{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,5]],"date-time":"2024-12-05T05:30:10Z","timestamp":1733376610211,"version":"3.30.1"},"reference-count":139,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2001,8,1]],"date-time":"2001-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":996624000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Artificial Intelligence in Medicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2001,8]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/s0933-3657(01)00078-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2002,7,25]],"date-time":"2002-07-25T16:57:34Z","timestamp":1027616254000},"page":"111-127","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["AIM: a personal view of where I have been and where we might be going"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Alan","family":"Rector","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/S0933-3657(01)00078-1_BIB1","unstructured":"The OIL Home Page. www.ontoknowledge.org\/oil\/."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0933-3657(01)00078-1_BIB2","unstructured":"Agoncillo Jr AV, MJLV, Rosse C. Influence of the Digital Anatomist Foundational Model on traditional representations of anatomical concepts (Annual Symposium issue), J Am Med Inform Assoc 1999, pp. 2\u20136."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0933-3657(01)00078-1_BIB3","unstructured":"Alpay L, Baud R, Rassinoux A-M, Wagner J, Lovis C, Scherrer J-R. Artificial intelligence in medicine in Europe (AIME-93). Munich, 1993."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0933-3657(01)00078-1_BIB4","unstructured":"Artale A, Franconi E, Guarino N. Open problems for part-whole relations. In: International Workshop on Descripition Logics. Boston, MA, p. 1996. http:\/\/www.cs.man.ac.uk\/franconi-bin\/retrieve\/links\/franconi-papers\/part-papers\/part-dl96.dvi.gz."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0933-3657(01)00078-1_BIB5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169-023X(96)00013-4","article-title":"Part-whole relations in object-centered systems: an overview","volume":"20","author":"Artale","year":"1996","journal-title":"Data Knowledge Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0933-3657(01)00078-1_BIB6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Baader F, Hollunder B. A terminological knowledge representation system with complete inference algorithm. In: Proceedings of the Workshop on Processing Declarative Knowledge, PDK0-91 (Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence #567). New York: Springer, 1991, pp. 67\u201386.","DOI":"10.1007\/BFb0013522"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0933-3657(01)00078-1_BIB7","unstructured":"Baker P, Brass A, Bechhover S, Goble C, Paton N, Stevens R. TAMBIS: Transparent access to multiple bioinformatics information sources. An overview. In: Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Intelligent Systems for Molecular Biology, ISMB 98. Montreal, 1998, pp. 25\u201334."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0933-3657(01)00078-1_BIB8","unstructured":"Bateman JA. Upper modelling: a general organization of knowledge for natural language processing. Penman Development Note: USC\/Information Sciences Institute, 1989."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0933-3657(01)00078-1_BIB9","unstructured":"Baud R, Lovis C, Alpay L, Rassinoux A-M, Scherrer J-R, Nowlan A, et al., Modelling for natural language understanding. In: Safran C, editor. Proceedings of the Seventeenth Annual Symposium on Computer Applications in Medical Care (SCAMC-93) Washington, DC: McGraw-Hill, 1993, pp. 289\u201393."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0933-3657(01)00078-1_BIB10","unstructured":"Baud RH, Rodrigues J-M, Wagner JC, Rassinoux A-M, Lovis C, Rush P, et al., Validation of concept representation using natural language generation. J Am Med Inform Assoc 1997;(Fall Symposium Supple):841."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0933-3657(01)00078-1_BIB11","unstructured":"Berners Lee T. Semantic Web Road Map. www.w3.org\/DesignIssues\/Semantic.html."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/S0933-3657(01)00078-1_BIB12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.1109\/69.469829","article-title":"Description logics in data management","volume":"7","author":"Borgida","year":"1995","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Knowledge Data Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0933-3657(01)00078-1_BIB13","unstructured":"Brachman R, Fikes R, Levesque H. An essential hybrid reasoning system knowledge and symbol level accounts of KRYPTON. In: Proceedings of the International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence (IJCAI-85). Morgan Kaufmann, 1985, pp. 532\u20139."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0933-3657(01)00078-1_BIB14","unstructured":"Brachman R, Levesque H. The tractability of subsumption in frame-based description languages. In: AAAI-84. Morgan Kaufman, 1984, pp. 34\u20137."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/S0933-3657(01)00078-1_BIB15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1207\/s15516709cog0902_1","article-title":"An overview of the KL-ONE knowledge representation system","volume":"9","author":"Brachman","year":"1985","journal-title":"Cognitive Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0933-3657(01)00078-1_BIB16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"548","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.321.7260.548","article-title":"Identifying patients with ischaemic heart disease in general practice: cross ssectional study of paper and computerised medical records","volume":"321","author":"Bray","year":"2000","journal-title":"Br. Med. