{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,26]],"date-time":"2026-01-26T09:26:13Z","timestamp":1769419573709,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2000,4,1]],"date-time":"2000-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":954547200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2000,4,1]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/s0959-4388(00)00073-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2002,7,25]],"date-time":"2002-07-25T09:54:11Z","timestamp":1027590851000},"page":"224-231","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":493,"title":["Changes in memory processing with age"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"C","family":"Grady","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/S0959-4388(00)00073-8_BIB1","series-title":"The Handbook of Aging and Cognition","first-page":"200","article-title":"Human memory","author":"Zacks","year":"1999"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0959-4388(00)00073-8_BIB2","series-title":"The Oxford Handbook of Memory","first-page":"395","article-title":"Memory changes in healthy older adults","author":"Balota","year":"2000"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0959-4388(00)00073-8_BIB3","series-title":"The Oxford Handbook of Memory","first-page":"411","article-title":"Memory in the aging brain","author":"Anderson","year":"2000"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0959-4388(00)00073-8_BIB4","series-title":"The Oxford Handbook of Memory","first-page":"215","article-title":"Recollection and familiarity","author":"Kelley","year":"2000"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0959-4388(00)00073-8_BIB5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn.1997.9.1.1","article-title":"Imaging cognition: an empirical review of PET studies with normal subjects","volume":"9","author":"Cabeza","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Cogn Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0959-4388(00)00073-8_BIB6","series-title":"The Human Frontal Lobes: Function and Disorders","first-page":"196","article-title":"Neuroimaging and activation of the frontal lobes","author":"Grady","year":"1999"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0959-4388(00)00073-8_BIB7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.17-01-00391.1997","article-title":"Age-related differences in neural activity during memory encoding and retrieval: a positron emission tomography study","volume":"17","author":"Cabeza","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0959-4388(00)00073-8_BIB8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn.1997.9.3.378","article-title":"Brain activation in young and older adults during implicit and explicit retrieval","volume":"9","author":"Backman","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Cogn Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0959-4388(00)00073-8_BIB9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1006\/nimg.1998.0376","article-title":"Age-related changes in regional cerebral blood flow during working memory for faces","volume":"8","author":"Grady","year":"1998","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0959-4388(00)00073-8_BIB10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1126\/science.7618082","article-title":"Age-related reductions in human recognition memory due to impaired encoding","volume":"269","author":"Grady","year":"1995","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0959-4388(00)00073-8_BIB11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295X.103.3.403","article-title":"The processing-speed theory of adult age differences in cognition","volume":"103","author":"Salthouse","year":"1996","journal-title":"Psychol Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0959-4388(00)00073-8_BIB12","series-title":"Aging and Cognitive Processes","first-page":"191","article-title":"Aging and cognitive deficits: the role of attentional resources","author":"Craik","year":"1982"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0959-4388(00)00073-8_BIB13","series-title":"The Psychology of Learning and Motivation","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1016\/S0079-7421(08)60041-9","article-title":"Working memory, comprehension, and aging: a review and a new view","author":"Hasher","year":"1988"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0959-4388(00)00073-8_BIB14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295X.87.3.252","article-title":"Recognizing: the judgment of previous occurrence","volume":"87","author":"Mandler","year":"1980","journal-title":"Psychol Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0959-4388(00)00073-8_BIB15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1037\/0882-7974.14.1.122","article-title":"Separating habit and recollection in young and older adults: effects of elaborative processing and distinctiveness","volume":"14","author":"Hay","year":"1999","journal-title":"Psychol Aging"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0959-4388(00)00073-8_BIB16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1037\/0278-7393.26.5.1170","article-title":"Adult age differences in memory performance: tests of an associative deficit hypothesis","author":"Naveh-Benjamin","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Exp Psychol Learn Mem Cogn"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0959-4388(00)00073-8_BIB17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03200930","article-title":"Feature memory and binding in young and older adults","volume":"24","author":"Chalfonte","year":"1996","journal-title":"Mem Cognition"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0959-4388(00)00073-8_BIB18","series-title":"The Handbook of Aging and Cognition","first-page":"150","article-title":"Implications of perceptual deterioration for cognitive aging research","author":"Schneider","year":"1999"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0959-4388(00)00073-8_BIB19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1037\/0882-7974.9.3.339","article-title":"Sensory functioning and intelligence in old age: a strong connection","volume":"9","author":"Lindenberger","year":"1994","journal-title":"Psychol Aging"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0959-4388(00)00073-8_BIB20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1037\/0882-7974.12.1.12","article-title":"Emergence of a powerful connection between sensory and cognitive functions across the adult life span: a new window to the study of cognitive aging","volume":"12","author":"Baltes","year":"1997","journal-title":"Psychol