e4nderter Wachbewusstseinszust\u00e4nde. Ferdinand Enke Verlag, Stuttgart."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0924-977X(96)00039-9_BIB24","unstructured":"Dittrich, A. (1994) Psychological aspects of altered states of consciousness of the LSD type: measurements of their basic dimensions and prediction of individual differences. In: Pletscher, A. and Ladewig, D. (Eds.), 50 years of LSD. Current Status and Perspectives of Hallucinogens. Parthenon Publishing, New York, pp. 101\u2013118."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0924-977X(96)00039-9_BIB25","unstructured":"Dittrich, A., von Arx, S. and Staub, S. (1981) International study on altered states of consciousness (ISASC). Schweiz. Z. Psychol. Angew. Pschol. 40, 189\u2013200."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0924-977X(96)00039-9_BIB26","unstructured":"Dittrich, A., von Arx, S. and Staub, S. (1985) International study on altered states of consciousness (ISASC). Summary of the results. Germ. J. Psychiatry 9, 319\u2013339."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0924-977X(96)00039-9_BIB27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Domino, E.F., Chodoff, P. and Corssen, S. (1965) Pharmacological effects of Cl-581, a new dissociative anesthetic in man. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. 6, 279\u2013291.","DOI":"10.1002\/cpt196563279"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0924-977X(96)00039-9_BIB28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Drejer, J. and Honor\u00e9, T. (1987) Phencyclidine analogues inhibit NMDA-stimulated [3H]GABA release from cultured cortex neurons. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 143, 287\u2013290.","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-2999(87)90546-2"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0924-977X(96)00039-9_BIB29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Early, T.S., Reiman, E.M., Raichle, M.E. and Spitznagel, E.L. (1987) Left globus pallidus abnormality in never-medicated patients with schizophrenia. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 84, 561\u2013563.","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.84.2.561"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0924-977X(96)00039-9_BIB30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ebmeier, K.P., Blackwood, D.H.R., Murray, C., Souza, V., Walker, M., Doughall, N., Moffoot, A.P.R., O'Carroll, R.E. and Goodwin, G.M. (1993) Single-photon emission computed tomography with 99mTc-Exametazime in unmedicated schizophrenic patients. Biol. Psychiatry 33, 487\u2013495.","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-3223(93)90002-U"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0924-977X(96)00039-9_BIB31","unstructured":"Fahrenberg, J., Hampel, R. and Selg, H. (1984) Das Freiburger Pers\u00f6nlichkeitsinventar FPI. Hogrefe, G\u00f6ttingen."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0924-977X(96)00039-9_BIB32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Farkas, T., Wolf, A.P., Jaeger, J., Brodie, J.D., Christman, D.R. and Fowler, J.S. (1984) Regional brain glucose metabolism in chronic schizophrenia. A positron emission transaxial tomographic study. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 41, 293\u2013300.","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1984.01790140083010"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0924-977X(96)00039-9_BIB33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Feng, N., Vollenweider, F.X., Minder, E.I., Rentsch, K., Grampp, T. and Vonderschmitt, D.J. (1995) Development of a gas chromatography\u2013mass spectrometry method for determination of ketamine in plasma and its application to human samples. Ther. Drug Monit. 17, 95\u2013100.","DOI":"10.1097\/00007691-199502000-00016"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0924-977X(96)00039-9_BIB34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fischer, R. (1971) A cartography of the ecstatic and meditative states. Science 174, 897\u2013904.","DOI":"10.1126\/science.174.4012.897"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0924-977X(96)00039-9_BIB35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Friston, K.J., Passingham, R.E., Nutt, J.G., Heather, J.D., Sawle, G.V. and Frackowiak, R.S. (1989) Localisation in PET images: direct fitting of the intercommissural (AC-PC) line. J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 9, 690\u2013695.","DOI":"10.1038\/jcbfm.1989.97"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0924-977X(96)00039-9_BIB36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Friston, K.J., Frith, C.D., Liddle, P.F. and Frackowiak, R.S. (1991) Plastic transformation of PET images. J. Comput. Assist. Tomogr. 