{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,21]],"date-time":"2025-10-21T03:07:04Z","timestamp":1761016024774,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1999,4,1]],"date-time":"1999-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":922924800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[1999,4,1]],"date-time":"1999-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":922924800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmn.com","clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Current Opinion in Immunology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1999,4]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/s0952-7915(99)80031-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2002,7,25]],"date-time":"2002-07-25T11:13:42Z","timestamp":1027595622000},"page":"186-189","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":43,"title":["Hypermutation in antibody affinity maturation"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Matthias","family":"Wabl","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Marilia","family":"Cascalho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Charles","family":"Steinberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/S0952-7915(99)80031-4_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1080\/01969729408902334","article-title":"Can we outlive Methuselah?","volume":"25","author":"Wabl","year":"1994","journal-title":"Cybernetics Systems"},{"year":"1959","series-title":"The Clonal Selection Theory of Acquired Immunity","author":"Burnet","key":"10.1016\/S0952-7915(99)80031-4_bib2"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0952-7915(99)80031-4_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1997.tb52065.x","article-title":"Positive and negative selection of human B lymphocytes in vitro","volume":"815","author":"Banchereau","year":"1997","journal-title":"Ann NY Acad Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0952-7915(99)80031-4_bib4","first-page":"849","article-title":"The natural selection theory of antibody formation","volume":"41","author":"Jerne","year":"1955"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0952-7915(99)80031-4_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1007\/s004410050824","article-title":"Human follicular dendritic cells in vitro and follicular dendritic-cell-like cells","volume":"288","author":"Tsunoda","year":"1997","journal-title":"Cell Tissue Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0952-7915(99)80031-4_bib6_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2085","DOI":"10.1126\/science.278.5346.2085","article-title":"Immune versus natural selection: antibody aldolases with enzymic rates but broader scope","volume":"278","author":"Barbas","year":"1997","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0952-7915(99)80031-4_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1649","DOI":"10.1126\/science.129.3364.1649","article-title":"Genes and antibodies","volume":"129","author":"Lederberg","year":"1959","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0952-7915(99)80031-4_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1045","DOI":"10.1038\/2281045a0","article-title":"Variability in the lambda light chain sequence of mouse antibody","volume":"228","author":"Weigert","year":"1970","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0952-7915(99)80031-4_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/0167-4781(92)90134-L","article-title":"Somatic hypermutagenesis in immunoglobulin genes. II. Influence of neighbouring base sequences on mutagenesis","volume":"1171","author":"Rogozin","year":"1992","journal-title":"Biochim Biophys Acta"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0952-7915(99)80031-4_bib10","first-page":"13979","article-title":"Modifying the sequence of an immunoglobulin V-gene alters the resulting pattern of hypermutation","volume":"93","author":"Goyenechea","year":"1996"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0952-7915(99)80031-4_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3398","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.1830271239","article-title":"Critical test of hot spot motifs for immunoglobulin hypermutation","volume":"27","author":"Bachl","year":"1997","journal-title":"Eur J Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0952-7915(99)80031-4_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1038\/376225a0","article-title":"Targeting of non-Ig sequences in place of the V segment by somatic hypermutation","volume":"376","author":"Yelamos","year":"1995","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0952-7915(99)80031-4_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.185.2.239","article-title":"The transcriptional promoter regulates hypermutation of the antibody heavy chain locus","volume":"185","author":"Tumas-Brundage","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0952-7915(99)80031-4_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/S1074-7613(00)80592-0","article-title":"Somatic hypermutation in the heavy chain locus correlates with transcription","volume":"9","author":"Fukita","year":"1998","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0952-7915(99)80031-4_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(94)90316-6","article-title":"Elements regulating somatic hypermutation of an immunoglobulin kappa gene: critical role for the intron enhancer\/matrix attachment region","volume":"77","author":"Betz","year":"1994","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0952-7915(99)80031-4_bib16","first-page":"2396","article-title":"The Ig mutator is dependent on the presence, position, and orientation of the large intron enhancer","volume":"95","author":"Bachl","year":"1998"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0952-7915(99)80031-4_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-5890(97)00073-4","article-title":"Insertion of 2 kb of bacteriophage DNA between an immunoglobulin promoter and leader axon stops somatic hypermutation in a kappa transgene","volume":"34","author":"Winter","year":"1997","journal-title":"Mol Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0952-7915(99)80031-4_bib18","first-page":"12520","article-title":"Frequent somatic hypermutation of the 5' noncoding region of the BCL6 gene in B-cell lymphoma","volume":"92","author":"Migliazza","year":"1995"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0952-7915(99)80031-4_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"668","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2141.1997.4443254.x","article-title":"Bcl-6 gene hypermutations in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma of primary gastric origin","volume":"99","author":"Liang","year":"1997","journal-title":"Br J Haematol"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0952-7915(99)80031-4_bib20","first-page":"11816","article-title":"BCL-6 mutations in normal germinal center B cells: evidence of somatic hypermutation acting outside Ig loci","volume":"95","author":"Pasqualucci","year":"1998"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0952-7915(99)80031-4_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1750","DOI":"10.1126\/science.280.5370.1750","article-title":"Mutation of BCL-6 gene in normal 8 cells by the process of somatic hypermutation of Ig genes","volume":"280","author":"Shen","year":"1998","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0952-7915(99)80031-4_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-065X.1998.tb01434.x","article-title":"Monitoring and interpreting the intrinsic features of hypermutation","volume":"162","author":"Neuberger","year":"1998","journal-title":"Immunol Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0952-7915(99)80031-4_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1159","DOI":"10.1126\/science.279.5354.1159","article-title":"Fixing mismatches","volume":"279","author":"Shannon","year":"1998","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0952-7915(99)80031-4_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2092","DOI":"10.1126\/science.274.5295.2092","article-title":"Reexpression of RAG-1 and