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0933-3657(01)00078-1_BIB17","unstructured":"Brickley D, Guha RV. Resource description framework (RDF) schema specification 1.0. www.w3.org\/TR\/2000\/CR-rdf-schema-20000327\/."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0933-3657(01)00078-1_BIB18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brook J, Sheldon M, Rector A. Decision making in general practice. London: Macmillan, 1985.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-349-07159-3"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0933-3657(01)00078-1_BIB19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"426","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0038-1634554","article-title":"Scalable methodologies for distributed development of logic-based convergent medical terminology","volume":"37","author":"Campbell","year":"1998","journal-title":"Meth. Inform. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0933-3657(01)00078-1_BIB20","unstructured":"Campbell K, Cohn S, Chute C, Rennels G, Shortliffe E. G\u00e1lapagos: computer-based support for evolution of a convergent medical terminology. In: Cimino J, editor. AMIA Fall Symposium. Washington, DC: Hanley and Belfus, 1996, pp. 269\u201373."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0933-3657(01)00078-1_BIB21","unstructured":"Campbell KE, Tuttle MS, Spackman KA. A lexically-suggested logical closure metric for medical terminology maturity (Fall Symposium special issue). J Am Med Inform Assoc 1998, pp. 785\u2013789."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/S0933-3657(01)00078-1_BIB22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1016\/S0933-3657(98)00043-8","article-title":"Syntactic-semantic tagging as a mediator between linguistic representations and formal modals: an exercise in linking SNOMED to GALEN","volume":"15","author":"Ceusters","year":"1999","journal-title":"Artif. Intell. Med."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/S0933-3657(01)00078-1_BIB23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1136\/jamia.1996.96310636","article-title":"The content coverage of clinical classifications. For the computer-based patient record institute\u2019s work group on codes and structure","volume":"3","author":"Chute","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Am. Med. Inform. Assoc."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/S0933-3657(01)00078-1_BIB24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1136\/jamia.1994.95236160","article-title":"Controlled medical vocabulary construction: methods from the canon group","volume":"1","author":"Cimino","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Am. Med. Inform. Assoc."},{"issue":"4\/5","key":"10.1016\/S0933-3657(01)00078-1_BIB25","first-page":"394","article-title":"Desiderata for controlled medical vocabularies in the twenty-first century","volume":"37","author":"Cimino","year":"1998","journal-title":"Meth. Inform. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0933-3657(01)00078-1_BIB26","unstructured":"Cimino J, Clayton PD. Coping with changing controlled vocabularies. In: Ozboldt JG, editor. Proceedings of the Eighteenth Annual Symposium on Computer Applications in Medical Care. Washington, DC: Hanley and Belfus, Philadelphia, PA, 1994, pp. 135\u20139."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/S0933-3657(01)00078-1_BIB27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1136\/jamia.1994.95236135","article-title":"Knowledge-based approaches to the maintenance of a large controlled medical terminology","volume":"1","author":"Cimino","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Am. Med. Inform. Assoc."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0933-3657(01)00078-1_BIB28","unstructured":"College of American Pathologists. SNOMED Home Page. www.snomed.org."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0933-3657(01)00078-1_BIB29","unstructured":"Cowell RG, Dawid AP, Lauritzen SL, Spiegelhalter DJ. Probabilistic networks and expert systems. Berlin: Springer, 1999."},{"issue":"77","key":"10.1016\/S0933-3657(01)00078-1_BIB30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.1973.0062","article-title":"Surgical diagnosis assited by a computer","volume":"184","author":"de Dombal","year":"1977","journal-title":"Proc. R. Soc. Lond. Ser. B (Biol. Sci.)"},{"issue":"904","key":"10.1016\/S0933-3657(01)00078-1_BIB31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"376","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.1.5904.376","article-title":"Human and computer-aided diagnosis of abdominal pain: further report with emphasis on performance of clinicians","volume":"1","author":"de Dombal","year":"1974","journal-title":"Br. Med. J."},{"issue":"5804","key":"10.1016\/S0933-3657(01)00078-1_BIB32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.2.5804.9","article-title":"Computer-aided diagnosis of acute abdominal pain","volume":"2","author":"de Dombal","year":"1972","journal-title":"Br. Med. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0933-3657(01)00078-1_BIB33","first-page":"33","article-title":"Computers and the surgeon \u2014 a matter of decision","volume":"11","author":"de Dombal","year":"1979","journal-title":"Surg. Ann."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0933-3657(01)00078-1_BIB34","unstructured":"Doyle J, Patil R. Two dogmas of knowledge representation: language restrictions, taxonomic classification, and the utility of representation services. Report no. MIT\/LCS\/TM-387. Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1989."