{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,20]],"date-time":"2026-02-20T04:42:59Z","timestamp":1771562579254,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2003,3,1]],"date-time":"2003-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1046476800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Artificial Intelligence in Medicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2003,3]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/s0933-3657(03)00009-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2003,4,4]],"date-time":"2003-04-04T22:33:30Z","timestamp":1049495610000},"page":"335-366","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":35,"title":["A multi-agent intelligent environment for medical knowledge"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"Rosa M","family":"Vicari","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cecilia D","family":"Flores","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andr\u00e9 M","family":"Silvestre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Louise J","family":"Seixas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marcelo","family":"Ladeira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Helder","family":"Coelho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/S0933-3657(03)00009-5_BIB1","unstructured":"Andrade AF, Vicari RM, Jung JL, Bordini R, Jaques P. A computational model of distance learning based on Vygotsky\u2019s socio-cultural approach. In: Vassileva J, editor. Proceedings of the Workshop on AI-ED 2001 Multi-Agent Architecture for Distributed Learning Environments, San Antonio, 2001. Saskatoon: IAIED Society, vol. 765, 2001. p. 33\u201340."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0933-3657(03)00009-5_BIB2","unstructured":"Andreassen V, Jensen FV, Andersen SK, Falck B, Kjaerulff U, Woldbye M, et al. Munin\u2014an expert EMG assistant. In: Desmedt JE, editor. Computer-aided electromyography and expert systems. Amsterdam: Elsevier Science; 1989. p. 255\u201377."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0933-3657(03)00009-5_BIB3","unstructured":"Akhras FN, Self JA. Modelling learning as a process. In: Boulay B, Mizoguchi R, editors. Artificial intelligence in education: knowledge and media in learning systems. Proceedings of the AI_ED 97 World Conference on Artificial Intelligence in Education, Kobe, Japan, 1997. Amsterdam: IOS Press; 1997. p. 418\u201325."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0933-3657(03)00009-5_BIB4","unstructured":"Aronsky D, Haug P. Diagnosing community acquired pneumonia with a Bayesian network. In: Chute C, editor. Proceedings of the AMIA 98 Annual Symposium. Philadelphia: Hanley&Belfus; 1998. p. 632\u20136."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0933-3657(03)00009-5_BIB5","unstructured":"Baker MJ. The function of argumentation dialogue in cooperative problem-solving. In: van Eemeren FH, Grootendorst R, Blair JA, Willard CA, editors. Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Argumentation (ISSA\u201998), Amsterdam. Amsterdam: SIC SAT Publications; 1998. p. 27\u201333."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0933-3657(03)00009-5_BIB6","unstructured":"Belhot RV. Searching for new ways of teaching. In: Proceedings of the International Conference of Engineering Education, ICEE 1998, Rio de Janeiro, 1998. CD-ROM. http:\/\/www.ime.eb.br\/icee98\/papers\/232.pdf."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0933-3657(03)00009-5_BIB7","unstructured":"Bercht M, Vicari RM. Pedagogical agents with affective and cognitive dimensions. In: Sanchez J, editor. Proceedings of the V Congreso Iberoamericano de Inform\u00e1tica Educativa, 2000, Vin\u00e3 del Mar. RIBIE 2000. V Congreso Iberoamericano de Inform\u00e1tica Educativa, RIBIE 2000: CD-ROM. Universidade do Chile."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0933-3657(03)00009-5_BIB8","unstructured":"Bordini RH, Lesser V, Viccari RM, Bazzan AL, Janone RO, Basso DM. AgentSpeak(XL): efficient intention selection in BDI agents via decision-theoretic task scheduling. In: Castelfranchi C, Johnson WL, editors. Proceedings of the AAMAS 2002\u2014autonomous agents and multi-agents systems, Bologna, 2002. Bologna: ACM Press; 2002. p. 1294\u2013302."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0933-3657(03)00009-5_BIB9","unstructured":"D\u2019Amico C, Vicari RM, Toscani LV. Agents in distributed intelligent learning environments. In: Lema\u0131\u0302tre C, editor. Proceedings of the Workshop on Distributed Artificial Intelligence and Multi-Agent Systems, Xalapa, Mexico, 1996. Mexico: MIA Universidad Veracruzana; 1996. p. 86\u201397."