15, 634\u2013639.","DOI":"10.1097\/00004728-199107000-00020"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0924-977X(96)00039-9_BIB37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Friston, K.J., Liddle, P.F., Frith, C.D., Hirsch, S.R. and Frackowiak, R.S.J. (1992) The left medial temporal region and schizophrenia. Brain 115, 367\u2013382.","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/115.2.367"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0924-977X(96)00039-9_BIB38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Garfield, J.M., Garfield, F.B., Stone, J.G., Hopkins, D. and Johns, L.A. (1972) A comparison of psychologic response to ketamine and thiopental\u2013nitrous oxide\u2013halothane anesthesia. Anesthesiology 36, 329\u2013338.","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-197204000-00006"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0924-977X(96)00039-9_BIB39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ghoneim, M.M., Hinrichs, J.V., Mewaldt, S.P. and Petersen, R.C. (1985) Ketamine: Behavioral effects of subanesthetic doses. J. Clin. Psychopharmacol. 5, 70\u201377.","DOI":"10.1097\/00004714-198504000-00003"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0924-977X(96)00039-9_BIB40","unstructured":"Gouzoulis, E., Hermle, L. and Sass, H. (1994) Psychedelische Erlebnisse zu Beginn produktiver Episoden endogener Psychosen. Nervenarzt 65, 198\u2013201."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0924-977X(96)00039-9_BIB41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gur, R.E., Resnick, S.M., Alavi, A., Gur, R.C., Caroff, S., Damm, R., Silver, F.L., Seykin, A.J. and Chawluk, J.B. (1987a) Regional brain function in schizophrenia. I. A positron emission tomography study. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 44, 119\u2013125.","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1987.01800140021003"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0924-977X(96)00039-9_BIB42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gur, R.E., Resnick, S.M., Gur, R.C., Alavi, A., Caroff, S., Kushner, M. and Reivich, M. (1987b) Regional brain function in schizophrenia. II. Repeated evaluation with positron emission tomography. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 44, 126\u2013129.","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1987.01800140028004"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0924-977X(96)00039-9_BIB43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gur, R.E., Resnick, S.M. and Gur, R.C. (1989) Laterality and frontality of cerebral blood flow and metabolism in schizophrenia: relationship to symptom specificity. Psychiatry Res. 27, 325\u2013334.","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-1781(89)90147-9"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0924-977X(96)00039-9_BIB44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hammer, R.P.J., Herkenham, M., Pert, C.B. and Quirion, R. (1982) Correlation of regional brain metabolism with receptor localization during ketamine anesthesia: combined autoradiographic 2-[3H]deoxy-d-glucose receptor binding technique. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 79, 3067\u20133070.","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.79.9.3067"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0924-977X(96)00039-9_BIB45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hansen, G., Jensen, S.B., Chandresh, L. and Hilden, T. (1989) The psychotropic effect of ketamine. J. Psychoact. Drugs 20(4), 419\u2013425.","DOI":"10.1080\/02791072.1988.10472511"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0924-977X(96)00039-9_BIB46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Harris, J.A., Biersner, R.J., Edwards, D. and Bailey, L.W. (1975) Attention, learning, and personality during ketamine emergence: a pilot study. Anesth. Analg. 54, 169\u2013172.","DOI":"10.1213\/00000539-197503000-00001"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0924-977X(96)00039-9_BIB47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hermle, L., Spitzer, M., Borchardt, D. and Gouzoulis, E. (1992) Beziehungen der Modell- bzw. Drogenpsychosen zu schizophrenen Erkrankungen. Fortschr. Neurol. Psychiatr. 60, 383\u2013392.","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2007-1000662"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0924-977X(96)00039-9_BIB48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hermle, L., F\u00fcnfgeld, M., Oepen, G., Botsch, H., Borchard, D., Gouzoulis, E., Fehrenbach, R.A. and Spitzer, M. (1993) Mescaline-induced psychopathological, neuropsychological, and neurometabolic effects in normal subjects: Experimental psychosis as a tool for psychiatric research. Biol. Psychiatry 32, 976\u2013991.","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-3223(92)90059-9"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0924-977X(96)00039-9_BIB49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hiramatsu, M., Cho, A.K. and Nabeshima, T. (1989) Comparison of the behavioral and biochemical effects of the NMDA receptor antagonists, MK-801 and phencyclidine. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 166, 359\u2013366.","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-2999(89)90346-4"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0924-977X(96)00039-9_BIB50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ishimaru, M., Kurumaji, A. and Toru, M. (1994) Increases in strychnine-insensitive glycine binding sites in cerebral cortex of chronic schizophrenics: evidence for glutamate hypothesis. Biol. Psychiatry 35, 84\u201395.","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-3223(94)91197-5"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0924-977X(96)00039-9_BIB51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kaplan, R.D., Szechtman, H., Franco, S., Szechtman, B., Nahmias, C., Garnett, E.S., List, S. and Cleghorn, J.M. (1993) Three clinical syndromes of schizophrenia in untreated subjects: relation to glucose activity measured by positron emission tomography (PET). Schizophr. Res. 11, 47\u201354.","DOI":"10.1016\/0920-9964(93)90037-J"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0924-977X(96)00039-9_BIB52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim, J.S., Kornhuber, H.H., Schmid-Burke, W. and Holzm\u00fcller, B. (1980) Low cerebrospinal fluid glutamate in schizophrenic patients and a new hypothesis on schizophrenia. Neurosci. Lett. 20, 379\u2013382.","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3940(80)90178-0"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0924-977X(96)00039-9_BIB53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kling, A.S., Metter, E.J., Riege, W.H. and Kuhl, D.E. (1986) Comparison of PET measurement of local brain glucose metabolism and CAT measurement of brain atrophy in chronic schizophrenia and depression. Am. J. Psychiatry 143, 175\u2013180.","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.143.2.175"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0924-977X(96)00039-9_BIB54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kornhuber, J., Mack-Burkhardt, F., Riederer, P., Hebenstreit, G.F., Reynolds, G.P., Andrews, H.B. and Beckmann, H. (1989) [3H]MK-801 binding sites in postmortem brain regions of schizophrenic patients. J. Neuronal. Transm. 77, 231\u2013236.","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01248936"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0924-977X(96)00039-9_BIB55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kozlowski, M.R. (1986) Effects of sigma agonist compounds on local cerebral glucose utilization: relationship to psychotomimetic properties. Brain Res. 376, 190\u2013193.","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(86)90916-9"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0924-977X(96)00039-9_BIB56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Krystal, J.H., Karper, L.P., Seibyl, J.P., Freeman, G.F., Delaney, R., Bremner, J.D., Heiniger, R., Bowers, M.B. and Charney, D.S. (1994) Subanesthetic effects of the noncompetitive NMDA antagonist, ketamine, in humans. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 51, 199\u2013214.","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1994.03950030035004"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0924-977X(96)00039-9_BIB57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lahti, A.C., Holcomb, H.H., Medoff, D.R. and Tamminga, C.A. (1995) Ketamine activates psychosis and alters limbic blood flow in schizophrenia. NeuroReport 6, 869\u2013872.","DOI":"10.1097\/00001756-199504190-00011"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0924-977X(96)00039-9_BIB58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liddle, P.F., Friston, K.J., Frith, C.D., Hirsch, S.R. and Frackowiak, R.S.J. (1992) Patterns of cerebral blood flow in schizophrenia. Br. J. Psychiatry 160, 179\u2013186.","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.160.2.179"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0924-977X(96)00039-9_BIB59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Luby, E.D., Cohen, B.D., Rosenbaum, G., Gottlieb, J.S. and Kelley, R. (1959) Study of a new schizophrenomimetic drug \u2013 Sernyl. Arch. Neurol. Psychiatry 81, 363\u2013369.","DOI":"10.1001\/archneurpsyc.1959.02340150095011"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0924-977X(96)00039-9_BIB60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Luby, E.D., Gottlieb, J.S., Cohen, B.D., Rosenbaum, G. and Domino, E.F. (1962) Model psychoses and schizophrenia. Am. J. Psychiatry 119, 61\u201367.","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.119.1.61"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0924-977X(96)00039-9_BIB61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mansbach, R.S. and Geyer, M.A. (1989) Effect of phencyclidine and phencyclidine biologs on sensorimotor gating in the rat. Neuropsychopharmacology 2, 299\u2013308.","DOI":"10.1016\/0893-133X(89)90035-3"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0924-977X(96)00039-9_BIB62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Meibach, R.C., Glick, S.D., Cox, R. and Maayani, S. (1979) Localisation of phencyclidine-induced changes in brain energy metabolism. Nature 282, 625\u2013626.","DOI":"10.1038\/282625a0"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0924-977X(96)00039-9_BIB63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moretti, R.J., Hassan, S.Z., Goodman, L.I. and Meltzer, H.Y. (1984) Comparison of ketamine and thiopental in healthy volunteers: Effects on mental status, mood, and personality. Anesth. Analg. 