{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,10]],"date-time":"2026-02-10T15:37:00Z","timestamp":1770737820982,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1997,10,1]],"date-time":"1997-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":875664000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Current Opinion in Genetics &amp; Development"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1997,10]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/s0959-437x(97)80008-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2002,7,25]],"date-time":"2002-07-25T10:21:15Z","timestamp":1027592475000},"page":"614-619","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":107,"title":["Locus control regions: overcoming heterochromatin-induced gene inactivation in mammals"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Dimitris","family":"Kioussis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Richard","family":"Festenstein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/S0959-437X(97)80008-1_BIB1","author":"Grosveld","year":"1992"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0959-437X(97)80008-1_BIB2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.ge.20.120186.002341","article-title":"Germline transformation of mice","volume":"20","author":"Palmiter","year":"1986","journal-title":"Annu Rev Genet"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0959-437X(97)80008-1_BIB3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-2660(08)60083-8","article-title":"The phenomenon of position effect","volume":"3","author":"Lewis","year":"1950","journal-title":"Adv Genet"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0959-437X(97)80008-1_BIB4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-185X.1936.tb00911.x","article-title":"Position effects on genes","volume":"11","author":"Dobzhansky","year":"1936","journal-title":"Biol Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0959-437X(97)80008-1_BIB5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1093\/genetics\/10.2.117","article-title":"The effects of unequal cross-over at the Barlocus in Drosophila","volume":"10","author":"Sturtevant","year":"1925","journal-title":"Genetics"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0959-437X(97)80008-1_BIB6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"975","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(87)90584-8","article-title":"Position-independent, high-level expression of the human beta-globin gene in transgenic mice","volume":"51","author":"Grosveld","year":"1987","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0959-437X(97)80008-1_BIB7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"662","DOI":"10.1038\/306662a0","article-title":"Betaglobin gene inactivation by DNA translocation in gamma betathalassaemia","volume":"306","author":"Kioussis","year":"1983","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0959-437X(97)80008-1_BIB8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.1038\/283637a0","article-title":"Gamma-beta thalassaemia studies showing that deletion of the gamma- and delta-genes influences beta-globin gene expression in man","volume":"283","author":"Van der Ploeg","year":"1980","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0959-437X(97)80008-1_BIB9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6384","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.82.19.6384","article-title":"The \u2018beta-like-globin\u2019 gene domain in human erythroid cells","volume":"82","author":"Tuan","year":"1985","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0959-437X(97)80008-1_BIB10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1359","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.83.5.1359","article-title":"Developmentally stable chromatin structure in the human beta-globin gene-cluster","volume":"83","author":"Forrester","year":"1986","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0959-437X(97)80008-1_BIB11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"979","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(89)90631-4","article-title":"Human CD2 3\u2032- flanking sequences confer high-level T-cells specific position independent gene expression in transgenic mice","volume":"56","author":"Greaves","year":"1989","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0959-437X(97)80008-1_BIB12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2843","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1460-2075.1990.tb07473.x","article-title":"Tissue specific and position independent expression of complete gene domain for chicken lysozyme in transgenic mice","volume":"9","author":"Bonifer","year":"1990","journal-title":"EMBO J"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0959-437X(97)80008-1_BIB13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2065","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/21.9.2065","article-title":"Far upstream regions of class II MHC Ea are necessary for position-independent copy-dependent expression of Ea transgene.","volume":"21","author":"Carson","year":"1993","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0959-437X(97)80008-1_BIB14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"905","DOI":"10.1128\/MCB.12.3.905","article-title":"High-level expression of the rat whey acidic protein gene is mediated by elements in the promoter and 3\u2032 untranslated region","volume":"12","author":"Dale","year":"1992","journal-title":"Mol Cell Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0959-437X(97)80008-1_BIB15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1016\/1074-7613(94)90099-X","article-title":"Locus control region in the T cell receptor alpha\/delta locus","volume":"1","author":"Diaz","year":"1994","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0959-437X(97)80008-1_BIB16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5266","DOI":"10.1128\/MCB.13.9.5266","article-title":"Distal regulatory elements from the mouse metallothionein locus stimulate gene expression in transgenic mice","volume":"13","author":"Palmiter","year":"1993","journal-title":"Mol Cell Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0959-437X(97)80008-1_BIB17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"749","DOI":"10.1038\/348749a0","article-title":"Site-independent expression of the chicken beta A-globin gene in transgenic mice","volume":"348","author":"Reitman","year":"1990","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0959-437X(97)80008-1_BIB18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1038\/362258a0","article-title":"A yeast artificial chromosome covering the tyrosinase gene confers copy number-dependent expression in transgenic mice","volume":"362","author":"Schedl","year":"1993","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0959-437X(97)80008-1_BIB19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1904","DOI":"10.1126\/science.8096090","article-title":"Germ line transmission of a yeast artificial chromosome spanning the murine alpha 1(I) collagen