RAG-2 genes in activated mature mouse 8 cells","volume":"274","author":"Hikida","year":"1996","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0952-7915(99)80031-4_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.188.2.365","article-title":"Expression of recombination activating genes in germinal center B cells: involvement of interleukin 7 (IL-7) and the IL-7 receptor","volume":"188","author":"Hikida","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0952-7915(99)80031-4_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1126\/science.278.5336.301","article-title":"V(D)J recombinase activity in a subset of germinal center B lymphocytes","volume":"278","author":"Han","year":"1997","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0952-7915(99)80031-4_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1126\/science.278.5336.298","article-title":"V(D)J recombination in mature B cells: a mechanism for altering antibody responses","volume":"278","author":"Papavasiliou","year":"1997","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0952-7915(99)80031-4_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1231","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.188.7.1231","article-title":"Receptor editing occurs frequently during normal B cell development","volume":"188","author":"Retter","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0952-7915(99)80031-4_bib29_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1038\/28419","article-title":"V(D)J recombinase induction in splenic B lymphocytes is inhibited by antigenreceptor signalling","volume":"394","author":"Hertz","year":"1998","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0952-7915(99)80031-4_bib30_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1453","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.188.8.1453","article-title":"Antigens varying in affinity for the B cell receptor induce differential B lymphocyte responses","volume":"188","author":"Kouskoff","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Exp Mad"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0952-7915(99)80031-4_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1038\/211242a0","article-title":"Origin of antibody diversity","volume":"211","author":"Brenner","year":"1966","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0952-7915(99)80031-4_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-065X.1998.tb01436.x","article-title":"Immunoglobulin gene hypermutation in germinal centers is independent of the RAG-1 V(D)J recombinase","volume":"162","author":"Zheng","year":"1998","journal-title":"Immunol Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0952-7915(99)80031-4_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1735","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.187.11.1735","article-title":"Hypermutation of immunoglobulin genes in memory B cells of DNA repair-deficient mice","volume":"187","author":"Jacobs","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0952-7915(99)80031-4_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.186.3.413","article-title":"B lymphocytes of xeroderma pigmentosum or Cockayne syndrome patients with inherited defects in nucleotide excision repair are fully capable of somatic hypermutation of immunoglobulin genes","volume":"186","author":"Kim","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0952-7915(99)80031-4_bib35_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1207","DOI":"10.1126\/science.279.5354.1207","article-title":"Mismatch repair co opted by hypermutation","volume":"279","author":"Cascalho","year":"1998","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0952-7915(99)80031-4_bib36","first-page":"6953","article-title":"Altered spectra of hypermutation in antibodies from mice deficient for the DNA mismatch repair protein PMS2","volume":"95","author":"Winter","year":"1998"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0952-7915(99)80031-4_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1016\/S1074-7613(00)80608-1","article-title":"Probing immunoglobulin gene hypermutation with microsatellites suggests a nonreplicative short patch DNA synthesis process","volume":"9","author":"Bertocci","year":"1998","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0952-7915(99)80031-4_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1016\/S1074-7613(00)80594-4","article-title":"Mismatch repair deficiency interferes with the accumulation of mutations in chronically stimulated B cells and not with the hypermutation process","volume":"9","author":"Frey","year":"1998","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0952-7915(99)80031-4_bib39_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1016\/S1074-7613(00)80595-6","article-title":"Hot spot focusing of somatic hypermutation in MSH2-deficient mice suggests two stages of mutational targeting","volume":"9","author":"Rada","year":"1998","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0952-7915(99)80031-4_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1745","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.187.11.1745","article-title":"Increased hypermutation at G and C nucleotides in immunoglobulin variable genes from mice deficient in the MSH2 mismatch repair protein","volume":"187","author":"Phung","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0952-7915(99)80031-4_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2610","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.1830271021","article-title":"Microsites for immunoglobulin switch recombination breakpoints from Xenopus to mammals","volume":"27","author":"Mussmann","year":"1997","journal-title":"Eur J Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0952-7915(99)80031-4_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2081","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.187.12.2081","article-title":"Ku70 is required for late B cell development and immunoglobulin heavy chain class switching","volume":"187","author":"Manis","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0952-7915(99)80031-4_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2404","DOI":"10.1093\/emboj\/17.8.2404","article-title":"Ku80 is required for immunoglobulin isotype switching","volume":"17","author":"Casellas","year":"1998","journal-title":"EMBO J"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0952-7915(99)80031-4_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1093\/intimm\/10.3.325","article-title":"Ig heavy chain class switching in Rag-deficient mice","volume":"10","author":"Lansford","year":"1998","journal-title":"Int Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0952-7915(99)80031-4_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17025","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.273.27.17025","article-title":"A B-cell-specific DNA recombination complex","volume":"273","author":"Borggrefe","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"}],"container-title":["Current Opinion in Immunology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0952791599800314?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0952791599800314?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,16]],"date-time":"2025-10-16T08:49:04Z","timestamp":1760604544000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0952791599800314"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1999,4]]},"references-count":45,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1999,4]]}},"alternative-id":["S0952791599800314"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0952-7915(99)80031-4","relation":{},"ISSN":["0952-7915"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0952-7915"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1999,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Hypermutation in antibody affinity maturation","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Current Opinion in Immunology","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0952-7915(99)80031-4","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Copyright \u00a9 1999 Published by Elsevier Ltd.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}