{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,7]],"date-time":"2026-02-07T14:49:05Z","timestamp":1770475745831,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1999,4,1]],"date-time":"1999-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":922924800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Information and Software Technology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1999,4]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/s0950-5849(98)00065-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2002,7,25]],"date-time":"2002-07-25T15:07:29Z","timestamp":1027609649000},"page":"319-329","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":36,"title":["Of maps and scripts"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"41","author":[{"given":"Kjeld","family":"Schmidt","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/S0950-5849(98)00065-2_BIB1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hiroshi Ishii, TeamWorkStation: towards a seamless shared workspace, in: CSCW '90. Proceedings of the Conference on Computer-Supported Cooperative Work, Los Angeles, CA, 7\u201310 October 1990, ACM Press, New York, 1990, pp. 13\u201326.","DOI":"10.1145\/99332.99337"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0950-5849(98)00065-2_BIB2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ludwin Fuchs, Uta Pankoke-Babatz, Wolfgang Prinz, Supporting cooperative awareness with local event mechanisms: the GroupDesk system, in: (Eds.) H. Marmolin, Y. Sundblad, K. Schmidt, ECSCW '95. Proceedings of the Fourth European Conference on Computer-Supported Cooperative Work, 10\u201314 September 1995, Stockholm, Sweden, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, 1995, pp. 245\u2013260.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-011-0349-7_16"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0950-5849(98)00065-2_BIB3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Geraldine Fitzpatrick, Simon Kaplan, Tim Mansfield, Physical spaces, virtual places and social worlds: a study of work in the virtual, in: (Ed.) M.S. Ackerman, CSCW '96. Proceedings of the Conference on Computer-Supported Cooperative Work, Boston, MA, November 16\u201320, 1996, ACM press, New York, NY, 1996, pp. 334\u2013343.","DOI":"10.1145\/240080.240322"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0950-5849(98)00065-2_BIB4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mark Roseman, Saul Greenberg, TeamRooms: network places for collaboration, in: (Ed.) M.S. Ackerman, CSCW '96. Proceedings of the Conference on Computer-Supported Cooperative Work, Boston, MA, November 16\u201320, 1996, ACM press, New York, NY, 1996, pp. 325\u2013333.","DOI":"10.1145\/240080.240319"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0950-5849(98)00065-2_BIB5","unstructured":"Eleanor H. Wynn, Office conversation as an information medium, Ph.D. dissertation, University of California, Berkeley, 1979."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/S0950-5849(98)00065-2_BIB6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1145\/357442.357445","article-title":"Office procedures as practical action: models of work and system design","volume":"1","author":"Suchman","year":"1983","journal-title":"ACM Transactions on Office Information Systems"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0950-5849(98)00065-2_BIB7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1108\/eb022630","article-title":"Procedures and problems in the office","volume":"2","author":"Suchman","year":"1984","journal-title":"Office: Technology and People"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0950-5849(98)00065-2_BIB8","unstructured":"Lucy A. Suchman, Plans and Situated Actions: The Problem of Human-Machine Communication, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1987."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0950-5849(98)00065-2_BIB9","unstructured":"Louis L. Bucciarelli, Engineering design process, in: (Ed.) F.A. Dubinskas, Making Time. Ethnographies of High-Technology Organizations, Temple University Press, Philadelphia, 1988, pp. 92\u2013122."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0950-5849(98)00065-2_BIB10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mike Robinson, Liam Bannon, Questioning representations, in: (Eds.) L. Bannon, M. Robinson, K. Schmidt, ECSCW '91. Proceedings of the Second European Conference on Computer-Supported Cooperative Work, Amsterdam, 24\u201327 September 1991, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, 1991, pp. 219\u2013233.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-011-3506-1_17"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0950-5849(98)00065-2_BIB11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Thomas Kreifelts, Elke Hinrichs, Gerd Woetzel, Sharing to-do lists with a distributed task manager, in: (Eds.) G. De Michelis, C. Simone, K. Schmidt, ECSCW '93. Proceedings of the Third European Conference on Computer-Supported Cooperative Work, 13\u201317 September 1993, Milan, Italy, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, 1993, pp. 31\u201346.