locus","volume":"259","author":"Strauss","year":"1993","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0959-437X(97)80008-1_BIB20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"756","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/22.5.756","article-title":"The 5\u2032 flanking region of the rat LAP (C\/EBP beta) gene can direct high-level, position-independent, copy number-dependent expression in multiple tissues in transgenic mice","author":"Talbot","year":"1994","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0959-437X(97)80008-1_BIB21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1123","DOI":"10.1128\/MCB.15.2.1123","article-title":"Dissecting a locus control region: facilitation of enhancer function by extended enhancer-flanking sequences","volume":"15","author":"Aronow","year":"1995","journal-title":"Mol Cell Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0959-437X(97)80008-1_BIB22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1038\/385269a0","article-title":"Extension of chromatin accessibility by nuclear matrix attachment regions","volume":"385","author":"Jenuwein","year":"1997","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0959-437X(97)80008-1_BIB23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1016\/0168-9525(93)90208-Y","article-title":"Transcriptional regulation of multigene loci: multilevel control","volume":"9","author":"Dillon","year":"1993","journal-title":"Trends Genet"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0959-437X(97)80008-1_BIB24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1016\/S0959-437X(05)80053-X","article-title":"Chromatin domains as potential units of eukaryotic gene function","volume":"4","author":"Dillon","year":"1994","journal-title":"Curr Opin Genet Dev"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0959-437X(97)80008-1_BIB25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1413","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/19.7.1413","article-title":"Hypersensitive site 4 of the human Beta-globin locus control region","volume":"19","author":"Pruzina","year":"1991","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0959-437X(97)80008-1_BIB26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2169","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1460-2075.1990.tb07386.x","article-title":"Detailed analysis of the site 3 region of the human Beta-globin dominant control region","volume":"9","author":"Talbot","year":"1990","journal-title":"EMBO J"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0959-437X(97)80008-1_BIB27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1391","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1460-2075.1991.tb07659.x","article-title":"The 5\u2032HS2 of the globin locus control region enhances transcription through the interaction of a multimeric complex binding at two functionally distinct NF-E2 binding sites","volume":"10","author":"Talbot","year":"1991","journal-title":"EMBO J"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0959-437X(97)80008-1_BIB28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2159","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1460-2075.1990.tb07385.x","article-title":"The Beta-globin dominant control region: hypersensitive site 2","volume":"9","author":"Philipsen","year":"1990","journal-title":"EMBO J"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0959-437X(97)80008-1_BIB29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"562","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1460-2075.1996.tb00388.x","article-title":"A dominant chromatin-opening activity in 5\u2032 hypersensitive site 3 of the human beta-globin locus control region","volume":"15","author":"Ellis","year":"1996","journal-title":"EMBO J"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0959-437X(97)80008-1_BIB30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3129","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1460-2075.1990.tb07510.x","article-title":"A 3\u2032 transcriptional enhancer regulates tissue-specific expression of the human CD2 gene","volume":"9","author":"Lake","year":"1990","journal-title":"EMBO J"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0959-437X(97)80008-1_BIB31_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1123","DOI":"10.1126\/science.271.5252.1123","article-title":"Locus control region function and heterochromatin-induced position effect variegation","volume":"271","author":"Festenstein","year":"1996","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0959-437X(97)80008-1_BIB32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1016\/S0959-437X(05)80055-3","article-title":"Position-effect variegation and the new biology of heterochromatin","volume":"4","author":"Karpen","year":"1994","journal-title":"Curr Opin Genet Dev"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0959-437X(97)80008-1_BIB33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"789","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/19.4.789","article-title":"A sequence motif found in a Drosophila heterochromatin protein is conserved in animals and plants","volume":"19","author":"Singh","year":"1991","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0959-437X(97)80008-1_BIB34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(94)90180-5","article-title":"Position effect variegation at fission yeast centromeres","volume":"76","author":"Allshire","year":"1994","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0959-437X(97)80008-1_BIB35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7125","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.92.15.7125","article-title":"Enhancers increase the probability but not the level of gene expression","volume":"92","author":"Walters","year":"1995","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0959-437X(97)80008-1_BIB36_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2496","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1460-2075.1996.tb00607.x","article-title":"Tissue-specific factors additively increase the probability of the all-or-none formation of a hypersensitive site","volume":"15","author":"Boyes","year":"1996","journal-title":"EMBO J"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0959-437X(97)80008-1_BIB37_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/S0092-8674(00)81327-6","article-title":"Heterochromatin effects on the frequency and duration of LCR-mediated gene transcription","volume":"87","author":"Milot","year":"1996","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0959-437X(97)80008-1_BIB38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5371","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.92.12.5371","article-title":"Position-dependent variegation of globin transgene expression in mice","volume":"92","author":"Robertson","year":"1995","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0959-437X(97)80008-1_BIB39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"452","DOI":"10.1002\/jez.1402680606","article-title":"Mosaic expression of an Hprt transgene integrated in a region of Y heterochromatin","volume":"268","author":"Pravtcheva","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Exp