63, 1087\u20131096.","DOI":"10.1213\/00000539-198412000-00007"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0924-977X(96)00039-9_BIB64","unstructured":"Nabeshima, T., Yamaguchi, K., Ishikawa, K., Furukawa, H. and Kameyama, T. (1987) Potentiation in phencyclidine-induced serotonin-mediated behaviors after intracerebroventricular administration of 5,7-dihydoxytryptamine in rats. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 243(3), 1139\u20131146."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0924-977X(96)00039-9_BIB65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nelson, S.R., Howard, R.B., Cross, R.S. and Samson, F. (1980) Ketamine-induced changes in regional glucose utilisation in the rat brain. Anesthesiology 52, 330\u2013334.","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-198004000-00009"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0924-977X(96)00039-9_BIB66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Olney, J.W., Labruyere, J., Wang, G., Wozniak, D.F., Price, M.T. and Sesma, M.A. (1991) NMDA antagonists neurotoxicity: mechanism and prevention. Science 254, 1515\u20131518.","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1835799"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0924-977X(96)00039-9_BIB67","unstructured":"\u00d8ye, I., Hustveit, O., Maurset, A., Ratti Moberg, E., Paulsen, O. and Skoglund, L.A. (1991) The chiral forms of ketamine as probes for NMDA-receptor function in humans. In Kameyama, T., Nabeshima, T. and Domino, E.F. (Eds.), NMDA Receptor Related Agents: Biochemistry, Pharmacology and Behavior. NPP Books, Ann Arbor, MI, pp. 381\u2013389."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0924-977X(96)00039-9_BIB68","unstructured":"\u00d8ye, I., Paulsen, O. and Maurset, A. (1992) Effects of ketamine on sensory perception: Evidence for a role of N-methyl-d-aspartate receptors. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 260, 1209\u20131213."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0924-977X(96)00039-9_BIB69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Parellada, E., Catafau, A.M., Bernardo, M., Lome\u00f1a, F., Gonz\u00e1lez-Moncl\u00fas, E. and Setoain, J. (1994) Prefrontal dysfunction in young acute neuroleptic-naive schizophrenic patients: a resting and activation SPECT study. Psychiatry Res. Neuroimag. 55, 131\u2013139.","DOI":"10.1016\/0925-4927(94)90021-3"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0924-977X(96)00039-9_BIB70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Phelps, M.E., Huang, S.C., Hoffman, E.J., Selin, C., Sokoloff, L. and Kuhl, D.E. (1979) Tomographic measurement of local cerebral glucose metabolic rate in humans with [F18]2-fluoro-2-deoxy-d-glucose: validation of method. Ann. Neurol. 6, 371\u2013388.","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410060502"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0924-977X(96)00039-9_BIB71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Piercey, M.F. and Ray, C.A. (1988) Dramatic limbic and cortical effects mediated by high affinity PCP receptors. Life Sci. 43, 379\u2013385.","DOI":"10.1016\/0024-3205(88)90116-6"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0924-977X(96)00039-9_BIB72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Piercey, M.F., Hoffmann, W.E. and Kaczkofsky, P. (1988) Functional evidence for PCP-like effects of the anti-stroke candidate MK-801. Psychopharmacology (Berlin) 96, 561\u2013562.","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02180042"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0924-977X(96)00039-9_BIB73","unstructured":"Pribram, K.H. (1991) Brain and Perception. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc. Publishers, Hillsdale, NJ."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0924-977X(96)00039-9_BIB74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Quarum, M.L., Parker, J.D., Keana, J.F.W. and Weber, E. (1990) (+)-[3H]MK-801 binding sites in postmortem human brain. J. Neurochem. 54, 1163\u20131168.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.1990.tb01944.x"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0924-977X(96)00039-9_BIB75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rao, T.S., Kim, H.S., Lehmann, J., Martin, L.L. and Wood, P.L. (1990) Interactions of phencyclidine receptor agonist MK-801 with dopaminergic system: regional studies in the rat. J. Neurochem. 54, 1157\u20131162.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.1990.tb01943.x"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0924-977X(96)00039-9_BIB76","unstructured":"Reimherr, F.W., Wood, D.R. and Wender, P.H. (1986) The use of MK-801, a novel sympathomimetic, in adults with attention deficit disorders, residual type. Psychopharmacol. Bull. 22, 237\u2013242."