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-011-2094-4_3"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0950-5849(98)00065-2_BIB12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jonathan Trevor, Tom Rodden, Gordon Blair, COLA: a lightweight platform for CSCW, in: (Eds.) G. De Michelis, C. Simone, K. Schmidt, ECSCW '93. Proceedings of the Third European Conference on Computer-Supported Cooperative Work, 13\u201317 September 1993, Milan, Italy, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, 1993, pp. 15\u201330.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-011-2094-4_2"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0950-5849(98)00065-2_BIB13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Richard Bentley, Paul Dourish, Medium versus mechanism: supporting collaboration through customization, in: H. Marmolin, Y. Sundblad, K. Schmidt (Eds.), ECSCW '95, Proceedings of the Fourth European Conference on Computer-Supported Cooperative Work, 10\u201314 September 1995, Stockholm, Sweden, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, 1995, pp. 133\u2013148.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-011-0349-7_9"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0950-5849(98)00065-2_BIB14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Paul Dourish, Jim Holmes, Allan MacLean, Pernille Marqvardsen, Alex Zbyslaw, Freeflow: mediating between representation and action in workflow systems, in: (Ed.) M.S. Ackerman, CSCW '96. Proceedings of the Conference on Computer-Supported Cooperative Work, Boston, MA, November 16\u201320, 1996, ACM press, New York, NY, 1996, pp. 190\u2013198.","DOI":"10.1145\/240080.240252"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0950-5849(98)00065-2_BIB15","unstructured":"John Bowers, The politics of formalism, in: M. Lea (Ed.), Contexts of Computer Mediated Communication, Harvester, New York, 1992, pp. 232\u2013261."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0950-5849(98)00065-2_BIB16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"John Bowers, Graham Button, Wes Sharrock, Workflow from within and without: technology and cooperative work on the print industry shopfloor, in: H. Marmolin, Y. Sundblad, and K. Schmidt (Eds.), ECSCW '95. Proceedings of the Fourth European Conference on Computer-Supported Cooperative Work, 10\u201314 September 1995, Stockholm, Sweden, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, 1995, pp. 51\u201366.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-011-0349-7_4"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0950-5849(98)00065-2_BIB17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kenneth R. Abbott, Sunil K. Sarin, Experiences with workflow management: issues for the next generation, in: T. Malone (Ed.), CSCW '94. Proceedings of the Conference on Computer-Supported Cooperative Work, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, October 24\u201326, 1994, ACM Press, New York, NY, 1994, pp. 113\u2013120.","DOI":"10.1145\/192844.192886"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0950-5849(98)00065-2_BIB18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.2307\/2086752","article-title":"Foundations of the theory of organization","volume":"13","author":"Selznick","year":"1948","journal-title":"American Sociological Review"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0950-5849(98)00065-2_BIB19","article-title":"The concept of organization","volume":"32","author":"Bittner","year":"1965","journal-title":"Social Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0950-5849(98)00065-2_BIB20","unstructured":"Don H. Zimmerman, Paper work and people work: a study of a public assistance agency, Ph.D. Dissertation, University of California, Los Angeles, 1966."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0950-5849(98)00065-2_BIB21","unstructured":"Frank A. Dubinskas, Cultural constructions: the many faces of time, in: (Ed.) F.A. Dubinskas, Making Time. Ethnographies of High-Technology Organizations, Temple University Press, Philadelphia, 1988, pp. 3\u201338."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/S0950-5849(98)00065-2_BIB22","first-page":"33","article-title":"Let's talk about bugs!","volume":"7","author":"Carstensen","year":"1995","journal-title":"Scandinavian Journal Of Information Systems"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0950-5849(98)00065-2_BIB23","unstructured":"Peter Carstensen, Computer supported coordination, Ris\u00f8 National Laboratory, P.O. Box 49, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark, 1996. [Riso-R-890(EN)]."