Zool"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0959-437X(97)80008-1_BIB40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3713","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1460-2075.1996.tb00741.x","article-title":"The beta-globin locus control region enhances transcription of but does not confer position-independent expression onto the lacZ gene in transgenic mice","volume":"15","author":"Guy","year":"1996","journal-title":"EMBO J"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0959-437X(97)80008-1_BIB41_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6659","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.93.13.6659","article-title":"Variegated transgene expression in mouse mammary gland is determined by the transgene integration locus","volume":"93","author":"Dobie","year":"1996","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0959-437X(97)80008-1_BIB42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"941","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(91)90318-S","article-title":"A position-effect assay for boundaries of higher order chromosomal domains","volume":"64","author":"Kellun","year":"1991","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0959-437X(97)80008-1_BIB43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1460-2075.1993.tb05675.x","article-title":"The su(Hw) protein insulates expression of the Drosophila melanogaster white gene from chromosomal position-effects","volume":"12","author":"Roseman","year":"1993","journal-title":"EMBO J"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0959-437X(97)80008-1_BIB44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(93)80052-G","article-title":"A 5\u2032 element of the chicken beta-globin domain serves as an insulator in human erythroid cells and protects against position effect in Drosophila","volume":"74","author":"Chung","year":"1993","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0959-437X(97)80008-1_BIB45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1399","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V84.5.1399.1399","article-title":"Hypersensitive site 5 of the human beta locus control region functions as a chromatin insulator","volume":"84","author":"Li","year":"1994","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0959-437X(97)80008-1_BIB46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1093\/genetics\/120.1.181","article-title":"Dosage-dependent modifiers of positional effect variegation in Drosophila and a mass action model that explains their effect","volume":"120","author":"Locke","year":"1988","journal-title":"Genetics"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0959-437X(97)80008-1_BIB47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1002\/bies.950180510","article-title":"Dosage-dependent modification of position-effect variegation in Drosophila","volume":"18","author":"Henikoff","year":"1996","journal-title":"Bioessays"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0959-437X(97)80008-1_BIB48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1093\/genetics\/131.2.345","article-title":"The heterochromatin-associated protein HP-1 is an essential protein in Drosophila with dosage-dependent effects on position-effect variegation","volume":"131","author":"Eissenberg","year":"1992","journal-title":"Genetics"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0959-437X(97)80008-1_BIB49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9923","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.87.24.9923","article-title":"Mutation in a heterochromatin-specific chromosomal protein is associated with suppression of position-effect variegation in Drosophila melanogaster","volume":"87","author":"Eissenberg","year":"1990","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0959-437X(97)80008-1_BIB50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1133","DOI":"10.1101\/gad.8.10.1133","article-title":"Overcoming telomeric silencing: a trans-activator competes to establish gene expression in a cell cycle-dependent way","volume":"8","author":"Aparicio","year":"1994","journal-title":"Genes Dev"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0959-437X(97)80008-1_BIB51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2653","DOI":"10.1242\/jcs.107.10.2653","article-title":"Molecular mechanisms of cellular determination: their relation to chromatin structure","volume":"107","author":"Singh","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Cell Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0959-437X(97)80008-1_BIB52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1006\/jtbi.1996.0368","article-title":"Modelling the activity of the ultrabithorax parasegment-specific regulatory domains around their anterior boundaries","volume":"186","author":"Singh","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Theor Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0959-437X(97)80008-1_BIB53","article-title":"Chromatin structure and lineage commitment and T lymphopoeisis","author":"Kioussis","year":"1997"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0959-437X(97)80008-1_BIB54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1460-2075.1995.tb07033.x","article-title":"Random activation of a transgene under the control of a hybrid hCD2 locus control region\/lg enhancer regulatory element","volume":"14","author":"Elliott","year":"1995","journal-title":"EMBO"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0959-437X(97)80008-1_BIB55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"751","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(90)90141-Z","article-title":"Position effect at S. cerevisiae telomeres: reversible repression of Pol II transcription","volume":"63","author":"Gottshling","year":"1990","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0959-437X(97)80008-1_BIB56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1038\/377209a0","article-title":"Transcription complex stability and chromatin dynamics in vivo","volume":"377","author":"Wijgerde","year":"1995","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0959-437X(97)80008-1_BIB57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1038\/347391a0","article-title":"Graded changes in dose of an activin A homologue elicit stepwise transitions in Xenopus embryonic cell fate [see comments]","volume":"347","author":"Green","year":"1990","journal-title":"Nature"}],"container-title":["Current Opinion in Genetics &amp; Development"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0959437X97800081?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0959437X97800081?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,4]],"date-time":"2021-05-04T07:54:35Z","timestamp":1620114875000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0959437X97800081"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1997,10]]},"references-count":57,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1997,10]]}},"alternative-id":["S0959437X97800081"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0959-437x(97)80008-1","relation":{},"ISSN":["0959-437X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0959-437X","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1997,10]]}}}