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0933-3657(01)00078-1_BIB35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1016\/0004-3702(91)90029-J","article-title":"Two theses of knowledge representation: language restrictions, taxonomic classification and the utility of representation services","volume":"48","author":"Doyle","year":"1991","journal-title":"Artif. Intell."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0933-3657(01)00078-1_BIB36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/0004-3702(87)90081-6","article-title":"Formalising nonmonotonic reasoning systems","volume":"31","author":"Etherington","year":"1987","journal-title":"Artif. Intell."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/S0933-3657(01)00078-1_BIB37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1136\/jamia.1994.95236153","article-title":"The canon group. Position statement: towards a medical concept representation language","volume":"1","author":"Evans","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Am. Med. Inform. Assoc."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0933-3657(01)00078-1_BIB38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0038-1634684","article-title":"An ontology-based multi-agent architecture for distributed health-care information systems","volume":"36","author":"Falasconi","year":"1997","journal-title":"Meth. Inform. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0933-3657(01)00078-1_BIB39","unstructured":"Farquhar A, Fikes R, Pratt W, Rice J. Collaborative ontology construction for information integration. Technical Report: Report no. KSL-95-63. Vol. 1996. Knowledge Systems Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, 1995."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0933-3657(01)00078-1_BIB40","unstructured":"Feigenbaum EA, Feldman J, Armer P, editors. Computers and Thought. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1968 (reissued 1999)."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0933-3657(01)00078-1_BIB41","unstructured":"Fikes R, Cutkosky M, Gruber T, Baalen JV. Knowledge sharing technology \u2014 project overview: Report No.: KSL-91-71. Knowledge Sharing Laboratory, Stanford University, November 1991."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0933-3657(01)00078-1_BIB42","unstructured":"Fox J, Das S. Safe and sound. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2000."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/S0933-3657(01)00078-1_BIB43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1016\/0933-3657(90)90007-E","article-title":"Logic engineering for knowledge engineering; design and implementation of the Oxford system of medicine","volume":"2","author":"Fox","year":"1990","journal-title":"Artif. Intell. Med."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/S0933-3657(01)00078-1_BIB44","first-page":"217","article-title":"Decision support and disease management: a logic engineering approach","volume":"4","author":"Fox","year":"1999","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Inform. Technol. Biomed."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0933-3657(01)00078-1_BIB45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Franconi E. A Semantic approach for schema evolution and versioning in object-oriented databases. In: Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Rules and Objects in Databases (DOOD 2000). London, 2000.","DOI":"10.1007\/3-540-44957-4_70"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0933-3657(01)00078-1_BIB46","unstructured":"Franconi E, Baader F, Sattler U, Vassiliadis P. Multidimensional data models and aggregation. In: Jarke M, Lenzerini M, editors. Fundamentals of data warehousing. Berlin: Springer, 1999, pp. 9\u201321."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/S0933-3657(01)00078-1_BIB47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1136\/jamia.1994.95236155","article-title":"A schema for representing medical language applied to clinical radiology","volume":"1","author":"Friedman","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Am. Med. Inform. Assoc."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0933-3657(01)00078-1_BIB48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1136\/jamia.1999.0060076","article-title":"Representing information in patient reports using natural language processing and the extensible markup language","volume":"6","author":"Friedman","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Am. Med. Inform. Assoc."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0933-3657(01)00078-1_BIB49","unstructured":"Goble C. TAMBIS Project summary and documentation. Web Page: University of Manchester, 1996. Report no. http:\/\/www.ca.man.ac.uk\/mig\/tambis\/."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0933-3657(01)00078-1_BIB50","unstructured":"Goble C, Haw C, Bechhofer S. Describing and classifying multimedia using the description logic GRAIL. In: Proceedings of the SPIE Conference on Storage and Retrieval of Still Image and Vidio IV, SPIE Vol. 2670. San Jose, 1995, pp. 132\u201343."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0933-3657(01)00078-1_BIB51","unstructured":"Grosso WE, Eriksson H, Fergerson RW, Gennari JH, Tu SW, Musen MA. Knowledge modelling at the millenium (the design and evolution of Protege-2000). In: Knowledge Acqusition Workshop (KAW-99), Banf, Canada, 1999."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0933-3657(01)00078-1_BIB52","unstructured":"Gruber TR. Toward principles for the design of ontologies used for knowledge sharing. Knowledge Systems Laboratory, Stanford University, 1993. Report no. KSL-93-04."