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/S0950-5849(98)00065-2_BIB24","first-page":"387","article-title":"Carstensen, Carsten S\u00f8rensen, From the social to the systematic: mechanisms supporting coordination in design, Computer Supported Cooperative Work","volume":"5","author":"Peter","year":"1996","journal-title":"The Journal of Collaborative Computing"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0950-5849(98)00065-2_BIB25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1016\/0004-3702(90)90078-E","article-title":"[Review of] L. Suchman, Plans and Situated Action (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1987)","volume":"43","author":"Agre","year":"1990","journal-title":"Artificial Intelligence"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0950-5849(98)00065-2_BIB26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kjeld Schmidt, Riding a tiger, or computer-supported cooperative work, in: (Eds.) L. Bannon, M. Robinson, and K. Schmidt, ECSCW '91. Proceedings of the Second European Conference on Computer-Supported Cooperative Work, Amsterdam, 24\u201327 September 1991, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, 1991, pp. 1\u201316.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-011-3506-1_1"},{"issue":"2\u20133","key":"10.1016\/S0950-5849(98)00065-2_BIB27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00133655","article-title":"Coordination mechanisms: towards a conceptual foundation of CSCW systems design","volume":"5","author":"Schmidt","year":"1996","journal-title":"Computer Supported Cooperative Work. The Journal of Collaborative Computing"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0950-5849(98)00065-2_BIB28","unstructured":"Asaf Degani, Earl L. Wiener, Human factors of flight-deck checklists: the normal checklist, National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, California, May, 1990. [NASA Contractor Report 177549; Contract NCC2-377]."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0950-5849(98)00065-2_BIB29","unstructured":"Harold Garfinkel, `Good' organizational reasons for `bad' clinic records, in: Studies in Ethnomethodology, Prentice-Hall, Englewood-Cliffs, NJ, 1967, pp. 186\u2013207."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0950-5849(98)00065-2_BIB30","unstructured":"Donald A. Norman, Cognitive artifacts, in: (Ed.) J.M. Carroll, Designing Interaction. Psychology at the Human\u2013Computer Interface, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1991, pp. 17\u201338."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0950-5849(98)00065-2_BIB31","unstructured":"Richard J. Schonberger, Japanese Manufacturing Techniques. Nine Hidden Lessons in Simplicity, Free Press, New York, 1982."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0950-5849(98)00065-2_BIB32","unstructured":"Ludwig Wittgenstein, Philosophical Investigations, Translated by G.E.M. Anscombe, Basil Blackwell Publishers, Oxford, 1958, (Manuscript 1938\u201346)."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0950-5849(98)00065-2_BIB33","unstructured":"Michael Lynch, Extending Wittgenstein: the pivotal move from epistemology to the sociology of science, in: (Ed.) A. Pickering, Science as Practice and Culture, Chicago University Press, Chicago, 1993, pp. 215\u2013265."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0950-5849(98)00065-2_BIB34","unstructured":"S.G. Shanker, Wittgenstein and the Turning-Point in the Philosophy of Mathematics, Croom Helm, London and Sydney, 1987."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0950-5849(98)00065-2_BIB35","unstructured":"John Heritage, Garfinkel and Ethnomethodology, Polity Press, Cambridge, 1984."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0950-5849(98)00065-2_BIB36","unstructured":"Lucy A. Suchman, Systematics of office work: office studies for knowledge-based systems. Digest, Office Automation Conference, San Francisco, April 5\u20137, 1982, 1982, pp. 409\u2013412."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0950-5849(98)00065-2_BIB37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Geoffrey Bowker, Susan Leigh Star, Situations vs. standards in long-term wide-scale decision-making: the case of the international classification of diseases, in: (Eds.) J.F. Nunamaker, Jr. and R.H. Sprague, Jr., Proceedings of the Twenty-Fourth Annual Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences, Kauai, Hawaii, January 7\u201311, 1991, vol. IV, IEEE Computer Society Press, 1991, pp. 73\u201381.","DOI":"10.1109\/HICSS.1991.184043"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/S0950-5849(98)00065-2_BIB38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1145\/214427.214431","article-title":"Analyzing due process in the workplace","volume":"4","author":"Gerson","year":"1986","journal-title":"ACM Transactions on Office Information Systems"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0950-5849(98)00065-2_BIB39","unstructured":"Jack Goody, The Interface Between the Written and the Oral, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1987."