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0933-3657(03)00009-5_BIB10","first-page":"25","article-title":"Una experiencia en el Uso de redes probabil\u0131\u0301sticas en el diagn\u00f3stico m\u00e9dico","volume":"8","author":"Flores","year":"2001","journal-title":"Inform. Med., Argent."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0933-3657(03)00009-5_BIB11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Folckers J, M\u00f6bus C, Schr\u00f6der O, Thole H. An intelligent problem solving environment for designing explanation models and for diagnostic reasoning in probabilistic domains. In: Frasson C, Gauthier G, Lesgold A, editors. Proceedings of the Third International Conference ITS\u201996, Montreal. Intelligent tutoring systems. Berlin: Springer (LNCS 1086); 1996. p. 353\u201362.","DOI":"10.1007\/3-540-61327-7_133"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0933-3657(03)00009-5_BIB12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01721028","article-title":"Combining clinical judgements and statistical data in expert systems: over the telephone management decisions for critical congenital heart disease in the first month of life","volume":"6","author":"Franklin","year":"1989","journal-title":"Int. J. Clin. Monitor. Comput."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0933-3657(03)00009-5_BIB13","unstructured":"van der Gaag LC, Druzdel MJ. Elicitation of probabilities for belief networks: combining qualitative and quantitative information. In: Besnard Ph, Hanks S, editors. Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Uncertainty in Artificial Intelligence. San Francisco (CA): Morgan Kaufmann; 1995. p. 141\u20138."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0933-3657(03)00009-5_BIB14","unstructured":"van der Gaag LC, Renooij S, Witteman CLM, Aleman B, Taal BG. How to elicit many probabilities. In: Laskey KB, Prade H, editors. Proceedings of the 15th Conference on Uncertainty. San Francisco (CA): Morgan Kaufmann; 1999. p. 647\u201354."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0933-3657(03)00009-5_BIB15","unstructured":"Gertner AS, Conati C, VanLehn K. Procedural help in Andes: generating hints using a Bayesian network student model. In: Proceedings of the 15th National Conference on Artificial Intelligence AAAI-98, Madison, WI, July 1998. Cambridge (MA): MIT Press; 1998. p. 106\u201311."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0933-3657(03)00009-5_BIB16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Giraffa LMM, Vicari RM. Modelling an interactive ITS using a MAS approach: from design to pedagogical evaluation. In: Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Computational Intelligence and Multimedia Applications, ICCIMA\u201999, Nova Delhi, 1999. Delhi: IEEE Computer Science; 1999. p. 153\u20138.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCIMA.1999.798520"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0933-3657(03)00009-5_BIB17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0038-1634867","article-title":"Towards normative experts systems. Part I. The pathfinder project","volume":"31","author":"Heckerman","year":"1992","journal-title":"Methods Inform. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0933-3657(03)00009-5_BIB18","unstructured":"Henrion M, Pradhan M, Del Favero B, Huang K, Provan G, O\u2019Rorke P. Why is diagnosis using belief networks insensitive to imprecision in probabilities? In: Horvitz E, Jensen FV, editors. Proceedings of the 12th Annual Conference on Uncertainty in Artificial Intelligence, UAI 96, Reed College, Portland, 1\u20134 August 1996. San Francisco: Morgan Kaufmann; 1996."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0933-3657(03)00009-5_BIB19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jennings NR, Sycara K, Wooldridge M. A roadmap of agent research and development. In: Autonomous agents and multi-agent systems, vol. 1. Boston: Kluwer Academic Publishers; 1998. p. 75\u20136,","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1010090405266"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0933-3657(03)00009-5_BIB20","unstructured":"Jensen FV, Lauritzen SL, Olsen KG. Bayesian updating in causal probabilistic networks by local computations. Computational statistics quarterly, vol. 4. Heidelberg: Physica; 1990. p. 69\u2013282."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0933-3657(03)00009-5_BIB21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jensen F, Jensen FV, Dittmer SL. From influence diagrams to junction trees. In: Proceedings of the 10th Conference on Uncertainty in Artificial Intelligence (UAI 94). San Francisco: Morgan Kaufmann; 1994. p. 367\u201373.