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0933-3657(01)00078-1_BIB53","unstructured":"Hahn U, Schulz S, Romacker M. Partonomic reasoning as taxonomic reasoning in medicine. In: Proceedings of the 16th National Conference on Artificial Intelligence and 11th Innovative Applications of Artificial Intelligence (AAAI-99\/IAAI-99) Orlando, FL: AAAI Press\/MIT Press, 1999, pp. 271\u20136."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/S0933-3657(01)00078-1_BIB54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1109\/5254.796091","article-title":"Part-whole reasoning: a case study in medical ontology engineering","volume":"14","author":"Hahn","year":"1999","journal-title":"IEEE Intell. Syst. Appl."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0933-3657(01)00078-1_BIB55","unstructured":"Haw D, Goble C, Rector A. GUIDANCE: Making it easy for the user to be an expert. In: Second International Workshop on user Interfaces to Databases. New York: Springer, 1994, pp. 19\u201344."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0933-3657(01)00078-1_BIB56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hersh W. Information retrieval: a health care perspective. Berlin: Springer, 1996.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4757-2529-2"},{"issue":"6-part 1","key":"10.1016\/S0933-3657(01)00078-1_BIB57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"928","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-103-6-928","article-title":"The treatment advice of a computer-based cancer chemotherapy protocol advisor","volume":"103","author":"Hickam","year":"1985","journal-title":"Ann. Inter. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0933-3657(01)00078-1_BIB58","unstructured":"Horan B, Rector A, Sneath E, Goble C, Howkins T, Kay S, et al., Supporting a humanly impossible task: the clinical human-computer environment. In: Diaper D, editor. Interact 90. Amsterdam: Elsevier North-Holland, 1990, pp. 247\u201352."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0933-3657(01)00078-1_BIB59","unstructured":"Horrocks I. Using an expressive description logic: fact or fiction. In: Cohn AG, Schubert LK, Shapiro SC, editors. Principles of knowledge representation and reasoning. Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Knowledge Representation (KR 98). San Francisco, CA: Morgan Kaufmann, 1998, in press."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/S0933-3657(01)00078-1_BIB60","first-page":"293","article-title":"Practical reasoning for very expressive description logics","volume":"8","author":"Horrocks","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Interest Group Pure Appl. Logics (IGPL)"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0933-3657(01)00078-1_BIB61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1093\/jmp\/8.1.77","article-title":"What kind of expert should a system be?","volume":"8","author":"Johnson","year":"1983","journal-title":"J. Med. Philos."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0933-3657(01)00078-1_BIB62","unstructured":"Johnson P, Duran A, Hassebrock F, Moller J, Pietula M, Feltovich P, et al., Expertise and error in diagnostic reasoning. Cognitive Sci 1983;3:91\u2013118."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0933-3657(01)00078-1_BIB63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1016\/0030-5073(82)90218-5","article-title":"Multimethod study of clinical judgement","volume":"30","author":"Johnson","year":"1983","journal-title":"Org. Behav. Hum. Perform."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/S0933-3657(01)00078-1_BIB64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9343(82)90187-5","article-title":"Towards a theory of clinical expertise","volume":"73","author":"Kassirer","year":"1982","journal-title":"Am. J. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0933-3657(01)00078-1_BIB65","unstructured":"Kirby J, Cope N, Souza Ad, Fowler H, Gain R. The PEN&PAD data entry system. In: Brender J, Christensen J, Scherrer J-R, McNair P, editors. Medical Informatics Europe (MIE-96). Copenhagen: IOS Press, 1996, pp. 430\u20134."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0933-3657(01)00078-1_BIB66","unstructured":"Kirby J, Rector AL. The PEN&PAD data entry system: from prototype to practical system. In: Cimino J, editor. AMIA Fall Symposium. Washington, DC: Hanley and Belfus, 1996, pp. 709\u201313."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0933-3657(01)00078-1_BIB67","unstructured":"Kohn LT, Corrigan JM, Donaldson MS, editors. To err is human: building a safer health system. Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 2000."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0933-3657(01)00078-1_BIB68","unstructured":"Lassila O, Swick RR. Resource Description Framework (RDF) Model and Syntax Specification. www.w3.org\/TR\/REC-rdf-syntax\/."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0933-3657(01)00078-1_BIB69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2517-6161.1988.tb01721.x","article-title":"Local computations with probabilities on graphical structures and their application to expert systems","volume":"50","author":"Lauritzen","year":"1988","journal-title":"J. R. Stat. Soc., Ser. B"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0933-3657(01)00078-1_BIB70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1126\/science.130.3366.9","article-title":"Reasoning foundations of medical diagnosis","volume":"130","author":"Ledley","year":"1969","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0933-3657(01)00078-1_BIB71","unstructured":"Lenat DB, Guha RV. Building large knowledge-based systems: representation and inference in the Cyc project. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley, 1989."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0933-3657(01)00078-1_BIB72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lindberg D, Humphreys B, McCray A. The unified medical language system. In: van Bemmel J, editor. Yearbook of medical informatics. International Medical Informatics Association, Amsterdam, 1993, pp. 41\u201353.","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0038-1637976"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0933-3657(01)00078-1_BIB73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1136\/jamia.1999.0060163","article-title":"A model for enhancing internet medical document retrieval with medical core metadata","volume":"6","author":"Malet","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Am. Med. Inform. Assoc."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0933-3657(01)00078-1_BIB74","unstructured":"Mejino JLV, Rosse C. Conceptualization of anatomical spatial entities in the digital anatomist foundation model (Annual Symposium special issue). J Am Med Inform Assoc 1999, pp. 112\u20136."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0933-3657(01)00078-1_BIB75","unstructured":"Miller DER. Final Task Report (Task 2) \u2014 Unified Medical language System (UMLS) Project: Initial Phase in Developing Representations for Mapping Meedical Knowledge: Internist-I\/QMR,HELP and MeSH. Laboratory for Computational Linguistics, Carnegie Mellon University, 1987. Report no. CMU-LCL-87-1."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0933-3657(01)00078-1_BIB76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"468","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198208193070803","article-title":"Internist-I, an experimental computer-based diagnostic consultant for general internal medicine","volume":"397","author":"Miller","year":"1982","journal-title":"New Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0933-3657(01)00078-1_BIB77","unstructured":"Minsky M, Papert S. Perceptrons: Introduction to computational geometry. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1970, pp. 1988."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0933-3657(01)00078-1_BIB78","unstructured":"Musen M. Modern architectures for intelligent systems: reusable ontologies and problem-solving methods. J Am Med Inform Assoc 1998;(Symposium Suppl):46\u201354."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0933-3657(01)00078-1_BIB79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Musen M, Tu S, Das A, Shahar Y. A component-based architecture for automation of protocol-directed therapy. In: Barahona P, Stefanelli M, Wyatt J, editors. Proceedings of the Fifth Conference on Artificial Intelligence in Medicine Europe (AIME 1995) Pavia, Italy: Springer, 1995, pp. 3\u201316.","DOI":"10.1007\/3-540-60025-6_121"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0933-3657(01)00078-1_BIB80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1136\/jamia.1996.97084511","article-title":"EON: a component-based architecture for automation of protocol-directed therapy","volume":"3","author":"Musen","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Am. Med. Inform. Assoc."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0933-3657(01)00078-1_BIB81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nowlan W, Kay S, Rector A, Horan B, Wilson A. PEN&PAD: a multi-lingual patient care workstation based on a unified representation of the medical record and medical terminology. In: Adlassnig K-P, Grabner G, Bengtsson S, Hansen R, editors. Medical informatics Europe (MIE-91) Vienna: Springer, 1991, pp. 1043\u201348.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-93503-9_188"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0933-3657(01)00078-1_BIB82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nowlan W, Rector A. Medical knowledge representation and Predictive data entry. In: Stefanelli M, Hasman A, Fiesch M, Talmon J, editors. Artificial intelligence in medicine Europe (AIME-91) Maastricht: Springer, 1991, pp. 105\u201316.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-48650-0_8"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0933-3657(01)00078-1_BIB83","unstructured":"Nowlan W, Rector A, Kay S, Horan B, Wilson A. A patient care workstation based on a user centred design and a formal theory of medical terminology: PEN&PAD and the SMK formalism. In: Clayton P, editor. Proceedings of the Fifteenth Annual Symposium on Computer Applications in Medical Care. SCAMC-91. Washington, DC: McGraw-Hill, 1991, pp. 855\u20137."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0933-3657(01)00078-1_BIB84","unstructured":"Nowlan W, Rector A, Rush T, Solomon W. From terminology to terminology services. In: Proceedings of the 18th Annual Symposium on Computer Applications in Medical Care (SCAMC-94) Washington, DC, 1994, pp. 150\u20134."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0933-3657(01)00078-1_BIB85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/0020-7101(94)90012-4","article-title":"Clinical workstation: identifying clinical requirements and understanding clinical information","volume":"34","author":"Nowlan","year":"1994","journal-title":"Int. J. Bio-Med. Comput."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/S0933-3657(01)00078-1_BIB86","first-page":"10","article-title":"Six different kinds of composition","volume":"5","author":"Odell","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Object Ori. Programm."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/S0933-3657(01)00078-1_BIB87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/S0933-3657(98)00045-1","article-title":"Representing change in controlled medical vocabularies","volume":"15","author":"Oliver","year":"1999","journal-title":"Artif. Intell. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0933-3657(01)00078-1_BIB88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Padgham L, Lambrix P. A framework for part-of hierarchies in terminological logics. In: Sandewall E, Torasso P, editors. KR-94. 1994, pp. 485\u201396.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-1-4832-1452-8.50140-8"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0933-3657(01)00078-1_BIB89","unstructured":"Patil R, Szolovits P, Schwartz W. Information acquisition in diagnosis. In: Proceedings of the Conference of the American Association for Artificial Intelligence (AAAI-82). Morgan Freeman, 1982, pp. 345\u20138."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0933-3657(01)00078-1_BIB90","unstructured":"Patil R, Szolovits P, Schwartz WB. Modelling knowledge of the patient in acid\u2013base and electrolyte disorders. In: Szolovits P, editor. Proceedings of the AAAS Symposium 51 on Artificial Intelligence in Medicine. Boulder Colorado: Westview Press, 1982."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/S0933-3657(01)00078-1_BIB91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"981","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9343(76)90570-2","article-title":"Towards the simulation of clinical cognition. Taking a present illness by computer","volume":"60","author":"Pauker","year":"1976","journal-title":"Am. J. Med."},{"issue":"1241","key":"10.1016\/S0933-3657(01)00078-1_BIB92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.1990.0088","article-title":"Human error and the problem of causality in analysis of accidents","volume":"327","author":"Rasmussen","year":"1990","journal-title":"Philos. Trans. R. Soc. London, Ser. B: Biol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0933-3657(01)00078-1_BIB93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0038-1634561","article-title":"Modeling just the important and relevant concepts in medical language understanding","volume":"37","author":"Rassinoux","year":"1998","journal-title":"Meth. Inform. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0933-3657(01)00078-1_BIB94","unstructured":"Reason J, Mycielska K. Absent-minded? The psychology of mental lapses and everyday errors. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1982."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0933-3657(01)00078-1_BIB95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rector A. Coordinating taxonomies: key to re-usable concept representations. In: Barahona P, Stefanelli M, Wyatt J, editors. Proceedings of the Fifth conference on Artificial Intelligence in Medicine Europe (AIME 1995) Pavia, Italy: Springer, 1995, pp. 17\u201328.","DOI":"10.1007\/3-540-60025-6_122"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0933-3657(01)00078-1_BIB96","unstructured":"Rector A. The knowledge based medical record \u2014 IMMEDIATE-I \u2014 a basis for decision support in general practice. In: Lotto Id, Stefanelli M, editors. Inaugural European Conference on Artificial Intelligence in Medicine (AIME-85) Pavia, Italy: North Holland Press, 1985, pp. 37\u201349."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/S0933-3657(01)00078-1_BIB97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0038-1634939","article-title":"Marking up is not enough","volume":"32","author":"Rector","year":"1993","journal-title":"Meth. Inform. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0933-3657(01)00078-1_BIB98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1016\/0010-4809(75)90035-X","article-title":"Evaluation rules for sequential diagnosis","volume":"8","author":"Rector","year":"1975","journal-title":"Comput. Biomed. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0933-3657(01)00078-1_BIB99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1016\/S0933-3657(96)00369-7","article-title":"The GRAIL concept modelling language for medical terminology","volume":"9","author":"Rector","year":"1997","journal-title":"Artif. Intell. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0933-3657(01)00078-1_BIB100","unstructured":"Rector A, Brooke J, Sheldon M, PD N. An analysis of uncertainty in British general practice: implications of a preliminary survey. In: Hunter J, Cookson J, Wyatt J, editors. Proceedings of the Second European Conference on Artificial Intelligence in Medicine (AIME-89). Springer, 1989, pp. 104\u201311."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/S0933-3657(01)00078-1_BIB101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1136\/jamia.1995.95202545","article-title":"Medical concept models and medical records: an approach based on GALEN and PEN&PAD","volume":"2","author":"Rector","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Am. Med. Inform. Assoc."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0933-3657(01)00078-1_BIB102","unstructured":"Rector A, Nowlan W, Glowinski A. goals for concept representation in the GALEN project. In: Proceedings of the 17th Annual Symposium on Computer Applications in Medical Care (SCAMC-93). New York: McGraw-Hill, 1993, pp. 414\u20138."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0933-3657(01)00078-1_BIB103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0038-1634836","article-title":"Foundations for an electronic medical record","volume":"30","author":"Rector","year":"1991","journal-title":"Meth. Inform. Med."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/S0933-3657(01)00078-1_BIB104","first-page":"109","article-title":"A framework for modelling the electronic medical record","volume":"32","author":"Rector","year":"1992","journal-title":"Meth. Inform. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0933-3657(01)00078-1_BIB105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0038-1634418","article-title":"Clinical terminology: why is it so hard?","volume":"38","author":"Rector","year":"1999","journal-title":"Meth. Inform. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0933-3657(01)00078-1_BIB106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rector AL, Zanstra PE, Solomon WD, Rogers JE, Baud R, Ceusters W, et al., Reconciling users\u2019 needs and formal requirements: issues in developing a re-usable ontology for medicine. IEEE Trans Inform Technol BioMed 1999;2(4):229\u201342.","DOI":"10.1109\/4233.737578"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0933-3657(01)00078-1_BIB107","unstructured":"Rosse C, Shapiro IG, Brinkley JF. The digital anatomist foundational model: principles for defining and structuring its concept domain (Fall symposium special issue). J Am Med Inform Assoc 1998."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0933-3657(01)00078-1_BIB108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0038-1634542","article-title":"Standrds to support develoment of terminological systems for healthcare telematics","volume":"37","author":"Rossi Mori","year":"1998","journal-title":"Meth. Inform. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0933-3657(01)00078-1_BIB109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sager JC. A practical course in terminology processing. Amersterdam\/Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Co, 1990.","DOI":"10.1075\/z.44"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/S0933-3657(01)00078-1_BIB110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1136\/jamia.1994.95236145","article-title":"Natural language processing and the representation of clinical data","volume":"1","author":"Sager","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Am. Med. Inform. Soc."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0933-3657(01)00078-1_BIB111","unstructured":"Sattler U. A concept language for an engineering application with part-whole relations. In: International Workshop on Description Logics \u2014 DL-95. Rome, 1995, pp. 119\u201323."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0933-3657(01)00078-1_BIB112","unstructured":"Schreiber A, van Heijst G, Lanzola G, Stefanelli M. Knowledge organisation in medical KBS construction. In: Andreassen S, Engelbrecht R, Wyatt J, editors. Proceedings of the Fourth Conference on Artificial Intelligence in Medicine Europe. Munich: IOS Press, 1993, pp. 394\u2013405."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/S0933-3657(01)00078-1_BIB113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1016\/0004-3702(93)90081-L","article-title":"The complexity of path-based defeasible inheritance","volume":"62","author":"Selman","year":"1993","journal-title":"Artif. Intell."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0933-3657(01)00078-1_BIB114","unstructured":"Shadbolt N. Linking structured knowledge elicitation techniques with Common KADS knowledge analysis techniques. In: AAAI-94. 1994, submitted for publication."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/S0933-3657(01)00078-1_BIB115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"544","DOI":"10.1016\/0010-4809(73)90029-3","article-title":"An artificial intelligence program to advise physicians regarding antimicrobial therapy","volume":"6","author":"Shortliffe","year":"1973","journal-title":"Comput. Biomed. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0933-3657(01)00078-1_BIB116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.1136\/jamia.1994.95153429","article-title":"Grand challenges in medical informatics","volume":"1","author":"Sittig","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Am. Med. Inform. Assoc."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0933-3657(01)00078-1_BIB117","unstructured":"Solomon W, Heathfield H. Conceptual modelling used to represent drug interactions. In: Barahona P, Veloso M, Bryant J, editors. Proceedings of the Twelfth International Congress of the European Federation for Medical Informatics, MIE-94. Lisbon, Portugal, 1994, pp. 186\u201390."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0933-3657(01)00078-1_BIB118","unstructured":"Solomon W, Roberts A, Rogers J, Wroe C, Rector A. Having our cake and eating it too: how the GALEN intermediate representation reconciles internal complexity with users\u2019 requirements for appropriateness and simplicity (Fall Symposium special issue). J Am Med Inform Assoc 2000, in press."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0933-3657(01)00078-1_BIB119","unstructured":"Spackman KA, Campbell KE, C\u00f4t\u00e9 RA. SNOMED-RT: a reference terminology for health care (Symposium special issue). J Am Med Inform Assoc (JAMIA) 1997, pp. 640\u20134."},{"issue":"6445","key":"10.1016\/S0933-3657(01)00078-1_BIB120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.289.6445.567","article-title":"Computer aided decision making in medicine","volume":"289","author":"Spiegelhalter","year":"1984","journal-title":"Br. Med. J. (Clin. Res. Edi.)"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0933-3657(01)00078-1_BIB121","unstructured":"Swartout W, Patil R, Knight K, Russ T. Toward distrtibuted use of large-scale ontologies. In: Gaines B, Musen M, editors. Proceedings of the Tenth Annual Knowledge Acquisition for Knowledge-Based Systems Workshop (KAW96), Banf, Canada, 1996."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0933-3657(01)00078-1_BIB122","unstructured":"Szolovits P. Guardian Angels. www.ga.or\/ga\/."