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0924-977X(96)00039-9_BIB77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rhodes, C.G., Wise, R.J., Gibbs, J.M., Frackowiak, R.S., Hatazawa, J., Palmer, A.J., Thomas, D.G. and Jones, T. (1983) In vivo disturbance of the oxidative metabolism of glucose in human cerebral gliomas. Ann. Neurol. 14, 614\u2013626.","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410140604"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0924-977X(96)00039-9_BIB78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rosenbaum, G., Cohen, B.D., Luby, E.D., Gottlieb, J.S. and Yelen, D. (1959) Comparison of Sernyl with other drugs. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 1, 651\u2013656.","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1959.03590060113013"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0924-977X(96)00039-9_BIB79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Scharfetter, C. (1981) Ego-pychopathology: the concept and its empirical evaluation. Psychol. Med. 11, 273\u2013280.","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291700052090"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0924-977X(96)00039-9_BIB80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Scharfetter, C. (1987) Paranoid-halluzinatorische Zustandsbilder bei drogeninduzierten Psychosen. In: Olbrich, H.M. (Ed.), Halluzination und Wahn. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, pp. 42\u201351.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-93353-0_5"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0924-977X(96)00039-9_BIB81","unstructured":"Scharfetter, C. (1990) EPP (Ego-Psychopathology). Psychiatric University Hospital of Z\u00fcrich, Research Department, Z\u00fcrich."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0924-977X(96)00039-9_BIB82","unstructured":"Scharfetter, C. and Weber, A.C. (1985) Ich-Psychopathologie. Multivariate Datenanalyse zu einem ph\u00e4nomenologischen Konzept. In: von Pflug, B., Foerster, K. and Straube, E. (Eds.), Perspektiven der Schizophrenie-Forschung. Fischer, Stuttgart\u2013New York, pp. 15\u201323."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0924-977X(96)00039-9_BIB83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sheppard, G., Manchanda, C., Gruzelier, J., Hirsch, S.R., Wise, R., Frackowiak, R.J.S. and Jones, T. (1983) 15O Positron emission tomography scanning in predominantly never-treated acute schizophrenic patients. Lancet ii, 1448\u20131452.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(83)90798-5"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0924-977X(96)00039-9_BIB84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sherman, A.D., Hegwood, T.S., Baruah, S. and Waziri, R. (1991) Deficient NMDA-mediated glutamate release from synaptosomes of schizophrenics. Biol. Psychiatry 30, 1191\u20131198.","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-3223(91)90155-F"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0924-977X(96)00039-9_BIB85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Siegel, B.V.J., Buchsbaum, M.S., Bunney, W.E.J., Gottschalk, L.A., Haier, R.J., Lohr, J.B., Lottenberg, S., Najafi, A., Nuechterlein, K.H., Potkin, S.G. and Wu, J.C. (1993) Cortical-striatal-thalamic circuits and brain glucose metabolic activity in 70 unmedicated male schizophrenic patients. Am. J. Psychiatry 150, 1325\u20131336.","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.150.9.1325"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0924-977X(96)00039-9_BIB86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Simpson, M.D.C., Slater, P., Royston, M.C. and Deakin, J.F.W. (1992) Alterations in phencyclidine and sigma binding sites in schizophrenic brains. Schizophrenia Res. 6, 41\u201348.","DOI":"10.1016\/0920-9964(91)90019-N"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0924-977X(96)00039-9_BIB87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Slogoff, S., Allen, G.V., Wessels, J. and Cheney, D. (1974) Clinical experience with subanesthetic ketamine. Anesth. Analg. 53, 354\u2013358.","DOI":"10.1213\/00000539-197405000-00009"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0924-977X(96)00039-9_BIB88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Swerdlow, N.R., Braff, D.L., Taaid, N. and Geyer, M.A. (1994) Assessing the validity of an animal model of deficient sensorimotor gating in schizophrenic patients. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 51, 139\u2013154.","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1994.03950020063007"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0924-977X(96)00039-9_BIB89","unstructured":"Talairach, J. and Tournoux, P. (1988) Co-planar Stereotaxic Atlas of the Human Brain. Thieme, Stuttgart."