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-1-55860-332-5.50051-1"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0933-3657(03)00009-5_BIB22","unstructured":"Kahn CE, Roberts LM, Wang K, Jenks D, Haddawy P. Preliminary investigation of a Bayesian network for mammographic diagnosis of breast cancer. In: Proceedings of the MIDAS Consortium, SCAMC95, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, 1995. p. 208\u201312."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/S0933-3657(03)00009-5_BIB23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.3109\/14639239309025312","article-title":"Converting a rule-based expert system into a belief network","volume":"18","author":"Korver","year":"1993","journal-title":"Med. Inform."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0933-3657(03)00009-5_BIB24","unstructured":"Ladeira M, Vicari RM, Coelho H. MSID: multiple sectioned influence diagram. In: Proceedings of the Workshop on Probabilistic Reasoning in Artificial Intelligence, Atibaia, SP, 2000. International Joint Conference IBERAMIA\/SBIA 2000\u2014Proceedings of the IBERAMIA\/SBIA 2000 Workshops. S\u00e3o Paulo (Brazil): Tec Art Editora; 2000. p. 56\u201364."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0933-3657(03)00009-5_BIB25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lesser VR. Reflections on the nature of multi-agent coordination and its implications for an agent architecture. In: Autonomous agents and multi-agent systems, vol. 1, no. 1. Boston: Kluwer Academic Publishers; 1998. p. 89\u2013111.","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1010046623013"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0933-3657(03)00009-5_BIB26","first-page":"124","article-title":"Optimising ITS behaviour with Bayesian networks and decision theory","volume":"12","author":"Mayo","year":"2001","journal-title":"Int. J. Artif. Intell. Educ."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0933-3657(03)00009-5_BIB27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0038-1634847","article-title":"Probabilistic diagnosis using a reformulation of the INTERNIST 1\/QMR knowledge base. II. Evaluation of diagnostic performance","volume":"30","author":"Middleton","year":"1991","journal-title":"Methods Inf. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0933-3657(03)00009-5_BIB28","unstructured":"M\u00f6bus C. Towards an epistemology on intelligent problem solving environments: the hypothesis testing approach. In: Greer J, editor. Proceedings of the AI-ED 95, World Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Education, Washington, DC. Washington (DC): Association for the Advancement of Computing in Education (AACE); 1995. p. S.138\u201345."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0933-3657(03)00009-5_BIB29","unstructured":"Luiz M, Helder C. On tailoring teams of software agents tuned for tasks. In: Proceedings of the Workshop on Multi-Agent Systems: Theory and Applications (MASTA-01), 10th Portuguese Conference on Artificial Intelligence. Portugal: Porto; 2001."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0933-3657(03)00009-5_BIB30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mora MC, Viccari RM, Lopes JGP, Coelho H. BDI models and systems: reducing the gap. In: Muller JP, Singh MP, Rao AS, editors. Proceedings of the ATAL\u201998, Paris, July, 1998. Paris: Computer Science Laboratory, University Pierre et Marie Curie; 1998.","DOI":"10.1007\/3-540-49057-4_2"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0933-3657(03)00009-5_BIB31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Morgan MG, Henrion M. Uncertainty: a guide to dealing with uncertainty in quantitative risk and policy analysis. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 1990.","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511840609"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0933-3657(03)00009-5_BIB32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ng K, Abramson B. A sensitivity analysis of pathfinder: a follow-up study. In: D\u2019Ambrosio BD, Bonissone PSPP, editors. Proceedings of the Seventh Annual Conference on Uncertainty in Artificial Intelligence, UAI 91, University of California at Los Angeles, 13\u201315 July 1991. San Mateo (CA): Morgan Kaufmann; 1991.