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0933-3657(01)00078-1_BIB123","unstructured":"Touretzky D. The mathematics of inheritance systems. Los Altos, CA: Morgan Kaufmann, 1986."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0933-3657(01)00078-1_BIB124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1016\/0933-3657(95)00006-R","article-title":"Ontology-based configuration of problem-solving methods and generation of knowledge-acquisition tools \u2014 application of PROTEGE-II to protocol-based decision-support","volume":"7","author":"Tu","year":"1995","journal-title":"Artif. Intell. Med."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/S0933-3657(01)00078-1_BIB125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1136\/jamia.1994.95236161","article-title":"The position of the canon group: a reality check","volume":"1","author":"Tuttle","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Am. Med. Inform. Assoc."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/S0933-3657(01)00078-1_BIB126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1016\/0933-3657(95)00005-Q","article-title":"A case-study in ontology library construction","volume":"7","author":"Vanheijst","year":"1995","journal-title":"Artif. Intell. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0933-3657(01)00078-1_BIB127","unstructured":"Wagner J, Rassinoux A-M, Baud R, Scherrer J-R. Generating noun phrases from a medical knowledge representation. In: Barahona P, Veloso M, Bryant J, editors. Proceedings of the Twelfth International Congress of the European Federation for Medical Informatics, MIE-94. Lisbon, Portugal, 1994, pp. 218\u201323."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/S0933-3657(01)00078-1_BIB128","first-page":"17","article-title":"Can the PROMIS be kept? MOBIUS","volume":"3","author":"Weed","year":"1983","journal-title":"J. Alliance Continuing Med. Edu. Soc. Med. College Dir. Continuing Med. Edu."},{"issue":"4\/5","key":"10.1016\/S0933-3657(01)00078-1_BIB129","first-page":"279","article-title":"Clinical judgment revisited","volume":"38","author":"Weed","year":"1999","journal-title":"Meth. Inform. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0933-3657(01)00078-1_BIB130","unstructured":"Weed L. Medical records, medical education and patient care: the problem oriented medical record as a basic tool. Cleveland: Case Western Reserve Press, 1971."},{"issue":"7102","key":"10.1016\/S0933-3657(01)00078-1_BIB131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.315.7102.231","article-title":"New connections between medical knowledge and patient care","volume":"315","author":"Weed","year":"1997","journal-title":"Br. Med. J."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/S0933-3657(01)00078-1_BIB132","first-page":"284","article-title":"Problem-knowledge coupling","volume":"21","author":"Weed","year":"1987","journal-title":"Med. Instrum."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0933-3657(01)00078-1_BIB133","unstructured":"Wielinga B, van de Velde W, Schreiber G, Akkermans H. The KADS knowledge modelling approach. In: The Japanese Knowledge Acquisition Workshop (JKAW 1992), 1992."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0933-3657(01)00078-1_BIB134","unstructured":"Wielinga R, van de Velde W, Schreiber G, Akkermans H. Expertise model defintion document: common KADS project report, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, 1993."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/S0933-3657(01)00078-1_BIB135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1002\/bjs.1800640407","article-title":"Diagnosis of acute abdominal pain in the accident and emergency department","volume":"64","author":"Wilson","year":"1977","journal-title":"Br. J. Surg."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0933-3657(01)00078-1_BIB136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1207\/s15516709cog1104_2","article-title":"A taxonomy of part-whole relations","volume":"11","author":"Winston","year":"1987","journal-title":"Cognitive Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0933-3657(01)00078-1_BIB137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/0898-1221(92)90139-9","article-title":"The KL-ONE family","volume":"23","author":"Wood","year":"1992","journal-title":"Comput. Math. Appl."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0933-3657(01)00078-1_BIB138","unstructured":"Zanstra P, Claassen W, Haring Evd. A natural language generator in Rois. LINKS 1997(2):http:\/\/ehm.kun.nl\/mi\/project\/rois\/newsltr\/Links2\/Paper4\/paper4.htm."},{"issue":"1\u20133","key":"10.1016\/S0933-3657(01)00078-1_BIB139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/S1386-5056(97)00115-9","article-title":"Coding systems and classifications in healthcare: the link to the record","volume":"48","author":"Zanstra","year":"1998","journal-title":"Int. J. Med. Inform."}],"container-title":["Artificial Intelligence in Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0933365701000781?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0933365701000781?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,4]],"date-time":"2024-12-04T16:56:32Z","timestamp":1733331392000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0933365701000781"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2001,8]]},"references-count":139,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2001,8]]}},"alternative-id":["S0933365701000781"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0933-3657(01)00078-1","relation":{},"ISSN":["0933-3657"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0933-3657"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2001,8]]}}}