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0924-977X(96)00039-9_BIB90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tamminga, C.A., Tanimoto, K., Kuo, S., Chase, T.N., Contreras, P.C., Rice, K.C., Jackson, A.E. and O'Donohue, T.L. (1987) PCP-induced alterations in cerebral glucose utilization in rat brain: blockade by metaphit, a PCP-receptor-acylating agent. Synapse 1, 497\u2013504.","DOI":"10.1002\/syn.890010514"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0924-977X(96)00039-9_BIB91","unstructured":"Troupin, A.S., Mendius, J.R., Cheng, F. and Risinger, M.W. (1986) MK-801. In: Meldrum, B.S. and Porter, R.J. (Eds.), Epilepsy. John Libbey and Company Ltd, London, pp. 191\u2013201."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0924-977X(96)00039-9_BIB92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Volkow, N.D., Brodie, J.D., Wolf, A.P., Angrist, B., Russell, J. and Cancro, R. (1986) Brain metabolism in patients with schizophrenia before and after acute neuroleptic administration. Neurosurg. Psychiatry 49, 1199\u20131202.","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.49.10.1199"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0924-977X(96)00039-9_BIB93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Volkow, N.D., Wolf, A.P., van Gelder, P., Brodie, J.D., Overall, J., Cancro, R. and Gomez-Mont, F. (1987) Phenomenological correlates of metabolic activity in 18 patients with chronic schizophrenia. Am. J. Psychiatry 144, 151\u2013158.","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.144.2.151"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0924-977X(96)00039-9_BIB94","unstructured":"Vollenweider, F.X. (1992) Die Anwendung von Psychotomimetika in der Schizophrenieforschung unter besonderer Ber\u00fccksichtigung der Ketamin\/PCP-Modell-Psychose. SUCHT 38, 389\u2013409."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0924-977X(96)00039-9_BIB95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Weissman, A.D., Dam, M. and London, E.D. (1987) Alterations in local glucose utilisation induced by phencyclidine. Brain Res. 435, 29\u201340.","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(87)91583-6"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0924-977X(96)00039-9_BIB96","unstructured":"Wiesel, F.A. (1989) Positron emission tomography in psychiatry. Psychiatr. Dev. 7, 19\u201347."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0924-977X(96)00039-9_BIB97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wiesel, F.A., Wik, G., Sj\u00f6rgren, I., Blomqvist, G., Greitz, T. and Stone-Elander, S. (1987) Regional brain glucose metabolism in drug free schizophrenic patients and clinical correlates. Acta Psychiatr. Scand. 76, 628\u2013641.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0447.1987.tb02933.x"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0924-977X(96)00039-9_BIB98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wilson, F.A.W., Scalaidhe, S.P.O. and Goldman-Rakic, P.S. (1993) Dissociation of object and spatial processing domains in primate prefrontal cortex. Science 260, 1955\u20131958.","DOI":"10.1126\/science.8316836"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0924-977X(96)00039-9_BIB99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Winters, W.D., Ferrar-Allado, T., Guzman-Flores, C. and Alcaraz, M. (1972) The cataleptic state induced by ketamine: a review of the neuropharmacology of anesthesia. Neuropharmacology 11, 303\u2013315.","DOI":"10.1016\/0028-3908(72)90016-0"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0924-977X(96)00039-9_BIB100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wolkin, A., Jaeger, J., Brodie, J., Wolf, A., Fowler, J., Rotrosen, J., Gomez-Mont, F. and Cancro, R. (1985) Persistence of cerebral metabolic abnormalities in chronic schizophrenia as determined by positron emission tomography. Am. J. Psychiatry 142, 564\u2013571.","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.142.5.564"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0924-977X(96)00039-9_BIB101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zeilhofer, H.U., Swandulla, D., Geisslinger, G. and Brune, K. (1992) Differential effects of ketamine enantiomers on NMDA receptor currents in cultured neurons. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 213, 155\u2013158.","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-2999(92)90248-3"}],"container-title":["European Neuropsychopharmacology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0924977X96000399?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0924977X96000399?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,30]],"date-time":"2019-04-30T20:22:23Z","timestamp":1556655743000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0924977X96000399"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1997,2]]},"references-count":101,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1997,2]]}},"alternative-id":["S0924977X96000399"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0924-977x(96)00039-9","relation":{},"ISSN":["0924-977X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0924-977X","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1997,2]]}}}