Aging"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0959-4388(00)00073-8_BIB21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1037\/0882-7974.15.2.323","article-title":"Comparing the effects of aging and background noise on short-term memory performance","author":"Murphy","year":"2000","journal-title":"Psychol Aging"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0959-4388(00)00073-8_BIB22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1037\/0882-7974.14.2.284","article-title":"Age differences in implicit memory: fragmented object identification and category exemplar generation","volume":"14","author":"Maki","year":"1999","journal-title":"Psychol Aging"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0959-4388(00)00073-8_BIB23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1236","DOI":"10.1037\/0278-7393.25.5.1236","article-title":"Perceptual specificity and implicit auditory priming in older and younger adults","volume":"25","author":"Sommers","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Exp Psychol Learn Mem Cogn"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0959-4388(00)00073-8_BIB24","series-title":"The Handbook of Aging and Cognition","first-page":"51","article-title":"Human memory","author":"Craik","year":"1992"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0959-4388(00)00073-8_BIB25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03210810","article-title":"Individual and developmental differences in working memory across the life span","volume":"6","author":"Jenkins","year":"1999","journal-title":"Psychon Bull Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0959-4388(00)00073-8_BIB26","series-title":"Attention and Performance XVII","first-page":"653","article-title":"Inhibitory control, circadian arousal, and age","author":"Hasher","year":"1999"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0959-4388(00)00073-8_BIB27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"759","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03198529","article-title":"The role of interference in memory span","volume":"27","author":"May","year":"1999","journal-title":"Mem Cognition"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0959-4388(00)00073-8_BIB28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1162\/089892900561814","article-title":"Age differences in the frontal lateralization of verbal and spatial working memory revealed by PET","author":"Reuter-Lorenz","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Cogn Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0959-4388(00)00073-8_BIB29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"963","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/122.5.963","article-title":"Context-dependent, neural system-specific neurophysiological concomitants of ageing: mapping PET correlates during cognitive activation","volume":"122","author":"Esposito","year":"1999","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0959-4388(00)00073-8_BIB30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1037\/0278-7393.25.1.3","article-title":"Ironic effects of repetition: measuring age-related differences in memory","volume":"25","author":"Jacoby","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Exp Psychol Learn Mem Cogn"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0959-4388(00)00073-8_BIB31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1037\/0882-7974.5.1.148","article-title":"Aging, source amnesia, and frontal lobe functioning","volume":"5","author":"Craik","year":"1990","journal-title":"Psychol Aging"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0959-4388(00)00073-8_BIB32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.1037\/0882-7974.14.3.390","article-title":"Episodic priming and memory for temporal source: event-related potentials reveal age-related differences in prefrontal functioning","volume":"14","author":"Trott","year":"1999","journal-title":"Psychol Aging"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0959-4388(00)00073-8_BIB33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1037\/0882-7974.13.3.405","article-title":"The attentional demands of encoding and retrieval in younger and older adults: I. Evidence from divided attention costs","volume":"13","author":"Anderson","year":"1998","journal-title":"Psychol Aging"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0959-4388(00)00073-8_BIB34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1037\/0882-7974.14.2.331","article-title":"Effects of divided attention and time course on automatic and controlled components of memory in older adults","volume":"14","author":"Schmitter-Edgecombe","year":"1999","journal-title":"Psychol Aging"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0959-4388(00)00073-8_BIB35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1037\/0882-7974.15.3.417","article-title":"Memorizing while walking: increase in dual-task costs from young adulthood to old age","author":"Lindenberger","year":"2000","journal-title":"Psychol Aging"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0959-4388(00)00073-8_BIB36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.1037\/h0028271","article-title":"Adult age differences in the organization of free recall","volume":"1","author":"Hultsch","year":"1969","journal-title":"Dev Psychol"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0959-4388(00)00073-8_BIB37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1037\/0096-3445.104.3.268","article-title":"Depth of processing and the retention of words in episodic memory","volume":"104","author":"Craik","year":"1975","journal-title":"J Exp Psychol Gen"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0959-4388(00)00073-8_BIB38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1080\/03610738608259450","article-title":"Adult age differences in cross-modal recoding and mental tempo, and older adults\u2019 utilization of compensatory task conditions","volume":"12","author":"Backman","year":"1986","journal-title":"Exp Aging Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0959-4388(00)00073-8_BIB39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2703","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.95.5.2703","article-title":"Neural correlates of the episodic encoding of pictures and words","volume":"95","author":"Grady","year":"1998","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0959-4388(00)00073-8_BIB40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"805","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/9.8.805","article-title":"The effects of age on the neural correlates of episodic encoding","volume":"9","author":"Grady","year":"2000","journal-title":"Cereb