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-1-55860-203-8.50035-8"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0933-3657(03)00009-5_BIB33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pearl J. Belief networks revisited. Artificial intelligence, vol. 59. Amsterdam: Elsevier; 1993. p. 49\u201356.","DOI":"10.1016\/0004-3702(93)90169-C"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0933-3657(03)00009-5_BIB34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pradhan M, Henrion M, Provan G, Del Favero B, Huang K. The sensitivity of belief networks to imprecise probabilities: an experimental investigation. Artificial intelligence, vol. 85, no. 1\/2. Amsterdam: Elsevier; 1996. p. 363\u201397.","DOI":"10.1016\/0004-3702(96)00002-1"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0933-3657(03)00009-5_BIB35","unstructured":"Oliveira FM, Vicari RM, Coelho H. A topological approach to equilibration of concepts. In: Proceedings of the XI Brazilian Symposium on Artificial Intelligence, Fortaleza, Cear\u00e1, Brasil, October 17\u201320, 1994."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0933-3657(03)00009-5_BIB36","unstructured":"Rolf B, Magnusson C. Developing the art of argumentation, a software approach. In: Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Argumentation\u2014ISSA 2002, University of Amsterdam, June 2002."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0933-3657(03)00009-5_BIB37","unstructured":"Russel S, Norvig P. Artificial Intelligence: a modern approach. New Jersey: Prentice-Hall; 1995. 932 p."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0933-3657(03)00009-5_BIB38","unstructured":"Schwarz BB, Neuman Y, Gil J, Ilya M. Effects of argumentative activities on collective and individual arguments. In: Proceedings of the European Conference on Computer-Supported Collaborative Learning\u2014Euro-CSCL 2001, Maastricht, 22\u201324 March, 2001."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0933-3657(03)00009-5_BIB39","unstructured":"Silveira R, Vicari RM. Distance learning: from the intelligent tutor paradigm to a multi-agents architecture. In: San Diego SCS, Bruzzone AG, Uhrmacher A, Page EH, editors. Proceedings of the WEBSIM\u201999\u2014International Conference on WEB-Based Modelling and Simulation, San Francisco, CA, 1999."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0933-3657(03)00009-5_BIB40","unstructured":"Silveira RA, Vicari RM. JADE\u2014Java agents for distance education framework. In: Proceedings of the DEC2001\u2014Eighth Annual Distance Education Conference, Texas A&M University, 2001, CD-ROM."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0933-3657(03)00009-5_BIB41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Veerman A. Computer-supported collaborative learning through argumentation. Analysis and modelling of collaborative learning interactions. Thesis. Enschede: Print Partners Ipskamp; 2000.","DOI":"10.3115\/1150240.1150317"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0933-3657(03)00009-5_BIB42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vicari RM, Giraffa LMM. The use of multi-agent system to build intelligent tutoring systems. In: Dubois D, editor. Int J Comput Anticipat Syst, vol. 1, no. 1. 2002. ISSN\/ISBN: 0094243X.","DOI":"10.1063\/1.1503703"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0933-3657(03)00009-5_BIB43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vicari RM, Costa E. Pragmatic attachment devices for conversations with tutors. Applied artificial intelligence: an international journal. Amsterdam: Elsevier, vol. 2, no. 3. 1988. p. 277\u201384.","DOI":"10.1080\/08839518808949912"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0933-3657(03)00009-5_BIB44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xiang Y. A Probabilistic framework for co-operative multi-agent distributed interpretation and optimization of communication. Artificial intelligence, vol. 87. Amsterdam: Elsevier; 1996. p. 295\u2013342.","DOI":"10.1016\/0004-3702(95)00110-7"}],"container-title":["Artificial Intelligence in Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0933365703000095?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0933365703000095?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,25]],"date-time":"2023-04-25T20:33:29Z","timestamp":1682454809000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0933365703000095"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2003,3]]},"references-count":44,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2003,3]]}},"alternative-id":["S0933365703000095"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0933-3657(03)00009-5","relation":{},"ISSN":["0933-3657"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0933-3657","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2003,3]]}}}