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0950-5849(98)00065-2_BIB40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jack Goody, The Logic of Writing and the Organization of Society, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1986.","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511621598"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/S0950-5849(98)00065-2_BIB41","first-page":"47","article-title":"Mediation and automatization","volume":"8","author":"Hutchins","year":"1986","journal-title":"Quarterly Newsletter of the Laboratory of Comparative Human Cognition [University of California, San Diego]"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0950-5849(98)00065-2_BIB42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Donald A. Norman, Edwin L. Hutchins, Computation via direct manipulation, Institute for Cognitive Science, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, 1 August, 1988. [ONR Contract N00014-85-C-0133].","DOI":"10.21236\/ADA198417"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0950-5849(98)00065-2_BIB43","unstructured":"Lucy A. Suchman, Randall H. Trigg, Understanding practice: video as a medium for reflection and design, in: (Eds.) J. Greenbaum and M. Kyng, Design at Work: Cooperative Design of Computer Systems, Lawrence Erlbaum, Hillsdale, NJ, 1991, pp. 65\u201389."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0950-5849(98)00065-2_BIB44","unstructured":"Lucy Suchman, Technologies of accountability: on lizards and airplanes, in: (Ed.) G. Button, Technology in Working Order. Studies of Work, Interaction, and Technology, Routledge, London and New York, 1993, pp. 113\u2013126."},{"key":"10.1016\/S0950-5849(98)00065-2_BIB45","unstructured":"Richard R. Harper, John A. Hughes, Dan Z. Shapiro, The functionality of flight strips in ATC work. The report for the Civil Aviation Authority, Lancaster Sociotechnics Group, Department of Sociology, Lancaster University, January, 1989."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/S0950-5849(98)00065-2_BIB46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00754332","article-title":"Coordinating computer-mediated work","volume":"1","author":"Rogers","year":"1993","journal-title":"Computer Supported Cooperative Work (SCCW). An International Journal"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/S0950-5849(98)00065-2_BIB47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00754329","article-title":"Constructing the `Dossier Representatif', computer-based information-sharing in French hospitals","volume":"1","author":"Schneider","year":"1993","journal-title":"Computer Supported Cooperative Work (CSCW). An International Journal"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/S0950-5849(98)00065-2_BIB48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00136714","article-title":"Supporting articulation work using software configuration management systems","volume":"5","author":"Grinter","year":"1996","journal-title":"Computer Supported Cooperative Work. The Journal of Collaborative Computing"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/S0950-5849(98)00065-2_BIB49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00136713","article-title":"Collaborative conceptual design: a large software project case study","volume":"5","author":"Potts","year":"1996","journal-title":"Computer Supported Cooperative Work. The Journal of Collaborative Computing"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/S0950-5849(98)00065-2_BIB50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00141934","article-title":"The coordination of work activities: cooperation and conflict in a hospital context","volume":"5","author":"Symon","year":"1996","journal-title":"Computer Supported Cooperative Work. The Journal of Collaborative Computing"}],"container-title":["Information and Software Technology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0950584998000652?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0950584998000652?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,27]],"date-time":"2019-04-27T14:52:37Z","timestamp":1556376757000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0950584998000652"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1999,4]]},"references-count":50,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1999,4]]}},"alternative-id":["S0950584998000652"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0950-5849(98)00065-2","relation":{},"ISSN":["0950-5849"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0950-5849","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1999,4]]}}}