Cortex"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0959-4388(00)00073-8_BIB41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0193(1999)7:2<115::AID-HBM5>3.0.CO;2-N","article-title":"Adult age differences in the functional neuroanatomy of verbal recognition memory","volume":"7","author":"Madden","year":"1999","journal-title":"Hum Brain Mapp"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0959-4388(00)00073-8_BIB42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1162\/089892900561832","article-title":"Age related differences in neural activity during item and temporal order memory retrieval: a positron emission tomography study","author":"Cabeza","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Cogn Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0959-4388(00)00073-8_BIB43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1162\/089892900562598","article-title":"The effects of divided attention on encoding- and retrieval related brain activity: a PET study of younger and older adults","author":"Anderson","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Cogn Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0959-4388(00)00073-8_BIB44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1162\/089892900561823","article-title":"Age differences in behavior and PET activation reveal differences in interference resolution in verbal working memory","author":"Jonides","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Cogn Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0959-4388(00)00073-8_BIB45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1016\/S1364-6613(97)01068-1","article-title":"False memories and aging","volume":"1","author":"Schacter","year":"1997","journal-title":"Trends Cogn Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0959-4388(00)00073-8_BIB46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"538","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03211547","article-title":"Age differences in accuracy and choosing in eyewitness identification and face recognition","volume":"27","author":"Searcy","year":"1999","journal-title":"Mem Cognition"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0959-4388(00)00073-8_BIB47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1037\/0882-7974.14.2.220","article-title":"Reducing gist-based face recognition in older adults: encoding and retrieval manipulations","volume":"14","author":"Koutstaal","year":"1999","journal-title":"Psychol Aging"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0959-4388(00)00073-8_BIB48","article-title":"Suppressing false recognition in younger and older adults: the distinctiveness heuristic","author":"Schacter","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Mem Lang"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0959-4388(00)00073-8_BIB49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1037\/0278-7393.25.1.23","article-title":"Age, testing at preferred or nonpreferred times (testing optimality), and false memory","volume":"25","author":"Intons-Peterson","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Exp Psychol Learn Mem Cogn"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0959-4388(00)00073-8_BIB50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"717","DOI":"10.1037\/0278-7393.16.4.717","article-title":"Normal aging and prospective memory","volume":"16","author":"Einstein","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Exp Psychol Learn Mem Cogn"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0959-4388(00)00073-8_BIB51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"P256","DOI":"10.1093\/geronb\/54B.4.P256","article-title":"Aging and prospective memory: differences between naturalistic and laboratory tasks","volume":"54B","author":"Rendell","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Gerontol Psychol Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0959-4388(00)00073-8_BIB52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1037\/0882-7974.14.2.264","article-title":"Age-related decline in prospective memory: the roles of cue accessibility and cue sensitivity","volume":"14","author":"West","year":"1999","journal-title":"Psychol Aging"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0959-4388(00)00073-8_BIB53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1076\/anec.5.2.107.599","article-title":"Changes in event-based prospective memory across adulthood","volume":"5","author":"Maylor","year":"1998","journal-title":"Aging Neuropsychol Cogn"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0959-4388(00)00073-8_BIB54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1275","DOI":"10.1016\/S0960-9822(99)80512-0","article-title":"Recruitment of unique neural systems to support visual memory in normal aging","volume":"9","author":"McIntosh","year":"1999","journal-title":"Curr Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0959-4388(00)00073-8_BIB55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1162\/089892999563571","article-title":"Aging and recognition memory: changes in regional cerebral blood flow associated with components of reaction time distributions","volume":"11","author":"Madden","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Cogn Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0959-4388(00)00073-8_BIB56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"466","DOI":"10.1002\/1531-8249(199904)45:4<466::AID-ANA8>3.0.CO;2-Q","article-title":"Differential regional dysfunction of the hippocampal formation among elderly with memory decline and Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"45","author":"Small","year":"1999","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/S0959-4388(00)00073-8_BIB57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1159\/000116984","article-title":"Staging of Alzheimer-related cortical destruction","volume":"33","author":"Braak","year":"1993","journal-title":"Eur Neurol"}],"container-title":["Current Opinion in Neurobiology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0959-4388(00)00073-8?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0959-4388(00)00073-8?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,8]],"date-time":"2020-01-08T15:37:54Z","timestamp":1578497874000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0959438800000738"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2000,4,1]]},"references-count":57,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2"},"alternative-id":["S0959-4388(00)00073-8"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0959-4388(00)00073-8","relation":{},"ISSN":["0959-4388"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0959-4388","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2000,4,1]]}}}